HX00018279 


RECAP 


Columbia  SBntoersitp 

\ntt)t£\tydMm$oxk 

College  of  ipfjpsicians  anb  Hmrgeons 
lUbrarp 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2010  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


http://www.archive.org/details/atlasofhumananat12told 


AN     ATLAS 

OF 

HUMAN  ANATOMY 

FOR    STUDENTS    AND    PHYSICIANS 

BY 

CARL  TOLDT,  M.D. 

ASSISTED    BY 

PROFESSOR  ALOIS  DALLA  ROSA,  M.D. 
aoapteo  to  finolteb  ano  American  ano  international  ttcrminologi? 

BY 

M.   EDEN  PAUL,  M.D.   Brux.,   M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P. 
FIRST    SECTION 

A.     THE    REGIONS    OF   THE    HUMAN    BODY 
B.     OSTEOLOGY 

(FIGURES    I    TO  377   AND   INDEX) 

REVISED   EDITION 


CI) 


NEW  YORK 

RE B MAN   COMPANY 

141,  143  and  145  WEST  36th  STREET 


•\0 

Copyright,  1010,  by 
REBMAN  COMPANY 


QMU 


^ 


-2_ 


TRANSLATOR'S    PREFACE 

The  science  of  human  anatomy  is  purely  descriptive  in  its  methods,  the  field  it  covers  is  not  very  extensive,  and  its 
boundaries  are  sharply  limited  :  it  is,  therefore,  one  of  the  few  sciences  in  which  something  closely  verging  on  finality 
and  completeness  has  been  attained.  Even,  however,  if  no  new  anatomical  data  are  likely  to  be  forthcoming,  there  is  yet 
scope  for  originality  in  the  method  of  presentation  of  those  data  of  which  the  science  now  consists  ;  and  originality  of 
this  kind  Professor  Toldt's  "Atlas  of  Human  Anatomy"  exhibits  in  a  high  degree.  In  the  many  admirable  manuals  of 
human  anatomy  now  extant  in  English,  the  illustrations,  even  when  numerous,  as  they  are  often,  and  when  good,  as  they 
are  occasionally,  form  a  mere  supplement — usually  a  very  imperfect  supplement — to  the  text.  Atlases  of  anatomy,  and 
useful  atlases,  also  exist  in  English,  but  all  are  quite  fragmentary.  Some,  like  the  well-known  and  valuable,  but  somewhat 
antiquated,  "Illustrations  of  Dissections,"  consist  of  a  series  of  pictures  of.  selected  regions  carefully  prepared  on  the 
cadaver :  these  are  models  for  the  imitation  of  the  student  in  his  own  dissecting  work,  but  are  not  of  much  value  for 
private  study.  Others,  like  Bellamy's  English  edition  of  Braune's  atlas  of  frozen  sections  of  the  human  body,  present  a 
small  number  of  anatomical  facts  from  a  striking  and  unfamiliar  point  of  view.  But  among  English  works,  an  accurate 
pictorial  representation  of  all  the  data  of  human  anatomy,  carefully  drawn  to  scale  from  actual  specimens,  and  arranged 
suitably  for  systematic  study,  has  hitherto  been  lacking. 

Whilst  a  true  knowledge  of  anatomy,  a  knowledge  that  will  through  life  supply  the  needs  of  the  physician  and  the 
surgeon  in  their  practical  work,  can  be  obtained  only  in  the  dissecting-room,  the  student's  labours  with  scalpel  and  forceps 
must  De  preceded  and  supplemented  by  systematic  private  study.  Now,  for  this  purpose,  the  textual  descriptive  treatise 
i.-,  net  alone  sufficient  ;  or,  if  sufficient,  it  is  so  at  an  excessive  expenditure  of  time  and  labour.  Both  in  his  work 
preparatory  to  dissection  and  in  his  revision  of  his  anatomical  knowledge  subsequent  to  dissection,  the  energy  of  the 
student  will  be  enormously  economized  if  he  has  at  hand  a  graphic  representation  of  every  structure  named  and  described 
in  his  systematic  treatise.  An  increased  use  of  the  visual  or  graphic  method,  both  in  the  acquirement  and  in  the 
revivification  of  knowledge,  is  a  feature  of  the  age  in  all  educational  departments  ;  but  this  English  translator  of  Professor 
Toldt's  work  is,  as  far  as  the  English-speaking  races  are  concerned,  the  first  adequate  application  of  the  method  to  the 
study  of  human  anatomy. 

In  speaking  of  the  finality  and  completeness  of  anatomical  science,  one  exception  must  be  made,  and  this  exception 
relates  to  anatomical  terminology,  which,  though  nearly  completed,  has  not  yet  attained  finality.  Had  there  been  a 
universal  anatomical  nomenclature — a  nomenclature,  that  is,  adopted  by,  or  even  fully  intelligible  to,  anatomists  of  all 
nationalities — an  English  edition  of  this  work  would  have  been  superfluous.  Anatomy,  however,  like  all  other  sciences, 
has  suffered  from  the  dispersion  of  tongues  that  ensued  on  the  Renascence,  when  the  good  and  the  evil  of  medievalism 
became  inextricably  confounded,  and  were  cast  away  together,  and  the  inestimable  gift  of  a  language  common  to  the 
learned  of  all  lands  was  lost  for  ever.  The  German-speaking  peoples  have  a  fairly  complete  and  fairly  pure  Latin 
anatomical  nomenclature,  needing,  however,  to  be  eked  out  here  and  there  by  the  vernacular  ;  whilst  in  England,  as  in 
France,  a  strange  and  bastard  dialect,  half  Latin  and  half  vernacular,  has  come  into  use.  Uncouth  jargon  as  it  is,  being 
current  and  familiar,  it  is  not  likely  in  England  and  America  ever  to  be  replaced  by  the  more  consistent  terminology  in 
use  in  the  anatomical  schools  of  Germany  and  Austria  ;  I  have,  however,  in  this  English  edition  of  the  "Atlas  of  Anatomy  " 
retained  the  terminology  of  the  original  side  by  side  with  the  English  translation,  distinguishing  between  the  two  by  a 
difference  of  type. 

In  some  cases,  in  the  nomenclature  used  by  the  author,  terms  are  met  with  which  have  no  counterpart  in  English 
anatomical  terminology  :  either  because  the  author  regards  as  normal  a  structure  which  English  anatomists  regard  as  a 
variety ;  or,  and  far  more  commonly,  because  the  structure  in  question,  though  normal,  is  unimportant,  and  English 
anatomists  have  therefore  neglected  to  name  it.  Sometimes,  in  such  cases,  I  have  given  a  literal  English  translation  of 
the  Latin  name  used  by  the  author  ;  sometimes,  however,  a  periphrasis  has  been  required  to  explain  what  the  structure 
is,  or  to  account  for  the  absence  of  an  English  name,  and  this  periphrasis,  when  lengthy,  has  been  printed  as  a  foot-note. 
In  all  such  cases,  an  asterisk  is  prefixed  both  to  the  Latin  name  and  to  its  English  equivalent,  to  indicate  to  the  reader 
that  there  is  something  unusual  in  the  terms  employed. 

I  must  further  point  out  that  in  a  few  instances  the  author's  nomenclature  actually  conflicts  with  that  commonly  used 
in  England,  so  that  the  literal  translation  of  the  author's  name  for  a  certain  structure  is  applied  in  England  to  a  structure 
totally  different.  For  instance,  what  the  author  calls  canalis  pterygopalatine  is  in  England  called  the  posterior  palatine 
or  palatomaxillary  canal,  while  the  pterygopalatine  canal  of  English  anatomists  is  called  by  the  author  canalis 
pnaryngeus.  But  for  this  warning,  beginners  might  imagine  such  divergencies  to  be  due  to  carelessness  on  the  part  of 
the  translator  or  to  errors  of  the  press. 

A  further  difficulty  has  arisen  from  the  fact  that  English  anatomical  nomenclature  is  itself  not  yet  finally  settled,  nor 
even  wholly  consistent.     Not  merely  is  the  same  structure  often  known  by  several  names  ;  but,  which  is  worse,  the  same 


TRANSLATOR'S  PREFACE 

nami  ometimes  applied  to  two  different  structures  Reform  is  therefore  needed,  but  it  is  not  the  part  of  a  translator 
to  undertake  it,  and  I  have  perforce  been  content  to  follow  the  authorities.  My  leading  autnonty  lias  been  the  tenth 
edition  o i  Quain's  "Elements  of  Anatomy,"  but  I  have  also  had  Macalister's  "Text-booK  01  Human  Anatomy"  in 
.(instant  requisition.      From  these  works  I  have,  when  more  than   one   name   is   used   to   denote   any   structure,  taken   all 

those  in  comn use,  the  ordei   in  which  the  alternative  names  have  been  printed  showing  most  often  the  relative 

frequencj  ol  employment;  in  a  few  cases,  however,  where  a  name  less  commonly  used  has  appeared  to  me  distinctly 
preferable  for  any  reason  to  an  alternative  name  more  commonly  used,  I  li ive  given  the  less  usual  but  preferable  name 
the  precedence.  To  this  small  extent  only  have  I  been  influenced  by  my  own  views  in  the  matter  of  anatomical 
terminologj  ;  and,  with  tin-  cm  eption  of  those  names  which  for  the  reason  already  furnished  arc  preceded  by  an  asterisk, 
all  the  terms  in  the  English  nomenclature  are  in  use  by  one  or  more  of  the  leading  English  authorities. 

As  regards  the  terminology  employed  in  the  United  States  of  America,  the  contributions  of  the  scientific  investigators 
of  that  country  to  anatomy  have,  owing  to  tne  early  perfection  of  this  branch  of  study,  been  far  less  extensive  than  in  the 
case  of  the  other  sciences  ancillary  to  medicine  ;  and  the  science  of  anatomy  was  for  the  most  part  taken  bodily  over, 
text-books,  terminology,  and  all  complete.  A  few  differences,  however,  exist,  and  I  have  therefore  collated  my  manuscript 
with  that  useful  little  work,  Young's  "Synopsis  of  Human  Anatomy,"  and  any  divergent  terms  in  use  in  America  only 
have  been  inserted  in  my  translation,  and  distinguished  by  the  addition  of  the  letters  "U.S." 

A  considerable  number  of  the  references  to  the  figures  will  be  found  to  be  in  the  English  nomenclature  only.  These 
are  either  cases  in  which  the  English  and  the  International  descriptive  terms  were  identical,  and  the  printing  of  both  was 
therefore  superfluous  ;  or  else  cases  in  which  in  the  original  the  reference  was  wholly  in  German. 

Measurements  given  in  the  original  in  centimetres  have  in  all  cases  been  reduced  to  inches.  In  illustrations  of  foetal 
parts  the  age  of  the  foetus  is  given  in  months  from  the  date  of  fertilization  of  the  ovum.  On  the  Continent,  however,  the 
period  of  utero-gestation  is  usually  reckoned  as  ten  "months"  of  four  weeks  each;  not,  as  with  us,  as  nine  calendar 
months.  To  avoid  mistake,  I  have  in  all  such  cases  after  the  word  "month"  or  "months"  added  in  parentheses  the  word  ; 
"months  of  four  weeks  each." 

I  cannot  dismiss  mention  of  the  works  of  reference  I  have  employed  without  alluding  to  the  German-English 
"  Dictionary  of  Medical  Terms,"  by  Treves  and  Lang— a  book  invaluable  to  all  those  engaged  in  the  translation  of 
i  ierman  medical  works. 

Since  this  Atlas  is  intended  for  the  use  of  beginners,  as  well  as  for  that  of  advanced  students  of  human  anatomy  and 
of  practitioners  of  medicine,  I  may  fitly  conclude  this  preface  with  a  few  words  on  the  general  principles  of  anatomical 
nomenclature.  For  descriptive  purposes  the  body  is  regarded  as  being  in  the  upright  posture,  with  the  arms  extended 
by  the  sides,  and  the  hands  fully  supinated,  so  that  the  palms  look  forward.  With  this  attitude  kept  in  mind,  the  meaning 
ot  the  lerms  superior  and  ////'trier,  anterior  and  posterior,  extern,//  and  internal,  is  obvious.  Sometimes,  however, 
descriptive  terms  of  another  kind  are  used,  to  remove  the  confusion  liable  to  arise  from  the  adoption  by  man  of  an 
attitude  different  from  that  of  all  the  other  vertebrata,  and  to  homolog  ze  the  nomenclature  of  human  with  that  of 
comparative  anatomy.  Thus,  cephalic  and  caudal  in  comparative  anatomy  correspond  respectively  with  superior  and 
inferior  m  human  anatomy;  ventral  and  dorsal,  with  anterior  and  posterior.  Dividing  the  body  into  right  and  left 
halves  by  a  vertical  median  plane,  which  cuts  the  surface  of  the  body  at  the  media//  line,  medial  or  mesial  and  lateral 
correspond  respectively  with  internal  and  external  in  denoting  position  respectively  nearer  to,  or  more  remote  from,  the 
median  pla  e.  Other  lerms  in  frequent  use  are  superficial  and  deep,  central  and  peripheral,  proximal  and  distal ;  these 
are  self-explanatory. 

In  some  cases  descriptive  terms  applied  to  portions  of  certain  structures  denote  the  relation  of  these  portions  to 
other  structures,  as  when  we  speak  of  the  vertebral  and  the  sternal  extremities  of  the  ribs,  or  the  acromial  and  the 
sternal  extremities  of  the  clavicle.  Terms  of  similar  import  are  radial  and  ulnar  applied  to  structures  of  the  forearm ; 
tibial  and  fibular  (or  peroneal)  of  the  leg  ;  palmar  and  dorsal  of  the  hand  ;  plantar  and  dorsal  of  the  foot  ;  flexor  and 
extensor  of  any  of  the  extremities.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  internal  and  external  are  sometimes  used  in  a  sense  different 
from  that  previously  explained,  being  employed  to  denote  the  interior  and  exterior  positions  respectively,  either  in  relation 
to  the  general  axis  ilf  the  body  or  to  the  axis  of  one  of  its  cavities.  In  this  sense,  for  instance,  we  may  speak  of  the 
internal  and  the  external  tables  of  the  cranial  vault,  or  of  the  internal  and  the  external  oblique  muscles  of  the  abdomen  ; 
but  it  is,  as  a  rule,  better  to  use  the  words  inner  and  outer  to  denote  this  relation,  and  to  reserve  internal  and  external  for 
position  in  r  spect  to  the  median  plane. 

Finally  we  have  to  explain  the  terms  used  to  denote  certain  directions,  more  e-pecially  the  direction  of  certain 
sections  :  these  are  horizontal  and  vertical,  requiring  no  definition  ;  sagittal,  denoting  a  dorso-ventral  direction  either  in 
or  parallel  to  the  median  plane  ;  and  frontal  or  coronal,  which  are  synonymous  termi,  denoting  direction  in  a  transverse 
vertical  plane. 

The  definition  of  many  of  the  terms  used  in  descriptive  anatomy,  such  as  condyle  and  tuberosity, process and  tubercle, 
sinus  and  cavity,  ligament,  tendon,  and  aponeurosis,  would  be  superfluous,  since  the  student  will  best  gain  an  accurate 
notion  of  their  meaning  by  an  examination  of  the  structures  to  which  they  are  respectively  applied. 

M.    EDEN    PAUL. 
Alukrney,  August,  1903. 


REGIONES 
CORPORIS  HUMANI 

THE   REGIONS 
OF  THE   HUMAN   BODY 


Palmar  regions . 
of  the  fingers 


THE   REGIONS   OF    '111/:    1 1 1  U  AN   BODY 


Temporal  region 
Orbital  region 

Oral  region 


Internal  region  of  the  elbow 
Posterior  region  of  the  elbow  /' 
Region  of  the  olecranon 


Anterior  region  of  the  neck 

External  region  of  the  neck 
Deltoideo-pectoral  triangle 
Infraclavicular  region 
Deltoid  region 

Sternal  region 
External  brachial  region 


'Si  ,-  \i>\ Anterior  region  of  the  elbow 

External  region  of  the  elbow 


Dorsal  region  of  the  forearm 


Dorsal  region  of  the  hand 


Ungual  regions 


Internal  malleolar  region  - 

Dorsal  digital  regions  of  the  foot^ 

Ungual  regions  — -,.. ,..   Jgfc 


Fig.  i. — Anterior  Surface  of  the  Body. 


Regions  of  the  Human  Body. 


THE   REGIONS   OF   THE   HUMAN   BODY 


2a 


*?0nty.$ j -  R   temporalis 
R.  orbitalis 


R.  colli  anterior 

R.  colli  lateralis 

,\ ^V  .Trig,  deltoideo  pectorale 

l\ R.  infraclavicularis 

~l'ir ^'  ^eltoidea 

(g  Ji  ->~~\ — if -R-  sternalis 

||  A  o  \    \l 

iii  ^t  tin 

R.  brachii  lateralis 


R.  cubiti  anterior 
— R.  cubiti  lateralis 


—  R.  antibrachii  dorsalis 


xt.  dorsalis  manus 


Regiones  unguiculares 


R.  malleolaris  medialis 


Regiones  dorsales 

digitonim  pedis 

Regiones  unguiculares 


Fig.  la. — Anterior  Surface  of  the  Body. 


Regiones  Corporis  Humani. 


THE    REGIONS   OF   THE    HUMAN   BODY 


Temporal  region 

Auricular  region 
Mastoid  region 
Nuchal  furrow 


Ungual  regions^ ., 

Dorsal  regions  of  the  fingers  -•*, 


Acromial  region 


External  brachial  region 

Internal  brachial  region  ■—) 

External  region  of  the  elbow-/ 

Region  of  the  olecranon/ 

Posterior  region  of  the  elbow  i    4> 

/*  c    -C 

\03¥ 


Palmar  region  of  the 
hand 

Palmar  regions  of  the  -. 
fingers 


Posterior  region  of  the  elbow 
External  region  of  the  elbow 
Region  of  the  olecranon 


Calcaneal  region . 


Fig.  2. — Posterior  Surface  of  the  Body. 
Regions  of  the   Human   Body. 


THE   REGIONS   OF   THE   HUMAN    BODY 


3d 


Regiones  unguiculan  s^~ 
Regg.  dorsales  digitorum' 


R.  acromial  is  - — - 


R.  cubiti  posterior 
N  R.  cubit:  lateralis 
R.  olecrani 


R  brachii  lateral 

R.  brachii  medialis 
R.  cubiti  lateralis 
R.  olecrani 
R.  cubiti  posterior 


Regio 
volaris  manus 


Regiones 
volares  digitorum 


Fig.  2a. — Posterior  Surface  of  the  Body. 
Regiones  Corporis  Humani. 


THE  REGIONS  OE  THE  HUMAN  BODY 


Supraorbital  region 
Upper  palpebral  region 
tower  palpebral  region 
Zygomatic  region  ... 
Infraorbital  region 

Upper  labial  region 
Lower  labial  region- 


Submental  region 


Auricular  region 
Mastoid  region 


Suprasternal  region 


Suprasternal  notch. 
Lesser  supraclavicular  foisa 


Greater  supraclavicular  fossa 


Deltoideo -pectoral 
triangle  ' 


Omoclavicular  triangle 

1  Known  also  ai  the  infraclavicular  triangle  or  infraclavicular  fossa,  and  .-.ometimes  called  Moi'renheimcr's  space. 

Fig.  3. — Head  and  Neck. 


Regions  of  the  Head  and  Neck. 


THE  REGIONS  OF  THE  HUMAN  BODY 


4c 


K.  supraorbitals 
R.  paloebralis  superior^  \ 

R.  palpebralis  inferior 
R.  zygomatics 
R.  infraorbitals 

R.  labialis  superior 

R.  labialis)  inferior- 


R.  submentalis — 


R.  auricularis 


R.  mastoidea 


R.  hyoidea- 
R.  subhyoidea- 


R.  laryngea 


R.  suprasternalis 

Fossa  jugularis 


Fossa  supraclavicularis  minor 

Trigonum  omoclaviculaJe 


Fossa  supraclavicularis 
major 


Trigonum 
deltoideo-pectorale 


Fig.  3a. — Head  and  Neck. 


Regiones  Capitis  et  Colli. 


THE   REGIONS   OF  THE  HUMAN   BODY 


.---"  }  Perineal  region 


pIG-  4._Male  Perineal  Region. 


)  Perineal  region 


Fig.  s. — Female  Perineal  Region. 


Perineal  Region. 


THE  REGIONS   OF   THE   HUMAN   BODY 


5a 


.  perinealis 


Fig.  4«. — Male  Perineal  Region. 


perinealis 


Fig.  5<?. — Female  Perineal  Region. 


Regio  Perinealis. 


OSTEOLOGIA 
OSTEOLOGY 


THE  STRUCTURE   OF  THE  BONES 


10 


THE    STRUCTURE   OF    THE    HONES 


Volkmann's  canal 


Sharpey's  fibres 


«  $M 


v 
.  % 


Lacunae 
("  Osseous  corpusoles  ") 


v% 


Outer  fundamental  .'aunellae 


Haversian  system  of  lamellae 
Interstitial  lamellae 

Haversian  canal 


pIG-  g. Portion  of  a  Cross-Section  through  the  Compact  Tissue  of  a  Long  Bone. 


Volkmann's  canal---"       /^^;S/...|;7      f| :'h  ~5';; '''  j 
Njis  ■>:  'if       I  1 


Outer  fundamental  lamel'S" 


Lacunae 
("Osseous  corpuscles"^ 


Interstitial  lamellae 


« 


Interstitial  lamellae 
-Haversian  canal 


-  Haversian  system  of  lamellae 

iff 


pIG_  7.— Portion  of  a  Longitudinal  Section  through  the  Compact  Tissue  of  a  Long   Bone. 


Microscopical  Structure  ot  Bone. 


THE   STRUCTURE   OF   THE   BONES 


Cancellous  bone  tissue 
Substantia  spongiosa 


Surface  of  the  cross-section 


Compact  bone  tissue 
Substantia  compacta 


Medullary  spaces  of  the  cancellous 
tissue 


Haversian  systems  of  lamellae 


Surface  of  the  longitudinal  section 


Volkmann's  canals 


Outer  fundamental  lamellse 


Fig.  8. — Diagram  of  the  Structure  of  Bone. 


Thickening  of  the  periosteum $tfl]4 

at  the  site  of  origin  of  a 
muscle 


Periosteum 


Compact  bone  tissue 
Substantia  compacta 


Bone -marrow 

Medulla  ossis 


Exposed  surface 
of  the  bone 


Periosteum 

Fig.  9.— Part  of  the  Middle  Segment  of  the  Femur  from  which  the  Periosteum 
has  been  partially  removed. 

The  medullui  y  1  anal    1  avum  medullare)  has  been  opened,  and  the  bone-marrow  I  medulla  ossis)  is  seen. 


Periosteum  and  Bone-Marrow  (Medulla  Ossium). 


THE   STRUCTURE   OF   THE  BONES 


Great  tuberosity  - 
Tuberculum  majus 


Head  of  the  humerus 
Caput  humeri 


Trochlea  of  the  humerus  - 
Trochlea  humeri 


Olecranon  fossa 
Fossa  olecrani 


Fig.  io. — Proximal  Portion  in 
Frontal  Section. 


Fig.  ii.— Distal  Portion  in 
Sagittal  Section. 


Humerus — Arm-bone :    Substantia  compacta  et  substantia  spongiosa  ossium — Compact  and 

cancellous  tissue  of  the  bones. 


Ossa  longa — Long  bones. 


THE   STRUCTURE   OF   THE  BONES 


13 


Tuberosity  of  the  ulna 

Tuberositas  ulna;  V 


Fig.  12. — Proximal  Portion  in 
Sagittal  Section. 

Ulna. 


Head 

Capitulum 


Tuberosity  of  the  radius 

Tuberositas  radii 


Nutrient  canal     - 
Canalis  nutricius 


Styloid  process 

Processus  styloideus 


Fig.  13. —  Distal  Portion  in 
Frontal  Section. 


Styloid  process 
Processus  styloideus 

Fig.  15. — Distal  Portion. 


Fig.  14. — Proximal  Portion. 

Radius. 
Substantia  compacta  et  substantia  spongiosa  ossium-Compact  and  cancellous  tissue  of  the  bones. 

Ossa  longa— Long  bones. 


14 


THE   STRUCTURE    OF    III!:    BONES 


Great  trochanter 
Trochanter  major 


Head  of  the  femur 
I    iput  femoris 


Internal  condyle 

Condylus  medialis 


External  condyle 
Condylus  lateralis 


Fig.  17. — Distal  Portion  in  Frontal  Section. 

Femur-Thigh-bone :    Substantia  compacts  et  substantia  spongiosa  ossium-Compact  and 

cancellous  tissue  of  the  bones. 
Ossa  longa— Long  bones. 


THE  STRUCTURE   OF    THE  BONES 


15 


External  tubercle  of  the  spine  of  the  tibia 
Tuberculum  intercondyloideum  laterale 


I  Internal  tubercle  of  the  spine  of  the  tibia 
I  Tuberculum  intercondyloideum  mediale 


,-|A  -   Internal  tuberosity 
Condylus  medialis 


Internal  malleolus 

Malleolus  medialis 


Fig.  iS. — Proximal  Portion  in 
Frontal  Sfxtion. 


Fig.  ig. — Distal  Portion  in 
Frontal  Section. 


Tibia— Shin-bone :    Substantia  compacta  et  substantia  spongiosa  ossium— Compact  and 

cancellous  tissue  of  the  bones. 

Ossa  longa — Long  bones. 


16 


THE   STRUCTURE   OF   THE   BONES 


Fig.  20.— Third  Lumbar  Vertebra  in  Horizontal  Section. 


Fig.  22.— Body  of  the  Second  Lumbar  Vertebra  in  Frontal  Section. 


Vertebrae  :  Substantia  compacta  et  substantia  spongiosa  ossium— Compact  and  cancellous  tissue 

of  the  bones. 
Ossa  brevia— Short  bones. 


THE   STRUCTURE   OF   THE   BONES 


17 


Anterior  surface 

Facies  anterior 


Frontal  Section.  Sagittal  Section. 

Pig.  23. — Os  Cuneiforme  III.,  the  External  Cuneiform  Bone. 


Head  of  the  astragalus 

Caput  tali 


Superior  articular  surface  of  the  astragalus 
Trochlea  tali 


The  posterior  of  the  two  facets  articulating 

with  the  calcaneum 
Facies  articularis  calcanea  posterior 


Fig.  24. — Talus,  the  Astragalus,  in  Sagittal  Section. 


Posterior  articular  facet  for  the  astragalus 
Facies  articularis  posterior 


Articular  facet  for  the  cuboid 
Facies  articularis  cuboidea 


"  Tuberosity  of  the  os  calcis 

Tuber  calcanei 


Fig.  25. — Calcaneum,  the  Os  Calcis,  in  Sagittal  Section. 


Ossa  tarsi — Tarsal  bones :  Substantia  compacta  et  substantia  spongiosa  ossium — Compact  and 

cancellous  tissue  of  the  bones. 


Ossa  brevia — Short  bones. 


18 


THE    STRUCTURE   OE   THE   BONES 


Articular  surface  for  the  fibula 

Facies  articularis  fibulae 


Nutrient  canal 

Canalis  nutricius 


Medullary  canal 

Cavura  medullare 


Fig.  26. — Nutrient  Foramen  and  Nutrient  Canal  of  the  Right  Tibia. 
Seen  from  Behind. 

By  sawing  away  a  portion  of  the  snaft  the  whole  length  of  the  nutrient  canal  has  been 
opened  up. 


Nutrient  Foramen  and  Nutrient  Canal  of  a  Long  Bone. 


THE   STRUCTURE   OF    THE   BONES 


19 


Nutrient  foramen 
Foramen  nutricium 


Nutrient  foramen 
Foramen  nutricium 


Nutrient  canals 

Canales  nutricii 


_  Inner  cortical  substance 

)Wk  Substantia   corticalis  in- 


Nutrient  canals 
Canales  nutricii 


Cancellous  tissue 
Substantia  spongiosa 


Outer  cortical  substance 
Substantia  corticalis  externa 


Fig.  27. — Outer  Surface  of  Left  Ilium. 

By  the  removal  of  the  outer  compact  layer  and  the  cancellous  tissue  of  a  portion  of  the  bone,  the  nutrient  canals 
have  been  displayed.  The  bristles  projecting  towards  the  right  above  and  below  show  that  the  nutrient  canals 
into  which  they  have  been  inserted  open  on  the  inner  surface'  of  the  bone— that  turned  away  from  the  observer. 


i**jlVVMM, 


Inner  table 
Lamina  interna 


Canal  of  the  diploe         « 
Canalis  diploicus 


*** 


Outer  table 

Lamina  externa 

Diploe 

Diploe 


Diploe 

Diploe 


Outer  table 

Lamina  externa 


<Mi£l        "-u 

Fig.  28.— Os  Parietale,  Parietal  Bone,  prepared  to  show  the  Diploe  and  the 
Compact  Inner  Table.     Seen  from  without. 

Substantia  compacta,  substantia  spongiosa,  et  canales  nutricii— Compact  tissue,  cancellous 

tissue,  and  nutrient  canals. 
Ossa  plana — Flat  bones. 


20 


THE  STRUCTURE    OF     THE    BONES 


Joint-cavity  ■ 


Layers  of  the  perichondrium 

Calcified  cartilage 
(Centre  of  ossification  of  the 
diaphysis) 
Cortex  of  bone  formed   be- 
neath the  perichondrium 


Primitive  cartilage 


Capsule  of  the  joint 
Primitive  cartilage 


Zone  of  ossification 


Endochondrally  formed 
bone  of  the  diaphysis 


Nutrient  artery 
Primary  medullary  space 


Cortical  substance 
(Periosteal  bone  of  the 
diaphysis) 

-  Layers  of  the  periosteum 


Perichondrium 


Figs.  29  and  30. — Two  Stages  in  the    Intracartilaginous  Ossification  of  Long  Bones, 

AS    SHOWN    BY    LONGITUDINAL    SECTIONS    OF    THE    PHALANGES    OF    A    HUMAN    FCETUS. 


Cartilage  of  the 
epiphysis 
Centre  of  ossification 

of  the  epiphysis 

Zone  of  ossification  of 

the  diaphysis 


Diaphysis 
Medullary  canal 


Articular  cartilage 


Epiphysis 


Epiphysial  disc 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 

Zone  of  ossification  of  the 
diaphysis 


Diaphysis 

Cancellous  tissue 
Substantia  spongiosa 
Compact  tissue 
Substantia  compacta 
Periosteum 


Figs.  31  and  32. — Two  Stages  in  the  Intracartilaginous  Ossification  of  the 
Epiphysis  of  a  Long  Bone,  as  shown  by  Longitudinal  Sections  of  the 
Distal  Portions  of  Metacarpal  Bones. 


Development  of  the  Bones. 


THE  STRUCTURE   OF   THE   BONES 


21 


Zone  of  altered  cartilage 


Vascular  canals  of  the 
cartilage 


Endochondral  centre  of  ossification 


-Primitive  cartilage 


Fig.  33. — Intracartilaginous  Ossification  of  a  Short  Bone. 

A  section  of  the  cuboid  bone  of  a  new-born  child. 


Rows  of  osteoblasts  • 


$&—.      Tissue  of  the  primitive 
$p  cranial  membrane 


Osseous  spicules 


21)/ 

Fig.  34. — Intramembranous  Ossification  of  the  Bones  of  the  Cranial  Vault. 

Upper  half  of  the  parietal  bone  of  a  human  fcetus  in  the  eleventh  week  of  intra-uterine  life. 


Development  of  the  Bones. 


22 


THE   STRUCTURE    OF    THE   BONES 


Fig.  35. — Anterior  Aspect. 

Skeleton  humanum — The  human  skeleton. 


pIG-  26. — Viewed  from  the  Left  Side, 
the  Arm  having  been  removed. 


SKELETON  TRUNCI 
THE  AXIAL  SKELETON 


THE   AXIAL    SKELETON 


Vertebra  r 


Carotid 
tubercle 

Tuberculum 
caroticum 


Cervica 
Vertebrae 
I.  —VII. 

Vertebrae 
cervicales 


Spine  of  the  seventh 

cervical  vertebra 
{vertebra  prominena) 


-"'Intervertebral 

foramina 
Foramina 
intervertebralia 


Dorsal 
vertebrae 
I.— XII. 

Vertebrae 
thoracales 


.  Intervertebral 
foramina 

Forami  ia 
in:er.'ertebralia 


Lumbar 

vertebrae 

I.— V. 

Vertebrae 
lumbales 


Vert.  24— V_v5 


Sacral  promontory 

Promontorium 


Vert.  25  ! 


Sacral  vertebras 
I.— V. 

Os  sacrum 
Vert,  sacrales 


vv  m 


Seen  from  the  Front. 


The  coccyx 

Coccygeal  vertebrae 

I.— V. 

Os  coccygis 


Seen  from  Behind. 


Fig    37._The  Vertebral  Column  as  a  Whole.     Classification  and  Nomenclature 

of  the  Vertebrae. 


Columna  vertebralis— The  spinal  column. 


THE   AXIAL    SKELETON 


2b 


Superior  articular  processes 
Processus  articulares  superiores 
Pedicle 
Radix  arcus 
Upper  costal  facet 
Fovea  costalis  superior  \ 


Costo  transverse  facet 
Fovea  costalis  transversus 


Body 

Corpus  vertebras  / 

Lower  costal  facet  •■' 
Fovea  costalis  inferior 
Inferior  vertebral  notch 
Incisura  vertebralis  inferior 

Inferior  articular  facet 
Facies  articularis  inferior 


Spinous  process 

Processus  spinosus 

19                Lamina 

\M                 Arcus  vertebrae 

Transverse 

J\^           ^?m*\ 

process 
Processus 

transversus 

Spinal  foramen 
Foramen  vertebrale 


Body 

Corpus  vertebrae 


Fig.  58. — Seen  from  the  Left  Side.  Fig.  39. — Seen  from  Above. 


Superior  articular  process 

Processus  articularis  superior 


Transverse  process 

Processus  transversus 


Body 

Corpus  vertebrae 


Superior  articular 

facet 
Facies  articularis 

superior 


Spinous  process 
Processus  spinosus 


Spinous  process 
Processus  spinosus 


Fig.  40. — Seen  from  Before.  Fig.  41. — Seen  from  Behind. 


Vertebrae:    Vertebra  thoracalis  VI.— Sixth  dorsal  vertebra. 


26 


THE   AXIAL    SKELETON 


Posterior  tubercle 
Tuberculum  posteri 
Anterior  tubercle 
Tuberculum  anteriu: 

Groove  for  spinal  nerve 
Sulcus  nervi  spinalis 
Body 

Corpus  vertebrae 
Inferior  vertebral  notch 
Incisura  vertebralis  inferior 


J  Superior  articular  processes 

■  i     n    articulares  superiores 


Inferior  articular  facet 
Facies  articularis  inferior 


Spinous  procecs 
Processus  spinosus 


Fig.  42. — Seen  from  the  Left  Side. 


Body 

Corpus  vertebra? 

Transerve  process 

Processus  transversus 


Anterior  tubercle 
Tuberculum  anterius 

Posterior  tubercle 
Tuberculum  posterius 
Inferior  articular  facet 
Facies  articularis  inferior 


Fig.  43. — Seen  from  Before. 


Spinous  process 
Processus  spinosus 


Spinal  foramen 
Foramen  vertebrale 
Lamina 

.-•  '''Arcus  vertebrae 


Inferior  articular  process 

Processus  articularis  inferior 


Transverse  process 

Processus  transversus 


Groove  for  spinal  nerve 

Sulcus  nervi  spinalis 


Superior  articular  facet 
Facies  articularis  superior 

Posterior  tubercle 
- "Tuberculum  posterius 

Costo-transverse  foramen 

Foramen  transversarium 

..Anterior  tubercle 

Tuberculum  anterius 


Fig.  44. — Seen  from  Above. 


Lamina 

Arcus  vertebrae 


Pedicle 

Radix  arcus  vertebras 


Spinous  process 

Processus  spinosus 


Inferior  articular  facet 
F?cies  articularis  inferior 


Costo-transverse  foramen 

Foramen  transversarium 


Fig.  45. — Seen  from  Below. 
Vertebrae  :   Vertebra  cervicalis  V.— Fifth  cervical  vertebra. 


THE  AXIAL    SKELETON 


27 


Superior  vertebral  notch 

Incisura  vertebralis  superior 


Superior  articular  process 

Processus  articulans  superior 

-  Mamillary  process 
Processus  mamillaris 


Body 

Corpus  vertebras 


Inferior  articular  facet 

Fades  articularis  inferior 


Superior  articular  process 

Processus  articularis  superior 


Mamillary  process 
Processus  mamillaris 


Accessory  process 
Processus  accessorius 


Spinous  process 

Processus  spinosus 


Accessory  process 
Processus  accessorius 


Costal  process 

Processus  costarius 


Spinal  foramen 

Foramen  vertebrale 


Mamillary  process 
Processus  mamillaris 


Superior  articular  facet 

Facies  articularis  superior 


Costal  process 
Processus  costarius 


Body 

Corpus  vertebrae- 


Spinous  process 

Processus  spinosus 


Inferior  articular  process 

Processus  articularis  inferior 


Fig.  48. — Seen  from  Behind. 
Vertebrae:    Vertebra  lumbahs  II.-    Second  lumbar  vertebra. 


4—2 


28 


1HE   AXIAL    SKELETON 


pIG<  4Q, Vertebra  Thoracalis  I. — First  Dorsal  Vertebra.    Seen  from  Before. 


Transverse  process 

Processus  transversus 


Fig.  50.— Vertebra  Thoracalis  XL— Eleventh  Dorsal  Vertebra.     Seen  from  the  Left  Side. 


Transverse  process 

Processus  transversus 


FIG.  5i._VERTEBRA  THORACAL7S    XII.— TWELFTH    DORSAL  VERTEBRA.       SEEN    FROM    THE    LEFT    SlDE. 


Fig.  52.— Vertebra  Lumbalis  V.— Fifth  Lumbar  Vertebra.     Seen  from  the  Left  Side. 
Vertebrae :    Transitional  forms  of  the  dorsal  and  lumbar  vertebrae. 


THE  AXIAL    SKELETON 


29 


Posterior  tubercle 
Tuberculum  posterius  \ 


Posterior  arch 

gjj^.  Arcus  posterior 


Vertebral  groove 

Sulcus  artenat;  vertebralis 


Superior  articular  facet 

Fovea  articularis  superior 


Articular  facet  for  the  odontoid  process 

Fovea  dentis 


Lateral  mass 

Massa  lateralis 


Anterior  arch 

Arcus  anterior 
Anterior  tubercle 
Tuberculum  anterius 


Fig.  53. — The  Atlas,  or  First  Cervical  Vertebra.     Seen  from  Above. 


Anterior  articular  facet 
Facies  articularis  anterior 


Odontoid  process 
Dens 


Superior  articular  process 

Processus  articularis  superior 


-  Inferior  articular  process 

/1         Processus  articularis  inferior 


Fig.  54. — Epistropheus,. the  Axis,  or  Second  Cervical  Vertebra.     Seen  from  Before. 


Inferior  articular  process 
Processus  articularis  inferior 

Superior  articular  process 

Processus  articularis  superior 


Posterior  tubercle 
Tuberculum  posterius 


Spinous  process 
Processus  spinosus 


Spinal  foramen 

Foramen  vertebrate 


Costo-transverse  foramen 
Foramen  transversarium 


Fig.  55.— Vertebra  Cervicalis  VII.— Seventh  Cervical  Vertebra.     Seen  from  Above. 
Vertebrae :    The  atypical  cervical  vertebrae. 


30 


THE    AXIAL    SKELETON 


Sacral  portion  of  the  brim 

of  the  pelvis 
Pars    sacralis  lineac    ter- 
minals 


Transverse  ridges 
Linea;  transversa; 


Superior  articular  process 

Processus  articularis  superior 


Lateral  mass 
S|  Pars  lateralis 


Anterior  sacral  foramina 

Foramina  sacralia  anteriora 


Apex  of  the  sacrum 

Apex  ">ssis  sacri 


Fig.  56. — Male  Sacrum  (Facies  Pelvina — Pelvic  Surface).     Seen  from  Before. 


Superior  articular  process 

Processus  articularis  superior 


Lateral  mass 

Pars  lateralis 


Sacral  portion  of  the  brim 

of  the  pelvis 

Pars    sacralis    lineae    ter- 

tninalis 

Transverse  ridges 
'  Lineae  transversa? 


Anterior  sacral  foramina 
Foramina  sacralia  anteriora 


Apex  of  the  sacrum 
Apex  ossis  sacri 

Fig.  57. — Female  Sacrum  (Facies  Pelvina — Pelvic  Surface).     Seen  from  Before. 


Os  sacrum — The  sacrum. 


THE   AXIAL    SKELETON 


31 


Superior  articular  process 
Processus  articularis  superior 


•External  sacral  crest 
'Crista  sacralis  laterali 


"Median  sacral  crest 
'Crista  sacralis  media 


'Articular  sacral  crest 
"Crista  sacralis  articularis 


Sacral  cornu 

Cornu  sacrale 


Tuberosity  of  the  sacrum 

Tuberositas  sacralis 


Auricular  surface 
Facies  auricularis 


_  Posterior  sacral  foramina 
Foramina  sacralia  posteriora 


Hiatus  of  the  sacrum 

Hiatus  sacralis 


Apex  of  the  sacrum 
Apex  ossis  sacri 


Fig.  58. — Male  Sacrum  (Facies  Dorsalis — Dorsal  Surface).     Seen  from  Behind. 


Sacral  canal 

Canalis  sacralis 


Intervertebral  foramen 

Foramen  intervertebral 


"Median  sacral  crest 

'Crista  sacralis  media 

'Articular  sacral  crest 
,•  'Crista  sacralis  articularis 


Posterior  sacral  foramen 

Foramen  sacrale  posteriut 


Anterior  sacral  foramen 
Foramen  sacrale  anterius 


'External  sacral  crest 
"Crista  sacralis  lateralis 


Lateral  mass 
Pars  lateralis 


Fig.  59. — Transverse  Section  through  the  Sacrum  at  the  Level  of  the  First  Set  of 

Sacral  Foramina. 


Os  sacrum  —  fne  sacrum. 


32 


THE   AXIAL    SKELETON 


Auricular  surface 

Facies  auricularis 


Extremity  of  the  coccyx 

Apex  ossis  coccygis 


Fig.  60.— Sacrum  and  Coccyx.     Seen  from 
the  Left  Side. 


Superiur  articular  process 

Processus  articularis  superior 


First  sacral  vertebra 
Vertebra  sacralis  I. 


Sacral  canal 

°».-\       y    Canalis  sacralis 


Fifth  sacral  vertebra 
Vertebra  sacralis  V. 

Sacral  cornu 

Cornu  sacrale 
Coccygeal  cornu 

Cornu  coccygeum 

First  coccygeal  vertebra 
Vertebra  coccygea  I. 


Fig.  6i. — Sacrum  and  Coccyx  in  Sagittal  Section 
through  the  median  llne. 


Coccygeal  cornu 
Cornu  coccygeum 


First  coccygeal  vertebra 
Vertebra  coccygea  I. 


Fifth  coccygeal  vertebra 
Vertebra  coccygea  V. 


Fig.  62. — Coccyx  seen  from  Before. 


Fig.  63. — Coccyx  seen  from  Behind. 


Os  sacrum  et  os  coccygis — Sacrum  and  coccyx. 


THE  AXIAL    SKELETON 


33 


Epiphyses  of  the  vertebral  bodies 


Costal  process 
Processus  costarius"" 


Fifth  lumbar  vertebra 
Vertebra  lumbalis  V. 


Anterior  sacral  foramina^: 
Foramina  sacralia  anterior 


Sutures,  not  yet  fully  closed,  between  the 
sacral  vertebrae 


Costal  process 

Processus  costarius 


Intervertebral  disc 

Lig.  intervertebral 


.  First  sacral  vertebra 
Vertebra  sacralis  I. 


Secondary  epiphyseal  plates  of  the 
lateral  mass 


Fifth  sacral  vertebra 
Vertebra  sacralis  V. 


Fig.  64. — Unilateral  Assimilation  and  Commencing  Ankylosis  of  the  Fifth  Lumbar 
Vertebra  with  the  Sacrum.     Seen  from  Before. 

From  a  boy  seventeen  years  of  age.     Epiphyses  on  the  bodies  of  the  sacral  vertebra,  and  along  the 
lateral  margins  of  the  sacrum. 


—   Hiatus  of  the  sacrum 

Hiatus  sacralis 

Body  of  the  fifth  sacral  vertebra 
Corpus  vertebrae  sacralis  V. 

Place  of  ankylosis  of  the  lateral  mass  of  the 
sacrum  with  the  first  coccygeal  vertebra 


Fourth  sacral  foramen 
Foramen  sacrale  IV. 


Ankylosis  of  the  sacral  cornu  with  the 
coccygeal  cornu 


Body  of  the  first  coccygeal  vertebra 
Corpus  vertebras  coccygeal  I. 


Fig.  65. — Ankylosis  of  the  Sacrum  with  the  Coccyx.     Seen  from  Behind. 

From  a  man  forty  years  of  age. 


Anomalous  Ankyloses  of  the  Sacrum. 


34 


THE    AXIAL    SKELETON 


Protovertebral  (intercostal)  artery 
Artena  protovertebralis  (intercostalis) 


First  vertebra 
Vertebra  I. 


Second  vertebra 
Vertebra  II 


Third  vertebra 

Vertebra  III. 


Fourth  vertebra 

Vertebra  IV. 


First  protovertebra 
Protovertebra  i 


Second  protovertebra 
Proti  ivi  iiebra  2. 


Third  protovertebra 
Protovertebra  3. 


Fourth  protovertebra 
Protovertebra  4. 


Fifth  protovertebra 

Protovertebra  5. 


Intervertebral  disc 

Ligamentum    interver- 
tebrale 


Primitive  cartilages 
of  the  vertebral 
bodies 


Notochord 

Chorda  dorsalis 


Fig.  67.— Primitive  Cartilages  of 
the  Vertebral  Bodies. 

From  a  sagittal  section  through  the  verte- 
bral column  of  a  human  foetus  in  the  tenth 
week.     (Length  of  foetus,  25  inches.) 


Intervertebral  ganglion 
Ganglion  intervertebrale 

p1G#  66.— Diagram  showing  the  Relations  of  the  Proto- 
vertebk.e  to  the  Vertebrae.     (From  von  Ebner.) 


Centre  of  ossification  of 
the  body  of  the  ver- 
tebra 

Vascular  canal  of  the 
cartilage 

Centre  of  ossifica- 
tion of  the  arch  of 
the  vertebra 


Primitive  cartilage 
of  the  second 
lumbar  vertebra 


■•Primitive  cartilage  of 
the  arch  of  the  first 
lumbar  vertebra 

Fig.  69.— The  Three  Centres  of  Ossification 
of  a  Vertebra. 

Horizontal  section  through  the  second  and  a  portion  of  the 
first  lumbar  vertebra:  of  a  human  fretus  in  the  beginning 
of  the  fifth  month  (months  of  four  weeks  each).  (Length 
of  foetus,  5  J  inches.) 


Intervertebral  disc  - 

Ligamentum 

intervertebrale 

Centre  of  ossification 
of  the  body  of  the 
vertebra 


Notochord 

Chorda  dorsalis 


Fig.  68.— Centres  of  Ossification 
of  the  Bodies  of  the  Vertebrae. 

From  a  sagittal  section  through  the  vertebral 
column  of  a  human  foetus  in  the  fourth 
month  (months  of  four  weeks  each). 
(Length  of  foetus,  4I-  inches.) 


Development   of  the  Vertebrae. 


Bony  portion  of 
the  body 


Fig.  70— First   Lumbar  Vertebra 
of  a  New-born  Child. 


Rudiment  of  a  cervical  rib 


THE   AXIAL    SKELETON 
,Bony  portion  of  the  arch 


35 


Epiphysis  of  the 

articular  process 

Epiphysis  of  the  costal 
process 


yl    Epiphysis  of  the 
spinal  process 


Fig.  72. — The  Seventh  Cervical  Vertebra 
o>f  a  New-born  Child. 


Centre  of  ossification  of 
the  anterior  arch 


Fig.  71.— First  Lumbar  Vertebra  in  the 
Eighteenth  Year. 


Cartilaginous  epiphysis 
of  the  odontoid  process 


Upper  centre  of  ossifica- 
tion of  the  body 


Lower  centre  of  ossifica- 
l/i  tion  of  the  body 

FlG-  73-— The  Atlas  at  the  End  Fig.  74.— The  Axis  at  the  End 

of  the  First  Year.  of  the  First  Year. 


Centre  of  ossification 

of  the  epiphysis  of 

the  odontoid  process 


Fig.  75.— The  Atlas  in  the  Fourth  Year.  Fig.  76.— The  Axis  in  the  Fourth  Year. 


First  sacral  vertebra 
,  Vertebra  sacralis  I. 


Centres  of  ossification 
of  the  lateral  mass 


Primitive  cartilage 


First  coccygeal  vertebra 
Vertebra  coccygea  I. 


Centres  of  ossi- 
fication of  the 

vertebral  arches 

»  Centres  of  ossi 

fication  of  the 

vertebral  bodies 


Fig.  77.-SEEN  from  Before.  Fig.  78.-Seen  from  Behind. 

Development  of  the  Vertebrae  :    The  centres  of  ossification  in  the  sacrum  and  coccyx  of 
a  child  at  the  age  of  two  months. 


S— 2 


36 


THE  AXIAL    SKELETON 


FiTBt  dorsal  vertebra 
Vertebra  thoracalis  I. 


Upper  opening  of  the  thorax 

Apertura  thoracis  superior 


Intercostal  spaces  »; 
Spatia  intercostalia 


Arch  of  the  ribs 

Arcus  costarum 


Anterior  surface  of  the  sternum 


Subcostal  angle 
Angulus  infrasternalis 


Lower  opening  of  the 
thorax 


(i — 7j  Costae  vers,  sternal  or  true  ribs  ;  8 — 12,  Costas  spuria,  asternal  or  false  ribs  ;   u  and  12,  Costs  fluctuantes, 

floating  ribs.) 

Fig.  79. — The  Thorax  seen  from  Before. 


The  Thorax. 


HIE   AXIAL    SKELETON 


37 


Transverse  processes 
Processus  transversi 


Angles  of  the  ribs^.. 
Anguli  costarum     vO 


First  dorsal  vertebra 
Vertebra  thoracalis  I. 


TubercleB  of  the  ribs 
Tubercula  costarum 


Fig.  80. — The  Thorax  seen  from  Behind. 


The  Thorax. 


38 


1HE   AXIAL    SKELETON 


Fig.  8i.— The  Twelve  Pairs  of  Ribs. 


Ossa  costalia — The  ribs. 


THE  AXIAL    SKELETON 


as 


Ribs 

Ossa  costalia'" 


Costal  cartilages 

Cartilagines  costarum 


Fig.  82. — The  Twelve  Ribs  of  the  Right  Side  in  their  Natural   Position 
Seen  from  the  Right. 


Costae — The  ribs. 


40 


THE   AXIAL    SKELETON 


Groove  for  subclavian . 

artery 
Sulcus  subclavian 


Articular  facets 
of  the  head 

Facies  articularis 
capituli 

Articular  facet  cf 
the  tubercle 

Facies  articularis 
tuberculi 


Costal  cartilage 
Cartilago  costaiis 


Scalene  tubercle 

Tuberculum  scaleni 
(Lisfranci) 


Costal  cartilage 

Cartilago  costaiis 


Fig.  83. — First  (Right)  Rib.     Seek 
from  Above. 


Tubercle  of  the  rib 

Tuberculum  costae 


Fig.  85. 


-Fourth  (Right)  Rib.     Seen 
from  Behind. 


Eminence  for  the  attachment  of  the 

serratus  magnus 
Tuberositas  costae  II 


Tubercle  of  the  rib 
Tuberculum  costae 

/  Neck  of  the  rib 
/  Collum  costae 


'  Head  of 
the  rib 

Capitulum 
costae 


Body  or  shaft  of  the  rib 
Corpus  costae 


Fig.  84.— Second  (Right)  Rib. 
Seen  from  Above. 


Ridge  of  the  neck  of  uie  rib 
Crista  colli  costae 


Body  or  shaft  of  the  rib 
Corpus  costae 


Ridge  for  the  interar- 
ticular  ligament 

Crista  capituli 


Articular  facets  of 
the  head 
Facies  articularis 
capituli 


Fig.  86. — Seventh  (Right)  Rib. 
Seen  from  Within. 


Fig.  87. — Twelfth  (Right)  Rib. 
Seen  from  Within. 


Costae— The  ribs. 


THE  AXIAL    SKELETON 


41 


Clavicular  notch 

Incisura  clavicularis 


Interclavicular  notch 
Incisura  jugularis 


Gladiolo-enaiform 
articulation 


The  manubrium  (presternum) 


Sternal  synchondrosis  (manu- 

"  brio-gladiolal  articulation) 

Synchondrosis  sternalis 


Articular  facet  for  a  rib 

Incisura  costalis 


,,  The  body  of  the  sternum  or 
gladiolus  (mesosternum) 


Articular  facet  for  a  rib 
Incisura  costalis 

Ensiform  or  xiphoid  process 

(metasternum,  xiphisternum) 

Processus  xiphoideus 


-•Clavicular  notch 

Incisura  clavicularis 


Manubrium 
Manubrium  sterni 


-Angle  of  the  sternum1 

Angulus  sterni 


Body  of  the  sternum  or  gladiolus 

Corpus  sterni 


Articular  facets  for  the  ribs 
Incisure  costales 


..Ensiform  or  xiphoid  process 

Processus  xiphoideus 


V. 


bec^esleltb^^  and   the  body  of  the  sternum 

angle.— Tr.  prominent,     it  is  then  known  as  angulus  Ludovui,  or  Ludwig's 


Fig.  88.— The  Sternum  seen  from 
Before. 


Fig.  89. — The  Sternum  seen 
from  the  Left  Side. 

/Suprasternal  bones 
■'    Ossa  suprasternalia 


Clavicular  notch 

Incisura  clavicularis 


The  manubrium 

Manubrium  sterni 


The  body  of  the  sternum 


Corpus  stern: 

Fig.  90.— The  Upper  Portion  of  the  Sternum  with  the  Suprasternal 
Bones  (a  Rare  Variety).     Seen  from  Before. 


Sternum — The  breast-bone. 


12 


THE    AM  A  I.    SKELETON 


Epiphysis  of  the  tuberole 
Epiphysis  tubercnli 


Epiphysis  of  the 

n   ■   t.  iti..  v..j  articular  facet  of 

Epiphysis  of  the  head        , 

,  Epiphysis  capiluli       / 

Tubercle  of  the  rib 

y  Tuberculum  costa: 


Epiphysis  of  the  head 
Epiphysis  i  apituli 


Fig.  91. — Posterior  Portion  of  the  Sixth  Fig.  92. — Posterior  Portion  of  the  Sixth 

Rib,  in  the  Fifteenth  Year.  Rib,  in  the  Eighteenth  Year. 


<>c> 


Fig.   93. — Divided    Primi- 
tive Cartilage  of  the 

Sternum. 

From  a  human  fcetus  of  two 
months  (months  of  four 
weeks  each). 


Fig.   94. — Primitive    Cartilage 
of  the  Sternum. 

From  a  human  fetus  of  four  months 
(months  of  four  weeks  each) 


Fig.  95. — Primitive  Cartilage 
of  the  Sternum  with  the 
First  Centre  of  Ossifica- 
tion in  the  Manubrium. 

From  a  human  fetus  in  the  second  half 
of  the  sixth  month  (months  of  four 
weeks  each). 


Fig.  96. — Centres  of  Ossification  in  the 
Steknum  of  a  New-born  Child. 


Fig.  97. — Sternum  of  a  Boy  at  the 
Age  of  Eleven  Years. 


Development  of  the  Ribs  and  the  Sternum. 


THE  AXIAL    SKELETON 


43 


Articular  apophysis 

Apophysis  articularis1 


Muscular  apophyses 

Apophyses  musculares 


Neural  arch 

Arcus  vertebrae 

Vertebral  body  or  centrum  — 
Corpus  vertebrae 


Spinal  canal 

Canalis  vertebralis 


-Rib 

Costa 


Fig.  98. — Skeleton  of  a  Thoracic  Segmei 


Spinal  canal 

Canalis  vertebralis-. 

Neural  arch 
Arcus  vertebras 


Articular  apophysis 

Apophysis  articularis 


Costal  apophysis 

Apophysis  costalis 


Articular  apophysis 

Apophysis  articularis 


/  Muscular  apophyses 

\  Apophyses  musculares 


Vertebral  body  or  centrum       \xij 
Corpus  vertebrae 


Muscular  apophysis 

Apophyses  musculares 
Neural  arch 
Arcus  vertebrae 

Costal  apophysis 
Apophysis  costalis 

Spinal  canal 

Canalis  vertebralis 


Vertebral  body  or  centrum 

Corpus  vertebrae 


Fig.  99. — Skeleton  of  a  Cervical  Segment. 


Fig.  100. — Skeleton  of  a  Lumbar  Segment. 


Spinal  canal 
Canalis  vertebralis 


_  Muscular  apophyses 

"7  Apophyses  musculares 


Articular  apophysis 

Apophysis  articulari 
Neural  arch 
Arcus  vertebrae 


Vertebral  body  or  centrum 
Corpus  vertebrae 


Costal  epiphysis 

Epiphysis  costalis 


Fig.  igi. — Skeleton  of  a  Sacral  Segment 


The  Homologous  Skeletal  Part"!  of  the  Segments  of  the  Body. 


6—2 


CRANIUM   ET  OSSA   CRANII 

THE   SKULL 
AND  THE   BONES  OF  THE  SKULL 


16 


THE  SKULL  AND  THE  BONES  OF  THE  SKULL 


Frontomaxillary  suture. 
Sutura  frontomaxillaris \ 


Frontal  eminence 
Tuber  Irontale 


Glabella 
Glabella 


Coronal  or  frontoparietal  suture        { 
Sutura  coronalis 


Squamous  suture 

Sutura  squamosa 


Sphenoparietal  suture      I 

Sutura  sphenoparietalis     y  1 


Sphenosquamous  suture 
Sutura  sphenosquamosa 

Frontomalar  suture 

Sutura  zygomaticofrontali 

Zygomatic  arch 

Arcus  zygomaticu 
Temporomalar  suture 
Sutura  zygomaticotemporal 


Malomaxillary  suture 
Sutura  zygomaticomaxillaris 
The  maxilla,  or  upper  jaw-bone 
(Superior  maxillary  bone) 

Intermaxillary  suture 
Sutura  intermaxillaris 


Superciliary  ridge 
i    Arcus  superciliaris 

'Temporal  crest 

Linea  temporalis 


Nasofrontal  suture 

Sutura  nasofrontalis 


Internasal  suture 
Sutura  internasalis 


Nasomaxillary  suture 

Sutura  nasomaxillaris 


Anterior  nasal  aperture 

Apertura  pyriformis 


Bony  septum  of  the  nose 

Septum  nasi  osseum 


Anterior  nasal  spine 

Spina  nasalis  anterior 


The  mandible,  or  lower  jaw-bone 
(Inferior  maxillary  bone) 


Fig.  102. — The  Skull  seen  from  Before:  Norma  Frontalis. 


Cranium — The  skull. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE  BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


Coronai  or  frontoparietal  suture 

Sutura  coronalis 
Sphenoparietal  suture 
Sutura  sphenoparietalis 
Sphenosquamous  suture 
Sutura  sphenosquamosa 
Sphenofrontal  suture  C    ^ 

Sutura  sphenofrontal! ,       vv     _^^ 
Frontomalar  suture  V      . 

Sutura  zygomaticofrontalis  \4 

'*?      ' 


The  sinciput 


The  vertex 

Squamous  suture 
Sutura  squamosa 

Superior  temporal  line 
Linea  temporalis  superior 

Inferior  temporal  line 
Linea  temporalis  inferior 


The  forehead 


Nasomaxillary  suture, 
Sutura  nasomaxillaris 


Sphenomalar  suture 

Sutura  spheno- 

zygomatica 

Lachrymal  fossa 
Fossa  sacci 

lachrymalis 


Anterior  nasal  spine 

Spina  nasalis  anterior 

Malomaxillary  suture 

Sutura  zygomatico- 

maxillaris 

The  maxilla,  or  upper 

jaw-bone 

(Superior  maxillary 

bone) 


Lambdoid  or  occipito- 
parietal suture 
Sutura  lambdoidea 


Temporal  surface 


If  Temporal  fossa 


/* 
* 


The  occiput 
Parietomastoid  6uture 

i  Sutura  parietomastoidea 

Occipitomastoid  suture 
Sutura  occipitomastoidea 
\  External  auditory  meatus 
Meatus  acusticus  externus 
',  External  auditory  aperture 
Porus  acusticus  externus 


\  Zygomatic  arch 
Arcus  zygomaticus 

\  Temporomalar  suture 
'  Sutura  zygomaticotemporal 


The  mandible,  or  lower  jaw-bone 
(Inferior  maxillary  bone) 


Fig.  103. — The  Skull  seen  from  the  Left  Side  :   Norma  Lateralis. 


Cranium — The  skull- 


48 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF    HIE  SKULL 


Anterior  nasal  aperture 
Apri  mum  pyriformis 


Superciliary  ridge 

Arcus  superciliaris 


Entrance  to  the  orbit x 

Aditus  orbitac 


Hard  palate 

Palatum  durum 


Posterior  nares 
Choanae 


Premaxillary  suture 

Sutura  incisiva 

Supra-orbital  margin 
Margo  supra  orbitalis 

Row  of  teeth 

I.imbus  dentalis 


Infratemporal  crest 

Crista  infratemporal! 
Zygomatic  fossa 

Fossa  infratemporal! 

Sphenosquamous  suture 

Sutura  sphenosquamosa" 

Groove  for  Eustachian  tube 

Sulcus  tuba?  auditivas 

Styloid  process 
Processus  styloideus 
External  auditory  aperture 

Porus  acusticus  externus 


Mastoid  process 

Processus  mastoideus 


Occipitomastoid  suture 
Sutura  occipitomastoide. 


Foramen  magnum  , 

Foramen  occipitale  magnum 


Pterygoid  process 

^Processus  pterygoideus 


Pterygopalatine  or  pterygo- 

pharyngeal  canal 

Canalis  pharyngeus 

'  Basipharyngeal  canal 
'Canalis  basipharyngeus1 
--Foramen  lacerum  medium 

Foramen  lacerum 
—  Petrosphenoidal  fissure 
Fissura  sphenopetrosa 

.__  Petrobasilar  fissure 
Fissura  petro-occipitalis 

Jugular  foramen  (foramen 
lacerum  posterius) 
Foramen  jugulare 


Occipital  condyle 

Condylus  occipitalis 


Inferior  curved  line 
Linea  nuchae  inferior 


External  occipital  protuberance  ; 
Protuberantia  occipitalis  externa 


Nuchal  plane 
^Planum  nuchale 


X  External  occipital  crest 
Crista  occipitalis  externa 


1  Canalis  basipharyngeus,*  basipharyngeal  canal :  This  term  is  not  often  used  by  English  anatomists,  nor  even 
is  the  canal  itself  mentioned  by  Quain.  Macalister,  however,  in  his  description  of  the  vomer,  writes  (p.  233) : 
"  In  the  region  of  its  sphenoidal  articulation  there  are  three  canals  transmitting  small  vessels  in  the  young 
skull,  which  usually  become  obliterated  with  advancing  age  ;  these  are — one  median  vomerine  canal  between 
the  vomer  and  the  root  of  the  rostrum,  and  a  lateral  on  each  side  between  the  extremity  of  the  a!a  vomeris 
and  the  vaginal  process.  These  run  parallel  to,  and  may  communicate  with,  the  pterygopharyngeal  [pterygo- 
palatine] canal  in  the  vaginal  process."  The  two  lateral  canals  here  mentioned  are  those  called  by  Toldt 
'canalcs  basipharyngei. — Tr. 

Fig.  104. — External  Aspect  of  the  Base  of  the  Skull  :   Basis  Cranii  Externa. 


Cranium — The  skull. 


THE  SKULL   AND   THE  BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


49 


Crista  gall 
Sphenoethmoidal  suture 

Sutura  spheno-ethmoidalis 

( Impressiones  digi- 
I      tatac1 


Frontal  crest 

Crista  frontalis 
Crista  galli  v 


Foramen  caecum 

Foramen  caecum 


ljuga  cerebralia 

Anterior  cranial  fossa 

Fossa  cranii  anterior 


Middle  cranial  fossa 

Fossa  cranii  media 

Foramen  lacerum  medium 
Foramen,  lacerum 

Clivus,  or  basilar  groove 
Clivus 
Superior  border  of  petrous 
bone 

Angulus  superior  pyramidis 
Jugular  foramen    . 
Foramen  jugulare 


Fronto-ethmoidal  suture 

Sutura  fronto-ethmoidali: 


Sigmoid  sulcus 
Sulcus  sigmoideu 


Posterior  cranial 

Fossa  cranii  posterior 


Sphenoidal  plane,  or  jugum 

sphenoidale 

Planum  sphenoidale 

Spheno-orbital  suture 

Sutura  spheno-orbitalis 

Sphenoidal  limbus 
Limbus  sphenoidalis 

Coronal  or  frontoparietal  suture 

\    Sutura  coronalis 
Sphenosquamous  suture 
Sutura  sphenosquamosa 


Petrosphenoidal  suture 

Fissura  sphenopetrosa 

Occipitosphenoidal  synchon- 
drosis 

Synchondrosis  spheno- 
occipitalis 
Petrobasilar  fissure 
Fissura  petro-occipitalis 


Parietomastoid  suture 
Sutura  parietomastoidea 


Internal  occipital  crest    / 
Crista  occipitalis  interna 


Internal  occipital  protuberance 
Protuberantia  occipitalis  interna 


Occipitomastoid  suture 

Sutura  occipitomastoidea 

Lateral  sulcus 

Sulcus  transversus 


lobe^nhece^ebrum.  ^  COrresPondi»S  w'th  the  sulci  and  convolutions  of  the  inferior  surface  of  the  frontal 

FlG'crt^lNI^NAL  AS?,CT  °F  ™E  BASE  °F  ™E  Skull-Basis  Cranii  Interna:  Foss.e 
cZl  tNTERI°R'  MEDIA"  et  Posterior-The  Anterior,  Middle,  and  Posterior 
Cranial  Foss/e.    Seen  from  Above. 


Cranium— The  skull. 


50 


THE  SKULL  AND  THE  BONES  OF  THE  SKULL 


Longitudinal  sulcus 

Suit  us  venosus  (sagittalis) 


Pacchionian  depressions 

Foveolae  granulares  (Pacchioni)      //-i'/BSS 


Frontal  crest 
Crista  frontalis 


Sagittal    or   inter- 
parietal suture 
Sutura  sagittalis 


Coronal  or  frontoparietal 

suture 
Sutura  coronalis 


.Meningeal  grooves 

'Sulci  arteriosi 


Inner  table 

Lamina  interna 


Outer  table 
Lamina  externa 


Longitudinal  sulcus 

Sulcus  venosus  (sagittalis 


gz-w     \  Diploe 
Diploe 


v    Lambdoid  or  occipitoparietal  suture 

Sutura  lambdoidea 


Fig.  106. — Calvaria — The  Skullcap,  or  Roof  of  the  Skull.     Inner  Aspect. 


Cranium — The  skull. 


THE   SKULL    A:\u   THE   nUIsiES   OF   THE   SKULL 


51 


Coronal  or  frontoparietal  suture 

Sutura  coronalis 


Vascular  canals  of  the  diploe  of  the 

frontal  bone 
Canales  diploid  ossis  frontalis 


Vascular  canals  of  the  diploe  of  the  parietal  bone 
k  Canales  diploid  ossis  parietalis 


Diploe 

1  Diploe 


Outer  table 

Lamina,  externa 


Fig.  107. — Vascular  Canals  of  the  Diploe  of  the  Roof  of  the  Skull,  shown  by  Removal 
of  the  Outer  Table  of  Compact  Bole  from  the  Frontal  Bone  and  the  Parietal 
Bone  :    Canales  Diploici  (Brescheti).     Seen  from  the  Left  Side. 


Oranium — Tlie  sxufi. 


7—z 


52 


THE  SKULL  AND  THE  BONES  OF  THE  SKULL 


Frontal  bone 

Os  frontale 


Ethmoid  bone  -''     /.\$. 

Os  ethmoidale 


^Occipital  bone 
Os  occipitale 


Sphenoid  bone 

Os  sDhenoidah 


Fig.  108. — The  Separate  Bones  of  which  the  Cranium  Cerebrale  or  Cranium 
Proper  consists. 


Ossa  cranii  cerebralis — Bones  of  the  cranium  proper. 


THE  SKULL  AND  THE  BONES  OF  THE  SKULL 


53 


Lachrymal  bone 

Os  lacrimale 


Inferior  turbinate  bone 

Concha  nasalis  inferior 


Superior  maxillary  bone,  or  maxilla 

Maxilla 


,^-Malar  bone 

Us  zygomaticum 


-Palate  bone 

( )s  palatinum 


Inferior  maxillary  bone,  or  mandible 
Mandibula 


Fig.  109, — The  Separate  Bones  of  which  the  Cranium  Viscerale  (Facies  Ossea),  or 
Facial  Portion  of  the  Skull,  consists, 


Ossa  faciei — Bones  of  the  face. 


54 


THE    SKULL    AND    TH1     BONES    OF    THE    SKULL 


Longitudinal  sulcus 

Sulcus  sagittalis 


Lambdoid  border 

Margo  lambdoideus 


Tabular  portion,  or 
supra-occipital 

Lateral  sulcus 

Sulcus  transversus 


"Internal  cruciform  ■ 
ridges 


Mastoid  border 

Margo  mastoideus 


Jugular  eminence 

Tuberculum  jugulare' 


Jugular  process 
Processus  jugularis 


jffc  •        Superior  occipital  fossa 


% 


-  Internal  occipital  pro- 
tuberance 
I'rotuberantia  occipi- 
talis interna 

•MEL, 

___  .uJfo-V-  Inferior  occipital  fossa 


Occipital  condyle 
Condylus  occipitalis 


Internal  occipital  crest 

Crista  occipitalis 

interna 


Posterior  condylar  foramen 

Canalis  condyloideus 

Condylar  portion,  or 
exoccipital 

Pars  lateralis 
Anterior  condylar  foramen 

Canalis  hypoglossi 

Foramen  magnum 
Foramen  occipitale  magnum 


Basilar  portion  or  process,  or  basi-occipital 

Pars  basilaris 


Fig.  ho.— Anterior  (Internal)  Aspect  of  the  Occipital  Bone. 


Os  occipitale— The  occioital  bone. 


THE  SKULL  AND  THE  BOXES  OF  THE  SKULL 


55 


Occipital  plane 


s^M 


Highest  curved  line 
Linea  nuchas  suprema\ 


m 

Nuchal  plane        ClKJ§i 

1 

Superior  curved  line       *§•!*•■' .' 
Linea  nuchie  superior      y^,;-.-- 


Tabular  portion,  or  supra-occipital 

Squama  occipitalis 


Lambdoid  border 
Margo  lambdoideus 


'Sutura  raendosa 


<va,,     |< 


Inferior  curved  line 
Linea  nucha  inferior 


External  occipital  pro- 
tuberance 
Protuberantia  occipi- 
talis externa 


External  occipital  crest 
Crista  occipitalis  externa 

Mastoid  border 
Margo  mastoideus 
Posterior  condylar  foramen 
Canalis  condyloideus 
Posterior  condylar  fossa 
Fossa  condyloidea 


Occipital  condyle      / 

Condylus  occipitalis 
Basilar  portion  or  process,  or  basi-occipital 
Pars  basilaris 


Anterior  condylar  foramen 
Canalis  hypoglossi 


Foramen  magnum 

Foramen  occipitale  magnum 


1  See  foot-note  to  p.  57. 

Fig.  hi. — Posterior  (External)  Aspect  of  the  Occipital  Bone. 


Os  occipitale — The  occipital  bone. 


56 


THE   SKULL    AND    JUL    BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


Tabular  portion,  or  supra-occipital 
Squama  occipitalis 

External  occipital  crest 
Crista  occipitalis  externaN 
Crest  for  the  rectus  capitis  posticus  minor  muscle 

Crista  m    recti  capitis  mi is 

Crest  for  the  rectus  capitis  posticus 
major  muscle 
Crista  m.  recti  capitis  majoris       y 
Posterior  condylar  foramen 
Canalis  condyloideus 


Foramen  magnum 

Foramen  occipitale  magnum 

Condylar  portion,- 
or  exoccipital 

Pars  lateralis 


External  occipital  protuberance 
1'rotuberantia  occipitalis  externa 


Superior  curved  line 
I.inea  nucha;  superior 


Inferior  curved  line 
Linea  nuchae  inferior 


Mastoid  border 
Margo  mastoideus 


Jugular  process 

Processus  jugularis 


Occipital  condyle 

Condylus  occipital 

Posterior  condylar  foramen 

Canalis  hypoglossi 


Jugular  notch 
Incisura  jugularis 

intrajugular  process  (variety) 
Processus  intrajugularis  (var.) 


Basilar  portion  or  process,  or  basi-occipital 

Pars  basilaris 


Pharyngeal  tubercle1 
Tuberculum  pharyngeum 
1  Pharyngeal  spine U.S. 

Fig.  ii2.— The  Occipital  Bone  seen  from  Below  (External  Basal  Surface). 
Tabular  portion,  or  supra-occipital        c  tt  M  a  IL5-JJLLiJLi  t 

Lambdoid  border 
Margo  lambdoideus 


Internal  occipital  crest 
Crista  occipitalis  interna 


Foramen  magnum 


Sigmoid  sulcus 

Sulcus  sigmoideus 

Jugular  process 

Processus  jugularis 


Lateral  sulcus 

Sulcus  transversus 

"  Inferior  occipital  fossa 


— Mastoid  border 

Margo  mastoideus 


Jugular  notch       / 

Incisura  j  ugularis 


Intrajugular  process  (variety) 
Processus  intrajugularis  (var.) 

Jugular  eminence 
Tuberculum  jugulare 


Anterior  condylar  foramen 

Canalis  condyloideus 
Posterior  condylar  foramen 
'Canalis  hypoglossi 
Condylar  portion,  or  exoccipital 
Pars  lateralis 
— Basilar  groove 

Clivus 
Inferior  petrosal  sulcus 
Sulcus  petrosus  inferior 


portion  or  process,  or  basi-occipital 

Pars  basilaris 


Fig.  113.— The  Occipital  Bone  seen  from  Above  (Internal  Basal  Surface). 
Os  occipitale— The  occipital  bone. 


THE   SKULL    AND   THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


57 


Tabular  portion  - 


•Sutura  mendosa1 


Posterior  condylar  foramen 

Canalis  hypoglossi 


Interparietal  portion  of  the  occipital  bone 
Squama  occipitalis 


-Supra-occipital  portion 

.  Condylar  portion,  or  exoccipital 
Pars  lateralis 


Anterior  condylar  foramen 

Canalis  condyloideus 


Basilar  portion,  or  basi-occipital— Pars  basilaris 
Fig.  114.— The    Portions   of  the   Occipital  Bone  from  a  Human   Fcetus  at  the  End  of  the 
Sixth  Month  (Months  of  Four  Weeks  Each).     Seen  from  Within. 
Body-length,  12  inches. 


Internal  occipital  protuberance 
Protuberantia  occipitalis  interna 


Tabular  portion 


Anterior  condylar  foramen 
Canalis  condyloideus 


Posterior  condylar  foramen 
Canalis  hypoglossi 


Interparietal  portion  of  the  occipital  bone 

Squama  occipitalis 


1 *Sutura  mendosa1 


.True  supra-occipital 
portion 


Posterior  intra-occipital  synchondrosis 

Synchondrosis  intra-occipitalis 
posterior 


Condylar  portion,  or  exoccipital 

Pars  lateralis 


Anterior  intra-occipital  synchondrosis 

Synchondrosis  intra-occipitalis  anterior 


'Basilar  portion,  or  basi-occipital— Pars  basilaris 
Fig.  115.— The  Occipital  Bone  of  a  Child  aged  Fifteen  Months.     Seen  from  Within. 

1  The  human  occipital  hone  consists  uf  four  elements,  which  are  --till  separate  at  birih,  being  united  by  intervening  cartilage;  these  are, 
thi  rst'lar  portion  (basilar  process),  the  two  condylar  portions,  and  the  tabular  portion.  In  comparative  anatomy  these  are  known 
respectively  as  basi-occipital,  exoccipttals,  and  supra-occipital.  The  basi-occipital  and  the  exoccipitals  ossify  each  from  a  single  nucleus  ; 
the  supra-occipital  ossifies  from  four  nuclei,  an  upper  pair  and  a  lower.  These  soon  unite,  but  leave  for  some  time  fissures  running  in  along 
the  superior  curved  line.  Not  uncommonly  this  fissure  persists  on  one  or  both  sides  through  life,  and  in  rare  cases  there  is  a  persistent  suture 
running  right  across  and  dividing  the  tabular  portion  of  the  occipital  bone  into  two  parts  (*Sutura  mendosa  ;  see  Figs,  in  and  114).  Of 
these  two  parts,  the  lower,  which  belongs  to  the  base  of  the  skull  and  ossifies  in  cartilage,  is  the  proper  supra-occipital  element,  homologous 
with  the  sufira-occipitai  bone  of  other  vertebrata  ;  whilst  the  upper,  which  belongs  to  the  vertex  of  the  skull  and  ossifies  in  membrane, 
represents  the  interparietal  bone  of  many  animals.  This  part  alone  is  entitled  to  the  name  squama  occipitalis,  a  term,  however,  little  used 
by  English  anatomists.  The  occasional  persistence  of  the  suture  between  the  interparietal  and  supra-occipital  elements  of  the  occipital  bone 
is  of  surgical  importance,  since,  in  cases  of  injury  to  the  back  of  the  head,  it  is,  if  present,  liable  to  be  mistaken  for  fracture. — Tr. 

Development  of  the  Occipital  Bone. 


58 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   HONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


Sphenoidal  turbinate 
or  spongy  bone  [coi  ■ 
nuasphenoidalia,  bones 
o]  Bertin) 

Concha  sphenoidalis 


Frontal  border 
Margo  frontalis 


Malar  border 
\i.u   .1    .  ■  imaticu  • 
•Spina  m.  recti  lateralis1. 


Sphenoidal  foramen 
Apertura  sinus  sphenoidalis 

Sphenoidal  crest 
i  Rostrum  sphenoidale 


Sphenomaxillary  surface 

I'lienomaxillaris 


Internal  pterygoid  plate 

Lamina  medialis 
External  pterygoid  plate 
Lamina  lateralis  processus  pterygoidei 


Orbital  surface  of  great  wing 
W  Great    wing     (temporal 
surface)' 

j     Ala  maj^na  (fat  ies  temporalis) 


Foramen  rotundum  in 
Vidian  or  pterygoid  canal 
Canalis  pterygoideus  (Vidii) 
Infratemporal  crest— Crista  ii 


fratemporalii 


Sulcus  pterygopalatine4 

iy   Pterygoid  process 

"     Processus  pterygoideus 


Pterygoid  notch 
Fissura  pterygoidea 


Groove  of  the  hamular  process 

Sulcus  hamuli  pterygoidei 
Hamular  process 
Hamulus  pterygoideus 

Pterygopalatine  canal 
Canalis  pharyngeus 

'  Spine  for  the  attachment  of  the  lower  head  of  the  external  rectus  muscle  of  the  eyeball. 

2  See  note  to  p.  48.  :l  See  note  to  p.  59. 

*  As  mentioned  in  the  Preface,  the  canal  called  bv  English  anatomists  palatomaxillary  or  posterior  palatine 
canal  is  by  Toldt  called  pterygopalatine  canal  The  inner  grooved  portion  of  the  sphenomaxillary  surface,  which 
he  here  calls  the  pterygopalatine  groove,  leads  down  into  that  canal,  but  does  not  form  a  part  of  it,  since  it  lies 
between  the  palate  bone  and  the  superior  maxillary  bone. — Tr. 

Fig.  116.— The  Sphenoid  Bone  seen  from  Before. 


Posterior  clinoid  process 
Processus  clinoideus  posterior 
Body  of  the  sphenoid  bone 
Small  wing-  Ala  parva 
Sphenoidal  fissure 
Fissura  orbitalis  superior  -, 


External  or  squamous  border 

Margo  squamosu 


Infratemporal  crest 
Crista  infratemporalis 

Pterygoid  process 

Processus  pterygoideu 


Pterygoid  notch 

Fissura  pterygoidea 
Hamular  groove 
Sulcus  hamuli  pterygoidei 
Hamular  process — Hamulus  pterygoideus 

Vaginal  process — Processus  vaginalis 
1  See  note  to  p.  48. 


Dorsum  sellse— Dorsum  sellae 

Anterior  clinoid  process — Processus  clinoideus  anterior 
Great  wing  Parietal  angle 

(cerebral  sur-  Angulus  parietalis 


External  or  squamous  border 
-Margo  squamosus 

Vidian  or  pterygoid  canal 

—  Canalis  pterygoideus  (Vidii) 
IS^s.  M    Basipharyngeal  canal' 

'•      «g*  .    Cm.. lis  I...  iijli.-iryiiL;«-iis 

W  Temporal  surface  of  the  great  wing' 
^-Facies  temporalis  ate  magna: 
-  -Pterygopalatine  canal  -Canalis  pharyng. 
.  Scaphoid  fossa 
Fc  issa  scaphoidea 
Pterygoid  fossa 
Fossa  pterygoidea 
-External  pterygoid  plate 
Lamina  lateralis 


internal  pterygoid  plate— Lamina  medialis 
Sphenoidal  crest— Crista  sphenoidalis 
Sphenoidal  rostrum — Rostrum  sphenoidale 
2  See  note  to  p.  59. 


Fig.  117. — The  Sphenoid  Bone  seen  from  Behind. 


Os  sphenoidale — The  sphenoid  bone. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


59 


Olivary  eminence 
Tuberculum  sellae 

Pituitary  fossa 

Fossa  hypophyseos 

Dorsum  selije 

I  lorsum  sellae 


Ethmoidal  spine 

t  Spina  ethmoidalis 

Optic  groove— Sulcus  chiasmatis 

Optic  foramen  —Foramen  opticum 
Small  wing 


Parietal  angle 
Angulus  parietalis 


Anterior  clinoid  process 
Processus  clinoideus  anterior 
Middle  clinoid  process  (var.) 
Processus  clinoideus  medius 
Posterior  clinoid  process 
Processus  clinoideus  posterior 


Spinous  process 
Spina  angularis 


Posterior  or  petrous  border 
Margo  petrosus 


f  the  sphenoid  bone  \ 
Carotid  groove 

Sulcus  caroticus 


Frontal  border 

Margo  frontalis 


Sphenoidal  fissure 
Fissura  orbitalis  superior 
Great  wing 
—External  or  squamous  border 

Margo  squamosus 
Foramen  rotundum 
Foramen  rotundum 

Foramen  ovale 

Foramen  ovale 
Foramen  spinosum 

Foramen  spinosum 


Lingula  of  the  sphenoid 

Lingula  sphenoidalis 


Fig.  118. — The  Sphenoid  Bone  seen  from  Above  (Cerebral  Aspect). 


Sphenoidal  foramen 
Apertura  sinus  sphem 
Orbital  border  (of  the  sphenoidal  turbinate  bone) 
Margo  orbitalis 
Sphenoidal  fissure — Fissura  orbitalis  superior 


External  or  squamous 

border 

Margo  s.juamosus 


Foramen  rotundum — 

Foramen  rotundum 

Vidian  or  pterygoid  canal 

Canalis  pterygoideus  (Vidii) — ""  ,?V 

Pterygoid  notch  ,_— 

Fissura  pterygoidea" 

Foramen  ovale 
Foramen  ovale 
Foramen  spinosum  —  Foramen  spinosum 

Pterygoid  process    ' 
Processus  pterygoideus 
Vaginal  process — Processus 


Sphenoidal  rostrum 
f  Rostrum  sphenoidale 

,  Sphenoidal  turbinate  bone  (cormi  sphenoidale,  or  bone  of  Bortin) 
^'Concha  sphenoidalis  orbital  surface  of  the  great  wing 
f  /  Facies  orbitalis  alae  magnae 

jk       Malar  border— Margo  zygomaticus 

Temporal  surface  of  the 

great  wing1 

Facies  temporalis  alae 

magnaa 


'Orbital  crest1 
'Crista  orbitalis 

Infratemporal  crest 
Crista  infratemporalis 

Temporal  surface  of  the  great 
wing' 

Facies  temporalis  alae  magnae 


s  Spinous  process 

Spina  angularis 

Pterygopalatine  canal — Canalis  pharyngeus 
*BasipharyngeaI  canal — "Canalis  basipharyngeus2 
Sphenoidal  crest — Crista  sphenoidalis 


1  The  Continental  nomenclature  differs  here  from  that  of  English  anatomists.     What  is  called  by  the 
author  faciei  tern  the   ti  mporal    surface  of  the  great  wing,   is  in   England  known  as  the 

surface,  being  divided  by  the  infratemporal  creil  into  an  upper  temporal  surface  and  a  lower 
sphenomaxillary  surface.  As  regards  the  term  crista  orbitalis,  the  crest,  this  is  not  used  by  Quain  at 
all,  while  Macalister  applies  it  to  the  lower  margin  of  the  sphenoidal  fissure,  the  free  border  separating 
the  orbital  from  the  cerebral  surface  of  the  great  wing.  Toldt,  on  the  other  hand,  as  an  examin- 
tion  of  Fig.  no  shows,  means  by  crista  orbitalis  the  posterior  margin  of  the  sphenomaxillary  fissure, 
free  border  separating  the  orbital  from  the  zygomatic  surface  of  the  great  wing. — Tr. 

2  See  note  to  p.  48. 

Fig.  119. — The  Sphenoid  Bone  seen  from  Below  (External  Aspect). 


Os  sphenoidale — The  sphenoid  bone. 


60 


THE    SKULL    AND    THE   HONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


Parietal  angle 
Angulus] 


Temporal  surface  of  the  great  wing 
Facies  temporalis  alas  m 


Malar  border 

Margo  zygomaticus 

External  or  squamous  border 

Margo  squamosus 

Infratemporal  crest 
Crista  infratemporalis 


Anterior  clinoid  procesB 

dim  iideus  anterior 


Pituitary  fossa- 
Fossa  hypophyseos 


Dorsum  sellae 
I  ii  'i  sum  sellae 


Olivary  eminence 

Middle  clinoid  process  (var.) 
l'nx  t-ssus  clinoideus  medius 
Sella  turcica- 
Selia  turcica 


Fig. 


Spinous  process 

^     Spina  angularis 

Pterygospinous  process  (var.) 

Processus  pterygospinosus  (Civinini)  (var.) 

External  pterygoid  plate 

Lamina  lateralis  processus  pterygoidei 

Hamular  process 

Hamulus  pterygoideus 

1  See  note  to  p.  50. 

a  English  anatomist*  use  the  terms  pituitary  fossa  and  sella  turcica  as  synonyms  ;  Toldt,  more  accurately,  distinguishes  between  them, 
meaning  by  pituitary  fossa  (Fossa  hypophyseos)  the  deep  pit  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid  bone  which  lodges  the 
pituitary  body  or  hypophysis  cerebri,  and  by  sella  tun  ica  the  saddle-shaped  surface  which  forms  the  floor  of  that  fossa. — Tr. 

120. — The  Sphenoid  Bone  seen  from  the  Left  Side  (Temporozygomatic  Surface).1 


Small  wing 

Ala  parva 
Sphenoidal  septum 
Septum  sinuum  sphenoidalium 

Sphenoidal  foramen 

Apertura  sinus  sphenoidalis  " 

Sphenoidal  rostrum 

Rostrum  sphenoidale" 


Sphenoidal  sinus 
Sinus  sphenoidalis 


Optic  foramen — Foramen  opticum 
Anterior  clinoid  process 

Processus  clinoideus  anterior 
^Pituitary  fossa 
Fossa  hypophyseos 

Dorsum  sella; 

Dorsum  sellae 

Body  of  the  sphenoid  bone 

Corpus  ossis  sphenoidalis 
Occipitosphenoidal  fissure 

Fissura  spheno-occipi talis 


Sphenoidal  septum  i 

Septum  sinuum  sphenoidalium 
Basilar  portion  or  process  of  the  occipital  hone  I  "VI    y 

Pars  basilaris  ossis  occipitalis 

Fig.  121. — The  Sphenoidal  Sinuses  in  Median  Sagittal  Section,  the  Greater  Part  of  the 
Sphenoidal  Septum  having  been  removed.     Seen  from  the  Left  Side. 


Sphenoidal  sinuses — Sinus  sphenoidales  \ 

Cancellous  portion  of  the  body  of  the  sphenoid  bone 
Substantia  spongiosa  corporis  ossis  sphenoidalis 

Sphenoidal  septum 

Septum  sinuum  sphenoidalium.^ 


Dorsum  sellae 
Dorsum  sellae 


Small  wing 

Ala  parva 

-Spinous  process 

Spina  angularis 


Foramen  rotundum 

Foramen  rotundum 

Vidian  or  pterygoid  canal 
Canalis  pterygoideus  (Vidii) 


Orbital  surface  of  the  great  wing 
Facies  orbi  talis  alae  magnae 


\  Pterygoid  process 

Processus  pterygoideus 


Sphenoidal 

foramina 

Aperturae  sinuum 

sphenoidalium 

Fig.  122.— The  Sphenoidal  Sinuses,  exposed  from   Above  by  the  Removal  of  the  Inner 

Lamella  of  Compact  Bone. 

The  right  sinus  is  opened  from  above ;  the  left  is  unopened. 

Os  sphenoidale—The  sphenoid  bone. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


61 


Body  of  the  sphenoid  bone  (presphenoid 
portion)-  Corpus  ossis  sphenoidalis  (pars  anterior) 
Internal  pterygoid  plate— Lamina  medialis  processus  pterygoidei 
Vaginal  process— Processus  vaginalis 
Foramen  rotundum — Foramen  rotundum 


Cerebral  surface  of  the  great  wing 
Facies  cerebralis  ala?  magna? 


Spinous  process— Spina  angularis 

Intersphenoidal  synchondrosis      ^ 
Synchondrosis  intersphenoidalis 


Small  wing  (orbitosphenoid) 

Ala  parva         Olivary  eminence — Tuberculum  sella? 

__,  Pituitary  fossa 
Fossa  hypophyseos 

*  Great  wing  (alisphenoid) 

Ala  magna 


Fig. 


123. — The  Sphenoid  Bone  of  a  Boy 

Body-length, 


Optic  foramen — Foramen  opticum 
Small  wing  (orbitosphenoid)— Ala  parva 

Great  wing  (alisphenoid) 

Ala  magna 


Foramen  ovale 

Foramen  ovale 

\  Dorsum  sellae — Dorsum  sella? 
Body  of  the  sphenoid  bone  (postsphenoid 
portion,  or  basisphenoid) 

Corpus  ossis  sphenoidalis  (pars  posterior) 

born  at  Full  Term,  seen  from  Above. 

Body  of  the  sphenoid  bone  (presphenoid  portion) 

Corpus  ossis  sphenoidalis  (pars  anterior) 
Vidian  or  pterygoid  canal 
Canalis  pterygoideus  (Vidii) 
Foramen  rotundum 
Foramen  rotundum 
)■>  Orbital  surface  of  the  great  wing 
*^~—  Facies  orbital  is  ala?  magna? 


Temporal  surface  of  the  great  wing 
Facies  temporalis  ala?  magna? 

Pterygoid  process 

Processus  pterygoideus 
Body  of  the  sphenoid  bone  (postsphenoid  portion,  or/ 
basisphenoid) — Corpus  ossis  sphenoidalis  (pars  posterior) 

Fig.  124. — The  Sphenoid  Bone  of  a  Boy 

Body-length 
Superior  wall  of  the  sphenoidal  sinus 


Temporal  surface  of  the  great  wing 
Facies  temporalis  ala?  magna? 
Il  (see  note  on  p.  59) 

\  External  pterygoid  plate 

Lamina  lateralis  processus  pterygoidei 
'  Internal  pterygoid  plate 
Lamina  medialis  processus  pterygoidei 

born  at  Full  Term,  seen  from  Below. 


Sphenoidal  sinus— Sinus  sphenoidalis 
C 


Inferior  wall  of  the  sphenoidal  sinus 


7, 


External  wall  of  the  sphenoidal  sinus 

In  the  Second  Year  of  Life.       In  the  Si: 

Fig.  125. — Concha  Sphenoidales — The  Sphenoidal  Turbinate  Bones.  Seen  from  Above. 


Sphenoidal  foramen 
Apertura  sinus  sphenoidalis 
n  the  Eighth  Year  of  Life. 


Body  of  the  sphenoid  bone 

Corpus  ossis  sphenoidalis 


Sphenoidal  turbinate  bone 
(inferior  surface) 

Concha  sphenoidalis 


Pterygoid  process 

Processus  pterygoideus 


Great  wing 

Ala  magna 


Small  wing 

Ala  parva 


Primitive  sphenoidal  rostrum 
Rostrum  sphenoidale  primitivum 

Sphenoidal  foramen 

Apertura  sinus  sphenoidalis 


Sphenoidal  rostrum— Rostrum  sphenoidale 

Fig.  126. — The  Relation  of  the  Sphenoidal  Turbinate  Bones  to  the  Inferior  Surface 
of  the  Sphenoid  Bone  in  the  Sixth  Year  of  Life. 


Development  of  the  Sphenoid  Bone. 


6Z 


THE   SKULL   AND   THE   BONES   OF    THE    SKULL 


Groove  of  the  middle  temporal  artery 
Sulcus  arterise  temporalis  media 
Parietal  bord  er 


Squamous  portion  of  the 
temporal  bone 

Squama  temporalis 


Temporal  surface 


Zygoma  "j3 

Processus  zygomaticus  —  £ 
Articular  eminence  _ 
Tuberculum  articulare 

Glenoid  fossa 
Fovea  articularis 


Margo  parietlalis 


Notch  of  Rivinus 

Incisura  tympanica  (Rivini) 

Suprameatal  spine  (var.) 
Spina  suprameatum    i  ar  | 

Supramastoid  crest,  or  postauricular  ridge 
'jiiki  ti  mporalis  inferior 
Tarietal  notch— Incisura  parietalis 
External  auditory  aperture 
/  Poms  acusticus  externus 

Mastoid  portion 
Pars  mastoidea 

Jjra    Occipital  border 
:3»    Margo  occipitalis 

ap    Squamosomastoid  suture  (var.) 
Sutura  squamosomastoidea  (var.) 

■      .  Mastoid  foramen 

Foramen  mastoideum 

-Tympanomastoid  fissure 

Fissura  tympanomastoidea 

Digastric  fossa— Incisura  mastoidea 
Mastoid  process — Processus  mastoideus 
Glaserian  fissure 
Fissura  petrotympanica  (Glaseri) 
i.     Tympanic  plate 
"    Pars  tympanica 
Styloid  process — Processus  styloideus 

1  What  is  called  the  mandibular  fossa  by  Toldt  is  the  posteror  non-articular  portion  of  the  glenoid  fossa 
(separated  from  the  articular  portion  by  the  Glaserian  fissure).  Its  floor  is  formed  by  the  tympanic  plate, 
and  it  lodges  a  portion  of  the  parotid  gland. — Tr. 

Fig.  127. — -The  Left  Temporal  Bone  seen  from  the  Outer  Side  (Temporal  Surface). 


Petrous  portion 

Pars  petrosa  (pyramis) 


Squamous  portion  of  the  temporal 

Squama  temporalis 

Sphenoidal  border 
Margo  sphenoidalis 
Caroticotympanic  canaliculi 
Canaliculi  caroticotympanic! 
Carotid  canal 
Canalis  caroticus!* 


bone 


Inferior  petrosal  sulcus 

Sulcus  petrosus  inferior 

Depression  for  the  petrosal  ganglion  of  the 

glossopnat  yngeal  nerve-  Fossula  petrosa     

Inferior  orifice  of  tympanic  canaliculus,  canal 
for    tympanic   branch    of    glossopharyngeal 

(JaC0D8On'snerve>— Ap'rtum  inf.  canaliculi  tympanic! 

External  orifice  of  the  aqueduct  of  the  cochlea 

Apertura  externa  canaliculi  cochlea: 
Groove  for  the  auricular  branch  of  the  pneumo- 
gastric  (Arnold's  nerve)— Sulcus  canaliculi  mastoidei 

Canaliculus  for  the  auricular  branch  of  the 

pneumogastric  (Arnold's  nerve) 

Canaliculus  mastoideus 


Jugular  fossa 

Fossa  jugularis 

Occipital  border 

Margo  occipitalis 


Zygoma 

Processus  zygomaticus 

.Articular  eminence 
Tuberculum  articulare 


Glenoid  fossa— Facies  articularis 

Glaserian  fissure 

Fissura  petrotympanica  (Glaseri) 

Tympanic  plate— Pars  tympanica 

Styloid  process— Processus  styloideus 

External  auditory  aperture 

Porus  acusticus  externus 

Stylomastoid  foramen 

Foramen  stylomastoideum 

Mastoid  process 

Processus  mastoideus 

Digastric  fossa 

Incisura  mastoidea 
— Occipital  groove 

Sulcus  arteriae  occipitalis 
Mastoid  portion 
Pars  mastoidea 


jrIG.  128. The  Left  Temporal  Bone  seen  from  Below  (External  Basal  Surface). 

Os  temporale— The  temporal  bone. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


63 


Squamous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone 

Squama  temporalis 


Cerebral  surface 


Parietal  notch 
Incisura  parietalis 


Mastoid  portion 
Pars  mastoidea 

Sigmoid  sulcus 

Sulcus  sigmoideus 

Mastoid  foramen 
Foramen  mastoideum 

Occipital  border 

Margo  occipitalis ,- 
External  orifice  of  the  aqueduct  of  the  vestibule 
Apertura  externa  aquasductus  vestibuli 

Jugular  notch 
Incisura  jugularis 

Intrajugular  process 

Processus  intrajugularis 


Zygoma 

Processus  zygomaticus 
Eminence  of  superior  semicircular  canal 
Eminentia  arcuata 
Superior  petrosal  sulcus 
Sulcus  petrosus  superior 

Flcccular  fossa,  or  hiatus  subarcuatus 

Frssa  subarcuata 

Internal  auditory  aperture 

Porus  acusticus  interims 

Apex  of  the  petrous  portion 
Apex  pyramidis 

Vi 

-Inferior  petrosal  sulcus 
\  Sulcus  petrosus  inferior 

External  orifice  of  the  aqueduct  of  the  cochlea 
Apertura  externa  canaliculi  cochlear 

Petrous  portion 

Pars  petrosa  (Pyramis) 


Fig.  129. — The  Left  Temporal  Bone  seen  from  Within  (Cerebral  Surface). 


Parietal  notch 

Incisura  parietalis 


Petrosquamous  fissure 
Fissura  petrosquamosa 
Eminence  of  the  superior  semicircular  canal 
Eminentia  arcuata 

Superior  petrosal  sulcus 

Sulcus  petrosus  superior 

Hiatus  Fallopii — Hiatus  canalis  facialis 

Groove  of  the  great  superficial  petrosal  nerve 

Groove  of  the  small  superficial  petrosal  nerve 
Sulcus  nervi  petrosi  superficialis  minoris 

Fossa  of  the  Gtasserian  ganglion—- 
Impressio  trigemini 

Apex  of  the  petrous  portion.. ._ 

Apex  pyramidis 


Carotid  canal       ' 
Canalis  caroticus 
Eustachian  canal  and  canal  for  the  tensor  tympani  muscle 

Canalis  musculotubarius 


Temporal  surface  of  the  squamous  portion  of  the 

temporal  bone 

Facies  temporalis  squama?  temporalis 


.  Zygoma 

Processus  zygomaticus 


Fig.  130. — The  Left  Temporal  Bone  seen  from  Above  (Internal  Basal  Surface). 


Os  temporale — The  temporal  bone. 


64 


THE    SKULL    AND    THE   HONES   OF    THE   SKULL 


Petrosquamous  fissure 
Fissura  petrosquamosa 


Mastoid  portion 
Pars  mastoidea       \ 


Tegmen  tympani 

Tegmen  tympani 

Petrous  portion 

Pars  petrosa  (Pyramis)""--- 

Hiatus  Fallopii 

Hiatus  canalis  facialis-  - 
Groove  of  great  superficial  petrosal  nerve 
Sulcus  n.  petrosi  superficialis  majoris 
Groove  of  small  superficial  petrosal  nerve 

Sulcus  n.  petrosi  superficialis  minoris 

Apex  of  the  petrous  portion 
Apex  pyramidis 

Carotid  canal 
Canalis  caroticus 


Mastoid  process 

Processus  mastoide 


Fig.  131. — The  Left  Temporal 


Epitympanic  recess,  or  aditus  ad  antrum 

Recessus  epitympanicus 

*Fossa  of  the  incus 
*Fossa  incudis 


Petrosquamous  sulcus  (var.) 
Sulcus  petrosquamosus  (var 


Mastoid  antrum 

Antrum  tympanicum 


Sigmoid  sulcus 

Sulcus  sigmoideus 


Mastoid  cells 
Cellular  mastoideae 


Aqueduct  of  Fallopius — Canalis  facialis  (Fallopii)/ 
Inferior  orifice  of  the  canal  for  the  chorda  tympani  nerve/ 
(iter  chordae  posterius) 

Canaliculus  chordae  tympani  (Apertura  inferior) 


Squamous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone 
Squama  temporalis 


Cerebral  surface 


Sphenoidal  border 

Margo  sphenoidalis 
Zygoma 
Processus  zygomaticus 

Canal  for  the  tensor  tympani  muscle 
Semicanalis  musculi  tensoris  tympani 
Bony  septum  (cochleariform  process) 
"Septum  canalis  musculotubarii 

Eustachian  canal 

Semicanalis  tuba?  auditivae 

Tympanic  plate 

Pars  tympanica 


V  Styloid  process 

Processus  styloideus 

Bone  seen  from  Before. 

Cupular  portion  of  the  epitympanic  recess 
Pars  cupularis  recessus  epitympanici 
Tegmen  tympani 

Tegmen  tympani 


Petrosquamous  fissure 
Fissura  petrosquamosa 


Notch  of  Rivinus 

"Tncisura  tympanica  (Rivini) 


Anterior  tympanic  spine 
Spina  tympanica  major 

Posterior  tympanic  spine 
Spina  tympanica  minor 
Tympanic  sinus 
Sinus  posterior 
Tympanic  sulcus — Sulcus  tympanicus 
^Tympanic  orifice  of  canal  for  chorda  tympani  nerve 

\  Canaliculus  chorda;  tympani  (Apertura  tympanica) 

Vaginal  process — Vagina  processus  styloidei 
i     Styloid  prominence — Prominentia  styloidea 
!      Stylomastoid  foramen — Foramen  stylomastoideum 
Canaliculus  for  auricular  branch  of  pneumogastric  (Arnold's  nerve) 
Canaliculus  mastoideus 


'  "Fossa  of  the  incus.—'  The  shorter  process  (crus  breve)  of  the  incus  projects  backwards.  Its  extremity  is  tipped  with  cartilage  at  d  is 
.  .  .  articulated  by  ligamentous  fibres  [ligament  of  the  incus]  with  the  posterior  and  partly  with  the  outer  wall  of  the  tympanum  near  the 
entrance  to  the  mastoid  cells.  The  place  where  the  ligamentous  fibre*  are  attached  to  the  wall  of  the  tympanum  is  somewhat  depressed,  and 
has  a  covering  of  cartilage.' — Quain's  '  Anatomy,*  tenth  edition,  vol.*  iii.,  part  iii.,  p.  00.  Fossa  0/ the  incus  is  a  most  suitable  name  for  this 
depressed  cartilage-covered  area,  and  may  well  be  adopted  by  English  anatomists. — Tr. 

Fig.  132.— The  External  Wall  of  the  Tympanum  and  the  Mastoid  Cells  displayed  by 
a  Section  through  the  Left  Temporal  Bone  in  a  Plane  parallel  with  the 
Squamous  Portion  of  that  Bone. 

The  petrosquamous  sulcus  (along  which  a  sound  has  been  passed)  is  in  this  specimen  partly  bridged 
over  by  bone  ;  anteriorly  it  communicates  with  the  outer  surface  of  the  bone  by  means  of  a  spurious 
jugular  foramen — foramen  jugulare  spurium  (Variety). 

Os  temporale — The  temporal  bone. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


65 


Geniculum  of  the  aqueduct  of  Fallopius  (the  canal  for  the 
facial  nerve) 

Geniculum  canalis  facialis 


Transverse  crest,  or  crista  falcifonnis 
Crista  transversa 


Superior  border  of  the  petrous  portion 
Angulus  superior  pyramidis 
Fundus  of  the  internal  auditory  meatus, 
or  reniform  fossa 
Fundus  meatus  acustici  interni 

Posterior  surface  of  the  petrous  portion rfci. 

Facies  posterior  pyramidis  -j 

Posterior  border  of  the  petrous  portion 

Angulus  posterior  pyramidis 

Cochlea 

Cochlea 


Inferior  surface  of  the  petrous  portion ' 
Facies  inferior  pyramidis 


,  Anterior  surface  of  the  petrous  portion — Facies  anterior  pyramidis 


Tegmen  tympani 
Tegmen  tympani 

Petrosquamous  fissure 
Fissura  petrosquamosa 
Roof  of  the  tympanum 
Paries  tegmentalis  cavi  tympani 
Cochleariform  process 
l'K  icessus  cochleariformis 


Fissure  of  Glaser,  or  petrotympanic  fissure 
Fissura  petrotympanica  (Glaseri) 

Inner  wall  of  the  tympanum 
Paries  labyrinthicus  cavi  tympani 

Tympanum,  or  tympanic  cavity 

Cavum  tympani 
'"--  Tympanic  plate 
Pars  tympanica 
Anterior  border  of  the  petrous  portion 
Angulus  anterior  pyramidis 
Carotid  wall  of  the  tympanum— Paries  caroticus  cavi  tympani 

Fig.  133. — Vertical  Section  through  the  Petrous  Portion  of  the  Left  Temporal  Bone 
and  through  the  anterior  part  of  the  squamous  portion.  (nomenclature  of  the 
Surface  and  Borders  of  the  Petrous  Portion.) 


Carotid  canal 

Canalis  caroticui 


Hiatus  Fallopii 
Hiatus  canalis  facialis 


Cochlea 

Cochlea 
Aqueduct  of  Fallopius 

Canalis  facialis 
Internal  auditory  aperture 
Porus  acusticus  internus     — 
Internal  auditory  meatus 
Meatus  acusticus  internus 


Fundus  of  internal  auditory  meatus,  or  reniform  fossa 

Fundus  meatus  acustici  interni 

Vestibule  of  the  labyrinth 
Vestibulum  labyrinth] 

Tympanum 

Cavum  tympani 


Tympanic  canaliculus  (for  Jacobson's  nerve) 
Canaliculus  tympanicus 

/  Depression  for  the  petrosal  ganglion  of  the  glosso- 
pharyngeal Derve — Fossula  petrosa 
/  Groove  for  the  auricular  branch  of  the 
pneumogastric  (Arnold's  nerve) 
Sulcus  canaliculi  mastoidei 


-  Canaliculus  for  the  auricular  branch  of 

the  pneumogastric  (Arnold's  nerve) 

Canaliculus  mastoideus 


Jugular  fossa 

Fossa  jugularis 


"Canaliculus  mastoideus1 


Orifice  of  canal   for  chorda   tympani   nerve   (iter 

chords  posterius) 
Canaliculus  chordae  tympani 

'  Aqueduct  of  Fallopius— Canalis  facialis 

Fig.  134. — Aqueductus  Fallopii,  or  Canal  for  the  Facial  Nerve,  shown  from  Beneath 
by  the  Removal  of  a  Wedge-shaped  Piece  from  the  Petrous  Portion  of  the  Left 
Temporal  Bone. 

The  canaliculus  tympanicus,  for  the  tympanic  branch  of  the  glossopharyngeal  nerve  (Jacobson's  nerve),  is 
also  opened  up  throughout  its  whole  length.  A  sound  has  been  passed  through  the  canaliculus  for 
the  auricular  branch  of  the  pneumogastric  nerve  (nerve  of  Arnold).  In  the  Continental  nomenclature 
this  canaliculus  is  known  as  the  canaliculus  mastoideus. 

Os  temporale — Temporal  bone. 


66 


THE   SKULL    AMD    THE   BONES   OE    THE   SKULL 


Mastoid  antrum 
Antrum  tympanic  uni 
Prominence  of  the  external  semicircular  canal     '• 
Prominentia  i  analis  semicircularis  lateral)  . 
Prominence  of  the  aqueduct  of  Fallopius 
1  'rominentia  i  analis  facialis 
Fossula  of  the  fenestra  ovalis ,  or  fossula  ovalis 
Fossula  fenestras  vestibuli 

Cochleariform  process 
I  'ii  i  ■  ■  -.-  u  -■  (  i  i  lilcii  ildinii', 
Canal  for  the  tensor  tympani  muscle    ,—95 


Pyramid,  or  eminentia 

papillaris 
Eminentia  pyramidal!: 


Semicanalis  m.  tensoris  tympani 
Septum  of  the  musculotubal  canal 

(cochleariform  process) 
Septum  canalis  musculotubarii 
Osseous  canal  for  the  Eustachian  tube 
Semicanalis  tuba?  auditivae 

Air  cells  of  the  Eustachian  tube 
Cellulae  pneumatics  tubariae 
Tympanic  orifice  of  the  Eustachian  tube 
Ostium  tympanicum  tubae  auditivae  ' 

Promontory,  or  tuber  cochleae 
Promontorium 

Upper  opening  of  the  tympanic  canaliculus  (for  Jacobson's  nerve) 
Apertura  superior  canaliculi  tympanici 


Sinus  posterior 

Sinus  posterior 


External  auditory  meatus 

Meatus  acusticus  extcrnus 


Tympanomastoid  fissure 

Fissura  tympanomastoidea 


External  orifice  of  the  canal  for  Arnold's  nerve 

\  Apertura  externa  canaliculi  mastoidei 

Tympanic  sinus — Sinus  tympani 
Tympanic  sulcus— Sulcus  tympanicus 
Fossula  of  the  fenestra  rotunda,  or  fossula  rotunda 

Fossula  fenestrae  cochleae 


Fig.  135. — Vertical  Section  through  the  Left  Temporal  Bone  in  a  Plane  parallel 
with  the  Superior  Border  of  the  Petrous  Portion,  and  passing  through  the  Middle 
of  the  External  Auditory  Meatus,  to  demonstrate  the  Tympanic  Cavity,  Cavum 
Tympani,  and  the  Adjoining  Parts. 


Entrance  to  mastoid  antrum 

Aditus  ad  antrum  tympanicum 
Cochleariform  process 
Processus  cochleariformis    . 
Hiatus  Fallopii 

Hiatus  canalis  facialis"- 


Canal  for  the  tensor  tympani  muscle 
Semicanalis  m.  tensoris  tympani 


Septum  of  the  musculotubal  canal 

(cochleariform  process)  > 

Septum  canalis  musculotubarii 

Osseous  canal  for  the  Eustachian  tube 
Semicanalis  tubae  auditivae 

Tympanic  orifice  of  the  Eustachian  tube 
Ostium  tympanicum  tubae 

Carotid  wall  of  tympanum 
Paries  caroticus 


Mastoid  antrum 
Antrum  tympanicum 


Mastoid  wall  of  tympanum 
Paries  mastoideus  cavi  tympani 


External  auditory  meatus 

Meatus  acusticus  externus 
Tympanic  sulcus 
\  «  Sulcus  tympanicus 

\  Jugular  wall  of  tympanum 

\  Paries  jugularis  cavi  tympani 

Inner  wall  of  tympanum 
Paries  labyrinthicus 


Fig.  136.  Vertical  Section  through  the  Left  Temporal  Bone  in  a  Plane  parallel 
with  the  Superior  Border  of  the  Petrous  Portion,  the  Section  passing  along  the 
Posterior  Wall  of  the  External  Auditory  Meatus,  to  demonstrate  the  Tympanic 
Cavity,  Cavum  Tympani,  and  the  Adjoining  Parts. 


Os  temporale — Temporal  bone. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OE   THE   SKULL 


67 


Deficiency  in  the  tympanic  wall  of  the  aqueduct  of  Fallopius  (variety) 

Fenestra  ovalis — Fenestra  vestibuli 
Fenestra  rotunda — Fenestra  cochleae 
Promontory — Promontorium 
Hiatus  Fallopii — Hiatus  canalis  facialis 
Canal  for  the  tensor  tympani  muscle 
Semicanalis  m,  tens,  tympani  "■ 
Septum  of  the  musculotubal  canal 
(cochleariform  process) 
Septum  canalis  musculotubal 
Groove  for  the  Gasserian  ganglion   . 
Impressio  trigemini 

Carotid  canal — Canalis  caroticus 
Osseous  canal  for  the  Eustachian  tube 
Semicanalis  tuba;  auditivas 

Caroticotympanic  canaliculi 
Canaliculi  caroticotympanici 

Tympanic  cells 
Cellulas  tympanicas 
Canaliculus  for  the  chorda  tympani  nerve 
(iter  chordae  posterius) 
Canaliculus  chordae  tympani 


Prominence  of  the  external  semicircular  canal 

Prominentia  canalis  semicircularis  lateralis 

Entrance  to  mastoid  antrum-  Adiius  ad  antrum  tympanicum 
Ponticulus  promontorii—  Ponticulus  promontorii 
Mastoid  antrum — Antrum  tympanicum 
Tympanic  sinus— Sinus  tympani 


Sinus  posterior 

Sinus  posterior 


Mastoid  cells 

'  Cellula;  mastoideae 


Mastoid  process 

Processus  mastoideus 


Aqueduct  of  Fallopius 
Canalis  facialis 


Stylomastoid  foramen 
Foramen  stylomastoideum 


Fig.  137.— Vertical  Section  through  the  Left  Temporal  Bone,  crossing  obliquely  the 
Superior  Border  of  the  Petrous  Portion,  and  passing  through  the  Anterior  Portion 
of  the  Mastoid  Process,  to  demonstrate  the  Tympanic  Cavity,  Cavum  Tympani,  and 

the  Adjoining  Parts  (especially  the  Mastoid  Antrum  and  the  Mastoid  Cells). 


Geniculum  of  tho  aqueduct  of  Fallopius 

Geniculum  canalis  facialis  ' 

Hiatus  Fallopii 
Hiatus  canalis  facialis' 


Apex  of  the  petrous  portion 
Apex  pyramidis 


Carotid  canal 

Canalis  caroticus 


Caroticotympanic  canaliculi 

Canaliculi  caroticotympanici 


Grooves  of  the  promontory  (for  the  nerves  of  the  tympanic  plexus) 
Sulcus  promontorii 


Ponticulus  promontorii 
Ponticulus  promontorii 

External  semicircular  canal 
Canalis  semicircularis  lateralis 

..--'  Pyramid,  or  eminentia  papillaris 
Eminentia  pyramidalis 


Tympanic  sinus 

Sinus  tympani 


—  Mastoid  cells 
Cellulae  mastoideae 

Aqueduct  of  Fallopius— Canalis  facialis 

Subiculum  promontorii — Subiculum  promontorii 

Fenestra  rotunda— Fenestra  cochleae 

Upper  aperture  of  the  tympanic  canaliculus  (for  the  passage  of 

Jacobson's  nerve) 

Apertura  superior  canaliculi  tympanici 


Fig.  138. — Vertical  Section  through  the  Left  Temporal  Bone,  crossing  obliquely  the 
Superior  Border  of  the  Petrous  Portion,  and  passing  through  the  Posterior  Por- 
tion of  the  Mastoid  Process,  to  demonstrate  the  Tympanic  Cavity,  Cavum  Tympani, 
and  the  Adjoining  Parts. 

A  bristle  has  been  passed  through  the  canaliculus  tympanicus  (the  canal  for  Jacobson's  nerve — the 
tympanic  branch  of  the  glossopharyngeal,  nerve)  into  the  tympanum,  and,  after  traversing  this 
cavity,  leaves  it  by  the  canaliculus  that  opens  into  the  groove  for  the  small  superficial  petrosal  nerve. 


Os  temporale     Temporal  bone. 


68 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONKS    OF   THE   SKULL 


Superior  semicircular  canal  — Canalis  semicircularis  superior 
Anterior  surface  of  petrous  portion  -Facies  anterior  pyramidis 
Vestibule  of  the  labyrinth 
Vestibulum  labyrinthi 
Geniculum  of  the  aqueduct  of  Fallopius 
Geniculum  canalis  facialis 

Oochleariform  process       

Processus  cochleariformis 


Cochlea 

Cochlea 


Carotid  canal 

Canalis  caroticus 


External  semicircular  canal 

Canalis  semicircularis  lateralis 

Superior  border  of  the  petrous  bone 

'Angulus  supers  ir  pj  I 

Posterior  semicircular  canal 
Canalis  semicircularis  posterior 

Posterior  surface  of  the  petrous  bone 

Facies  posterior  pyramidis 

Promontory 

Promontorium 
Aqueduct  of  Fallopius 
Canalis  facialis 

s.  Fossula  of  the  fenestra  rotunda,  or  fossula  rotunda 

Fossula  fenestra;  cochlea; 


Fenestra  ovalis 

Fenestra  vestibuli 


Fig.  139. — The  Bony  Labyrinth,  Labyrinthus  Osseus,  shown  in  the  Left  Petrous  Portion. 
Seen  obliquely  from  in  Front  and  Below.  The  Osseous  Semicircular  Canals  and 
also  the  Canal  of  the  Cochlea  have  been  partly  opened.  The  Relations  between 
the  Aqueduct  of  Fallopius  and  the  Osseous  Labyrinth  are  clearly  shown. 


Area  cribrosa  superior  (transmits  the  filaments 
of  the  superior  division  of  the  auditory  nerve) 

Area  vestibularis  superior  \/v/    ^ 


Area  cribrosa  media  (transmits  the  nerve 

to  the  saccule) 

Area  vestibularis  inferior 


"Area  of  the  cochlea1 . 
•Area  cochlea:1 


External  orifice  of  the  aqueduct  of  the  vestibule 
Apertura  externa  aquaeductus  vestibuli 

Foramen  singulare  (for  the  nerve  to  the  posterior 
semicircular  canal) 

Foramen  singulare 


Aqueduct  of  Fallopius 

/Canalis  facialis 


*Area  of  the  facial  nerve1 

*Area  n.  faciali 


Transverse  crest,  or  crista  falciformis 

Crista  transversa 

Tractus  spiralis  foraminulentus  (the 
foramina  of  which  transmit  the  fila- 
ments of  the  cochlear  division  of  the 
auditory  nerve)1 

Tractus  spiralis  foraminosus 

'  Internal  auditory  meatus 
Meatus  acusticus  internus 

Internal  auditory  aperature 
Porus  acusticus  internus 


1  The  helicoid  depression  of  the  tractus  spiralis  foraminulentus  corresponds  with  the  base  of  the  cochlea,  and 
at  the  centre  of  the  helix  is  the  foramen  centrale  cochleae,  the  orifice  of  the  central  canal  of  the  modiolus.  On 
the  significance  of  this  term  Area  of  the  Cochlea,  see  also  note  M1,  p.  956V,  in  the  Appendix  to  Part  VI.  ;  and  on  the 
significance  of  the  term  Area  of  the  Facial  Nerve,  see  note  6:l8  on  the  same  page. 

Fig.  140.— The  Internal  Auditory  Meatus,  Meatus  Acusticus  Internus,  exposed  from 
Above  by  the  Removal  of  a  Right-angled  Wedge  from  the  Petrous  Portion  of 
the  Left  Temporal  Bone,  displaying  the  Fundus  of  the  Internal  Auditory 
Meatus,  or  Reniform  Fossa,  divided  by  the  Transverse  Crest,  or  Crista  Falci- 
formis, into  Superior  and  inferior  j^oss^.     seen  from  Behind  and  Above. 


Os  temporale — Temporal  bone. 


THE  SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


69 


Ampulla  of  the  superior  semicircular  canai 

Ampulla  ossea  superior 

Superior  semicircular  canal 
Canaiis  semicircularis  superior 

Elliptical  recess 
Recessus  ellipticus 


Superior  semicircular  canal 
Canaiis  semicircularis  superior 
(*Crus  simplex1) 

*Crus  commune1 

Aqueduct  of  the  vestibule 
Aqiurductus  vestibuli 

External  semicircular  canal 
Canaiis  semicircularis  lateralis 
^•Crus  simplex1) 


Ampulla  of  the  posterior  semicircular  canal ' 

Ampulla  ossea  posterior  / 

Fenestra  rotunda 
Fenestra  cochleae 


Ampulla  of  the  external  semicircular  canal 
Ampulla  ossea  lateralis 


Petrosquamous  fissure 
Fissura  petrosquamosa 


_Tegmen  tympani 

Tegmen  tympani 


Epitympanic  recess,  or  aditus  ad  antrum 
Recessus  epitympanicus 


Aqueduct  of  Fallopius 

Canaiis  facialis 


Fenestra  ovalis 
Fenestra  vestibuli 


External  auditory  meatus 
Meatus  acusticus  externus 


Tympanic  sulcus 
Sulcus  tympanicus 


1  Regarding  the  signification  of  the  terms  cuts  simplex  and  cms  commune,  see  Appendix  to  Part  VI.,  p.  956V, 
note  ■". 

Fig.  141. — Portions  of  the  Osseous  Labyrinth  and  the  Tympanum,  shown  in  the  Left 
Temporal  Bone  by  a  Vertical  Section  through  the  Petrous  Portion  in  the  Plane  of 
the  Superior  Semicircular  Canal.     Seen  obliquely  from  in  Front  and  Within. 

The  fenestra  ovalis  is  divided  vertii  ally. 


Posterior  semicircular  canal 
Canaiis  semicircularis  posterior 


Superior  semicircular  canal— Canaiis  semicircularis  superior 
Crest  of  the  vestibule — Crista  vestibuli  > 
Internal  auditory  meatus  - 
Meatus  acusticus  internu: 

Cochlea 

Cochlea 


Carotid  canal 
Canaiis  caroticus 


Osseous  canal  for  the  Eustachian  tube 
Semicanalis  tuba?  auditiva> 


Internal  orifice  of  the  aqueduct  of  the  cochlea 

Apertura  interna  canaliculi  cochleae 

Tympanum 

Cavum  tympani 


External  semicircular  canal 

Canaiis  semicircularis  lateralis 


Vestibule 

Vestibulum  labyrinthi 


Pyramid,  or  eminentia  papillaris 
Eminentia  pyramidalis 


.Fenestra  rotunda 
Fenestra  cochlear 


External  auditory  meatus 

Meatus  acusticus  externus 


Fig.  142. — Portions  of  the  Osseous  Labyrinth  and  thk  Tympanum,  shown  in  the  Left 
Temporal  Bone  by  a  Horizontal  Section  through  the  Petrous  Portion  along  the 
Internal  and  the  External  Auditory  Meatus.     Seen  from  Above. 


Os  temporale  -Temporal  bone 


70 


THE   SKULL    AND    JUL   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


Zygoma 

Processus  zygomaticus---- 

Articular  portion  of  glenoid  fossa 
Facies  articularis 


Zygoma 

Processus  zygomaticus 


^Epitympanic  recess 
Kecessus  epitympanicus 


Squamous  Portion  of  Temporal  Bone— Squama  Temporalis. 


'Posterior  tympanic  process 

•Processus  tympanicus  posterior 

•Anterior  tympanic  process 
•Processus  tympanicus  anterior 


Tympanic  Ring— Annulus  Tympanicus. 


Tegmen  tympani    Mastoid  antrum 
Tegmen  tympani     Antrum  tympanicum 


Apex  of  the  petrous  portion 
Apex  pyramidis 
Canal  for  tensor  tympani  muscle  __(^ 
Semicanalis  m.  tensoris  tympani 
Tympanum 
Cavum  tympan 


'Posterior  tympanic  process 
*Processus  tympanicus  posterior 
'Anterior  tympanic  process 
'Processus  tympanicus  anterior 
Sulcus  mallei 
Sulcus  mallei 


Tegmen  tympanl-Tegmen  tympani 

Eminence  of  the  superior  semi- 
circular canal- Eminenlia  arcuata 
Hiatus  subarcuatus  (correspond- 
ing with  the  floccular  fossa  of 

lower  Vertebrata—  Fossa  subarcuata 
Apex  Of  petrous  portion— Apex  pyr; 
Internal  auditory  aperture 
J'urus  acusticus  interims 

External  orifice  of  the  aqueduct  of 
the  vestibule 

Apertura  externa  aquaeductus  vestibuli 


Petrous  Portion  of  Temporal  Bone— Pars  Petrosa  (Pyramis). 

Fig.  143. — Seen  from  Without.  Fig.  144. — Seen  from  Within. 

The  Three  Parts  of  the  Left  Temporal  Bone   from  an  Eight-Months   Fcetus  (Months 

of   Four   Weeks   Each). 

Body-length,  15J  inches. 


v^Th,^ 


Notch  of  Eivinus 
Incisura  tym- 
panica 
Post,  tympanic  spine 
Spina  tympanica  m. 
'Posterior    tympanic 

process 
•Processus    tympani- 
cus posterior 

Tympanic  sulcus 
Sulcus  tympanicus 


Squamous  portion 
of  temporal  bone 

Squama  temporalis 

Epitympanic  recess 
'  Recessus  epitympani- 
cus 


Anterior  tympanic  process 
•Processus  tympanicus 
anterior 
Sulcus  mallei 

Sulcus  mallei 


Tympanic  ring 

Annulus  tympanicus 


Articular  portion  of  glenoid 

fossa — Facies  articularis 
Zygoma 

Processus  zygo-\^ 
maticus 

Fissure  of  Glaser, 
or  petrotym- 
panic fissure 
Fissura      petro- 
tympanica 
(Glaseri) 

Tympanum 
Cavum  tympani 
Tympanic 
ring 

Annulus  \^ 

tympanicus 

Carotid  canal 

Canalis  caroticus 
Inferior  surface  of  petrous  portion 
Facies  inferior  pyramidis 


i^-^~~..y 


Squamous  portion 
of  temporal  bone 

Squama  temporalis 

Notch  of  Rivinus 
'Incisura  tympanica 
.  (Rivini) 

I.        Squamosomastoid 
,  ,\  suture 

Sutura  squamoso- 
mastoidea 

Mastoid 
portion 
Par=  mastoidea 

Stylomastoid 
foramen 

Foramen  stylo- 
mastoideum 


Vaginal  process 

Vagina  processus  styloidei 


Fig.  145. — The  Squamous  Portion  of  the 
Temporal    Bone    and    the    Tympanic 
Ring  united.     Seen  from  Within. 
From  a  fcetus  at  term  (body-length,  19  inches). 


Fig.  146.— The  Three  Portions  of  the 
Left  Temporal  Bone  united.    Seen 
from  Without  and  Below. 
From  a  new-born  male  infant  (body-length,  21  inches). 


Development  of  the  Temporal  Bones. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE  BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


71 


Notch  of  Rivinus 
Incisura  tympanica  (Rivini) 
Zygoma 

Processus  zygomaticus 


Articular  portion  of  glenoid  fossa 
Facies  articularis 


Free  margin  of  tegmen  tympani 


Fissure  of  Glaser,  or  petrotympanic  fissure 
Fissura  petrotympanica  (Glaseri) 


Squamous  portion  of  temporal  bone 

]  Squama  temporalis 


\   sT^ — p. 


Squamosomastoid  suture 

Sutura  squamosomastoidea 


Mastoid  portion 
Pars  mastoidea 

..Tympanomastoid  fissure 

F'issura  tympanomastoidea 


Jugular 


Mastoid  process 
Processus  mastoideus 


Tympanic  plate 
Pars  tympanica 
Carotid  canal— Canalis  caroticus  fossa  Stylomastoid  foramen— Foramen  stylomastoideum 

Petrous  portion        Fossa       Vaginal  process 
Pars  petrosa  jugularis    Vagina  processus  styloidei 


Fig.  147. — The  Left  Temporal  Bone  of  a  Boy  at  the  Age  of  Eight  Months:  Formation 
of  the  Tympanic  Plate  and  of  the  External  Auditory  Meatus.  Seen  obliquely 
from  Without  and  Below. 


Anterior  tympanic  process 
Processus  tympanicus  anterior  __. 

Fissure  of  Glaser,  or  petrotympanic  fissure 

Fissura  petrotympanica 

Margin  of  tegmen  tympani 


Squamous  portion  of  temporal  bone 

Squama  temporalis 


Petrous  portion 

Pars  petrosa 


Anterior  tympanic  spine 
Spina  tympanica  major 

Notch  of  Rivinus 

Incisura  tympanica  (Rivini) 
Posterior  tympanic  spine  —Spina  tympanica 


Tympanic  plate 

Pars  tympanica 


Mastoid  portion 

Pars  mastoidea 
Squamosomastoid  suture 
"Sutura  squamosomastoidea 
Tympanomastoid  fissure 
*  Fissura  tympanomastoidea 

—  Mastoid  process— Processus  mastoideus 
-  Digastric  fossa— Incisura  mastoidea 
Occipital  groove— Sulcus  arteriae  occipitalis 
Stylomastoid  foramen — Foramen  stylomastoideum 
Vaginal  process 
Vagina  processus  styloidei 


Fig.  148. — Th£  Left  Temporal  Bone  of  a  Girl  at  the  Age  of  Three  Years  :  Formation 
of  the  Tympanic  Plate  and  of  the  External  Auditory  Meatus.  Seen  obliquely 
from  Without  and  Below. 


Development  of  the  Temporal   Bones. 


72 


THE  SKULL  AND  THE  BOXES  OF  THE  SKULL 


Parietal  eminence 


Frontal  angle 
Angulus  frontalis 


X 


■r   " 

0    ~- 

25* 

O 

*& 

O    O 

J) 

g. 

£. 

ff 

o 

5§ 

p. 

< 

»< 

■P 

Superior  or  sagittal  border 
Margo  sagittalis 


T    u    b    ( 
p    a    r    i    e    f 


Parietal  foramen 
,,Foramen  parietale 


|  .  Occipital  angle 

*V"         Angulus  occipitalis 


Temporal  surface 


0$m 


'"'       <is^* K     ''"    Infen°r  or  squamous 

.^■'vS-'J  V  border 

'"t'-MJIA**'  Margo  squamosus 


Sphenoidal  angle 
Angulus  sphenoidalis 


'•>: 


-Superior  temporal  line 
Linea  temporalis  superior 


Inferior  temporal  line 
Linea  temporalis  inferior 


J  Mastoid  angle 
Antrulus  mastoideus 


Fig.  149. — The  Left  Parietal  Bone  seen-  from  Without.      External  Surface: 

Facies  Parietalis. 


Os  parietale — Parietal  bone. 


I  HE  SKULL    AND    THE    BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


73 


Frontal  angle 

Angulus  frontalisi 


Pacchionian 

depressions 

Foveolae  granulares 

(Pacchioni) 


Superior  or  sagittai  border 
Margo  sagittalis 


Longitudinal  sulcus 

Sulcus  sagittalis 


^^S-ft^t^^^; 


Parietal  foramen 

Foramen  parietale 


Meningeal  grooves 

Sulci  arteriosi 


Occipital  angle 

Angulus  occipitalis 


Lateral  sulcus 
Sulcus  transversus 


Sphenoidal  angle        I 
Aneulus  snhenoiJalis 


Mastoid  angle 
Angulus  raastoideus 


Fig.  150. — The  Right  Parietal  £>one  seen  from  Without.     Internal  Surface  : 

Facies  Cerebralis. 


Os  parietale — Parietal  bone. 


THE   SKULL    AND    I  III     BONES    OF     THE    SKULL 


Anterior  or  frontal  surface 

Fades  frontalis 


'T  1 


Frontal  eminence 
Tuber  frontale 


Temporal  surface-     , 
Facies  temporalis        \<     '■■% 

Temporal  crest    H^fp| 
Linea  temporalis     nH| 


Parietal  border 

Margo  parietalis 


Supra-orbital  foramen   / 
Foramen  supra-orbitale 

Supra-orbital  notch 
Incisura  frontalis 

Nasal  portion 
Pars  nasalis 


Frontal  squama 


Orbital  arch,  or  supra-orbital  margin 
Margo  snpra-orbhali? 
Superciliary  ridge 

Arcus  superciliaris 


Nasal  spine 
Spina  frontalis 


FIG.  151.— The  Frontal  Bone  seen  from  Before.     External  Surface:    Facies  Frontalis. 


Os  frontale — Frontal  bone. 


THE   SKULL   AND    THE   BUSES   OE   THE   SKULL 


75 


Longitudinal  sulcus 
Sulcus  sagittalis 


Internal  table 
Lamina  interna  N 


Parietal  border 
Margo  parietalis 


External  angular  process 
Processus  zygomaticus 


Frontal  squama 


Poateriororcerebral 
surface 


Frontal  crest 

Crista  frontalis 


Sphenoidal  border 
Margo  sphenoidale 

Orbital  plate 

Pars  nil, nalis       Foramen  cseeum' 
Foramen  caecum 


Impressiones  digitatae1 


Juga  cerebralia1 


Nasal  spine  External  orifice  of  the  frontal  sinus 

Spina  frontalis         Apertura  sinus  frontalis 

1  Ridges  (juga  cerebralia)  and  sulci  (impressiones  digitatae)  corresponding  respectively  to  the  sulci  and 
convolutions  of  the  superjacent  portion  of  the  frontal  lobes  of  the  cerebrum. — T«. 

Pig.  I53> — The  Frontal  bonk  seen  from  Behind.     Internal  Surface:  Facies  Cerebralis. 


Os  frontale — Frontal  bone. 


76 


THE    SKULL    AND    THE   BONES    OF   THE   SKULL 


Nasal  spine 

Spina  frontalis 


Trochlear  spine  (var.) 
spma  troi  bli  .it  is  i\  ar  ) 
Supra-orbital  notch 
Incisura  frontalis 
Supra-orbital  foramen 
Foramen  supra-orbitale 


Lachrymal  fossa 

Fossa  glandulae  lacrimal] 


External  angular  process 

Processus  zygomaticus  " 


Sphenoidal  border 
Margo  sphenoidalis 


Nasal  border 
Margo  nasalis 

External  orifice  of  the  frontal  sinus 
Apcrtura  sinus  frontalis 

Trochlear  fossa     Fovea  trochlearis 
Supra-orbital  foramen 
;  :      -**ifc       .      Foramen  fron  tale 

Orbital  arch,  or 
supra-orbital   margin 
Margo  supra  orbital  is 


Frontal  squama 

™     Squama  frontalis 


Parietal  border 

Margo  parietalis' 
Anterior  internal  orbital  canal' 
Foramen  ethmoidale  anterius  / 

Posterior  internal  orbital  canal- 
Foramen  ethmoidale  postenus 

1  U.S.  :  Anterior  ethmoidal  canal 


Orbital  surface 
Facies  orbitalis 


Ethmoidal  cells 

Foveolae  ethmoidales 


Ethmoidal  notch 

Incisura  ethmoidalis 


-  U.S  :  Posterior  ethmoidal  canal. 

Fig.  153. — The  Frontal  Bone  seen  from  Below. 


Supra-orbital  foramen 

Foramen  supra-orbitale 


Frontal  sinus 

Sinus  frontalis*, 


Internal  table 

Lamina  (compacta)  interna 


External  table 

Lamina  (compacta)  externa 


Frontal  squama 
Squama  frontalis 


Orbital  arch,  or 
supra-orbital  margin'  ;> 
Margo  supra-orbitalis  'Ji 


External  angular  pro". 
Processus  zygomaticu 


Orbital  plate 

Pars  orbitalis 

Septum  between  the  frontal  sinuses 

Septum  sinuum  frontalium 

Anterior  internal  orbital  canal 
Foramen  ethmoidale  anterius 


Nasal  spine 

frontalis 


^Frontal  sinus — Sinus  frontalis 
\Ethmoidal  cell — Foveola  ethmoidalis 


'J  External  orifices  of  the  frontal  sinuses 


Apertura  sinuum  frontalium 
1  U.S.  :  Anterior  ethmoidal  canal. 

Fig.  154. — The  Frontal  Sinuses,  Sinus  Frontales,  shown  by  the  Removal  of  the  External 
Table  and  the  Diploe,  and  partly  opened  up.     Seen  from  Before  and  Below. 


Os  frontaie — Frontal  bone. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE  BONES    OF   THE   SKULL 


11 


Frontal  eminence 

Tuber  frontale 


Lachrymal  fossa 

Fossa  glandulre  lacrimalis 

External  angular  process 
Processus  zygomaticus 

Ethmoidal  notch 
Incisura  ethmoidalis 


Frontal  squama 

Squama  frontalis 


-  Orbital  arch,  or  supra-orbital  ridge 

Margo  supra-orbitalis 


Orbital  plate 

Pars  orbitalis 


Nasal  portion 

Pars  nasalis 


Fig.  155. — The  Two  Halves  of  the  Frontal  Bone  from  a  Hi' man  Fcetus  in  the  Eighth 

Month  (Months  of  Four  Weeks  Each).     Seen  from  Before. 

Body-length  of  foetus  15  inches. 


Frontal  eminence 
Tuber  frontale 


Temporal  crest 
Linea  temporalis 


Temporal  surface' 
Facies  temporalis 
Orbital  arch,  or  supra-orbital  ridge 

Margo  supra-orbitalis 


Frontal  or  metopic  suture  (var.) 

Sutura  frontalis  (var.) 


Internal  table 
Lamina  interna 


DipJoe 

Diploe 


Frontal  sinus    , 

Sinus  frontalis' 


v    Nasal  border 

x  Margo  nasalis 
Nasal  spine 
Spina  frontalis 


Fig.  156. — The  Frontal  Bone  of  a  Girl  aged  Seven  Years  in  which  the  Frontal 
Sinuses  have  been  exposed.  Seen  obliquely  from  Before  and  from  the 
Right  Side. 


Development  of  the  Frontal  Bones. 


78 


////•,    SKULL    AND    THE   BONES    OF    Jill:    SKFI.I. 


Crista  galli 
Crista  galli 


Alar  process 

I  '■'  cessus  alaris    Sv 


Ethmoidal  cells  ',3  I 

Cellulse  cih idales      /.MtSV'i.  '•■ 


Vertical  plate 

Lamina  perpendiculari-. 

Uncinate  process 
Processus  uncinatus 


Vertical  plate 
Lamina  perpendii  ulari 
Crista  galli 
Orbital  plate,  os  planum,        Crista  galli  \ 

or  lamina  papyracea 
Lamina  papyrai  -  a 


*U 


Orbital  plate, 

os  planum, 

or  lamina  papyracea 

Lamina  papyracea 


Ethmoidal  cells 
'  Cellula;  ethmoidales 


Middle  turbinate  bone  of  the  nose 
Concha  nasalis  media 


Alar  process 
Processus  alaris 

Cribriform  plate 

Lamina  cribrosa 


Fig.  157. — The  Ethmoid  Bone  seen  from 
the  Left  Side 


Lateral  mass  or 
labyrinth  of  the 
ethmoid  bone 

Labyrinthitis 
ethmoidalis 


Middle  1  urbinate 
bone  of  the  nose 

(  i  mi  ha  nasalis 
media 


Fig.  158. — The  Ethmoid  Bone 
seen  from  above. 


Cribriform  plate 
Lamina  cribrosa 


Concha     suprema    of 
the  nose  ( var. ) 
Concha  nasalis 
suprema  (var.) 

posterior    fyga,*, 
.1  cells         ^f@> 


Orifice   of 
ethmoidal 


Superior  turbinate 

bone  of  the  nose 

Concha  nasalis 

superior 

Middle  turbinate  bone  of  the  nose 

Concha  nasalis  media 


Concha  suprema  of 
the  nose  (var.) 
Concha  nasalis 
suprema  (var 


Superior  turbine 
bone  of  the  nose   ^i. 
Concha  nasalis 
superior 


Cribriform  plate 
Lamina  cribrosa 

Agger  nasi  (rudiment  of 
the  nasoturbinal  of  most 
other  mammals) 
.  Agger  nasi 

Ethmoidal  bulla 

Bulla  ethmoidalis 

Hiatus  semilunaris 
Hiatus  semilunaris 
Uncinate  process 
Processus  uncinatus 


Uncinate  process 
Processus  uncinatus 

Fig.  159. — The  Left  Half  of  the  Ethmoid 
Bone  seen  from  Within.  Superior  and 
Middle  Turbinate  Bones. 


Middle  turbinate  bone  of  the  nose 
Concha  nasalis  media 

Fig.  160. — The  Left  Half  of  the  Ethmoid 
Bone  seen  from  Within. 


The  .-interin.-  portion  of  the  middle  turbinate  bo 
The  free  border  of  the  removed  portion  is 


:he  nose  has  been  removed, 
ated  by  a  doited  line. 


Concha  suprema  of  the  nose  (var.) 
Concha  nasalis  suprema  (var. ) 

Superior  turbinate  bone  of  the  nose 
Concha  nasalis  superior 

Orifices  of  the  ethmoidal  cells«=^ 


Ethmoidal  bulla— Hnlla  ethmoidalis 
Infundtbulum  (leading  to  frontal  sinus) 
Infundibulum  ethmoidal 

Uncinate  process 
Processus  uncinatus 


Middle  turbinate  bone  of  the  nose-' 
Concha  nasalis  media 


Vertical  plate 

Lamina  per- 

pendicularis 


Cribriform  plate 
Lamina  cribrosa 

Alar  process  \Si 

Processus  alaris    ^*^i 

Ethmoidal  ce'l 

ula  ethmoidalis 


Vertical  plate 
Laminaperpendicularis 


Ethmoidal  cell 
Cellula  ethmoidalis 
Superior  turbinate 
bone  of  the  nose 

Concha  nasalis  superior 

Middle  turbinate 
bone  of  the  nose 

Concha  nasalis  media 


Common  meatus  of  nos« 

Meatus  nasi  communis 


Fig.  161. — The  Ethmoid  Bone  seen  from 
Behind  and  Below.  Vertical  Plate 
of  the  Ethmoid  as  Upper  Part  of  the 
Bony  Septum  of  the  Nose. 


Fig.  162. — An  Ethmoid  Bone  the  Left  Lateral 

Mass  of  which  has  been  removed. 

The  entire  surface  of  the  vertical  plate  is  exposed. 


Os  ethmoidale — Ethmoid  bone. 


THE  SKULL  AND  THE  BONES  OF  THE  SKULL 


79 


Lachrymal  process 
Processus   lacrimalis 


Ethmoidal  process 

Processus  ethmoidalis  f> 


Ethmoidal  process 

Processus  ethmoidalis 


Maxillary  process 
Processus  maxillaris 


Fig.  163.— Inner  Surface.  Fig.  164.— Outer  Surface. 

Concha  Nasalis  Inferior— The  Inferior  Turbinate  Bone  of  the  Left  Side. 


Nasal  foramen        gi 

Foramen  nasale 


Lachrymal  crest 

Crista  lacrimalis 

posterior 

Lachrymal  groove 

Sulcus  lacrimalis 

Hamular  process 

Hamulus  lacrimalis 


Fig.    165. — External 
Surface. 


Fig.  166. — Internal 

Surface. 


Os  Lacrimale:  Lachrymal   Bone 
of  the  Left  Side. 


Groove  of  nasal  nerve 

Sulcus  ethmoidalis 


Fig.    167.— Anterior  Fig.    168. — Posterior 

Surface.  Surface. 

Os  Nasale  :    Nasal  Bone 
of  the  Left  Side. 


Ala?  of  the  vome" 
Alae  vomeris 


Alae  of  the  vomer 
Ala3  vomeris 


Fig.  169.— Seen  from  the  Left  Side.  Fig.  170.— Seen  from  Above. 

Vomer — The  Vomer. 


Bones  of  the  Nasal  Region. 


80 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE    HONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


Lachrymal  border 

Margo  lacrimalis 

Infra-orbital  border 

Margo  infra-orbitalis 

Orbital  ridge  -Crista  lacrimalis  anterior 

Nasal  process 
Processus  frontalis. 

Infra-orbital  suture 
Sutura  intra-orbitalis 

Infra-orbital  foramen 

Foramen  infraorbitale- 

Nasal  notch 

Incisura  nasalis 

Canine  fossa  -Fossa  canina 
Anterior  or  facial  surface—  Fades  anterior 
Anterior  nasal  spine 

Spina  nasalis  anterior 

•Juga  alveolaria1- 


Lachrymal  notch 

Incisura  lacrimalis 

Orbital  surface 
i   i  ies  orbitali  ■ 

Infra-orbital  canal 
Canalis  infra-orbitalis 


Infra-orbital  groove 

Sulcus  inlra-orbitalis 


Alveolar  process 

Processus  alveolaris' 


Aiveolar  margin 
Limbus  alveolaris  <* 


Posterior  dental  canals 

Foramina  alveolaria  (posteriora' 


Tuberosity 
Tuber  maxillare 


Malar  process 

Processus  zygomaticus 


Zygomatic  surface 
Facies  infratemporalis 


Body 

Corpus  maxillae 


1  Eminences  corresponding  in  position  to  the  fangs  of  the  teeth 

tic.  171. — Left  Superior  Maxillary  Bone:   External  Surface. 


Maxillary  sinus,  or  antrum  of  Highmore 

Body 

Corpus  maxillae 


Hiatus  maxillaris 

Hiatus  maxillaris 

Posterior  palatine  or  palato- 
maxillary groove 

Sulcus  pterygopalatinus 


Alveolar  process 

Processus  alveolaris  - 


Alveolar  margin 

Limbus  alveolaris 


Frontal  process 

Processus  frontalis 
Agger  nasi,  or  ethmoidal  crest 

Crista  ethmoidalis 


Lachrymal  groove 

Sulcus  lacrimalis 

Inferior  turbinate  crest 
"  Crista  conchalis 

Nasal  surface — Facies  nasalis 

Anterior  nasal  spine 
---—"Spina  nasalis  anterior 
Palatine  process 

Processus  palatums 

Anterior  palatine  groove 

Canalis  incisivus 


Fig.  172. — Left  Superior  Maxillary  Bone  :   Internal  Surface.     View  into  the 
Maxillary  Sinus,  or  Antrum  of  Highmore. 


Maxilla — Superior  maxilla. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


Si 


Infra-orbital  canal 

iCanalis  infra-orbitalis 

Anterior  and  middle  dental  foramina 

/foramina  alveolaria  (anteriora) 


Nasal  process 
Processus  frontalis 


Infra-orbital  foramen 

Foramen  infra-orbitale 


Dental  canals 
Canales  alveolares 


r  Posterior  dental  foramina 

''   Foramina  alveolaria  (posteriora) 


-Dental  canals 

Canales  alveolares 


Alveolar  margin 

Limbus  alveolaris 


Body 

Corpus  maxilla; 


Fig.  173. — The  Left  Superior  Maxillary  Bone.     External  Surface. 

The  dental  canals  are  exposed  by  partial  removal  of  the  superficial  plate  of  bone,  and  their  course  is  shown 
by  means  of  bristles  passed  through  them. 


Maxillary  sinus,  or  antrum  of  Highmore 


Tuberosity 
Tuber  maxillare 


Dental  canals  j^ 

Canales  alveolares 


Agger  nasi,  or  ethmoidal  crest 
Crista  ethmoidalis 


Nasal  process 
Processus  frontalis 

,,  Inferior  turbinate  crest 
Crista  conchalis 


Dental  canals 
Canales  alveolares 


Palatine  process 

Processus  palatinus 


Alveolar  margin 

Limbus  alveolaris 


Fig.  174. — The  Left  Superior  Maxillary  Bone.     Internal  Surface. 

The  foremost  and  the  hindmost  of  the  dental  canals  have  been  exposed  by  the  removal  of  the  superficial 
plate  of  bone.  By  means  of  bristles  passed  through  the  canals  the  situation  of  the  respective  dental 
foramina  is  indicated.     Most  of  the  inner  wall  of  the  antrum  of  Highmore  has  been  cut  away. 


Maxilla  — Superior  maxillary  bone. 


82 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE    BONES    OF    JUL    SKULL 


Premaxilla — Os  incisivum  . 
Anterior  palatine  fossa  (into  which  open  the 
incisor  foramina,  or  foramina  of  Stenson) — 
Foramen  incisivum 
Incisor  fissure,  also  known  as  the  anterior  pala- " 
tine  or  premaxillary  suture— Sutura  incisiva 
Palatine  process 
Processus  palatinus 


"Palatine  spines 

"Spinas  palatini' 


'Palatine  grooves   ....-_-_'- 

*SuIci  palatini 

Alveoli,  or  sockets  of  the  teeth  "^ 

Alveoli  dentales 


Alveoli,  or  socketB  of  the  teeth 
Alveoli  denials. 


Interalveolar  septa  (juga  alveolaria) 
Septa  interalveolaria 


Alveolar  margin 

Limbus  alveolaris 


.  Interalveolar  septa  (Juga  alveolaria) 

Septa  interalveolaria 

Malar  process 

Processus  zygomaticus 


Tuberosity 

Tuber  maxillare 


Fig.  175.— The  Left  Superior  Maxillary  Bone.     Seen  from  Below. 


Lachrymal  groove 

Sulcus  lacrimals  , 


Maxillary  sinus,  or 
antrum  of  Highmore 

Sinus  maxillaris 


Palatine  process 

Processus  palatinus' 


/Premaxillary  suture 
Sutura  incisiva 


\ 


Os  incisivum 


Premaxilla 
Os  incisivum 


Palatine  process 

Processus  palatinus 


Premaxillary  suture 

/Sutura  incisiva 


Fig.  176. — Seen  from  the  Inner  Side.  Fig.  177. — Seen  from  Below. 

The  Left  Superior  Maxillary  Bone  of  a  Fcetus  at  the  End  of  the  Sixth 
Month  (Months  of  Four  Weeks  Each). 
Body-length,  12  inches. 


Lachrymal  groove 

Sulcus  lacrimalis 


Mamillary  sinus,  or  . 
antrum  of  Highmci  e  X 

Sinus  maxillaris 


Nasal  surface 

Facies  nasalis 


Premaxillary  suture 

Sutura  incisiva 


Premaxilla 
Os  incisivum. 


Palatine  process 

Processus  palatinus 


Premaxilla 
Os  incisivum 


Palatine  process 

Processus  palatinus 


Premaxillary  suture 
Sutura  incisiva 


"----■Alveolar  border 

Limbus 
alveolaris 


Fig.  178.— -Seen  from  the  Inner  Side. 


Fig.  179.     Seen  from  Below. 


The  Left  Superior  Maxillary  Bone  of  a  Boy  born  at  Full  Term. 
Body-length,  21  inches. 


Maxilla — Superior  maxillary  bone. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


83 


Sphenopalatine  notch 

Incisure  sphenopalatine    ] 

Sphenoidal  process 

Processus  sphenoidalis    \ 


lunoidai,  or  superior 
turbinate,  crebt 


■  rtical  plate  (internal  }.njr 

or  nasal  surface)         \^f 
^ars  perpendicularis 

(facies  nasalis) 
Inferior  turb  nate  crest 


amidal  process,  or 
tuberosity 

'osterior  accessory 
palatine  canal 


Sphenopalatine  notch 

lncisura  sphenopalatine 

Orbital  process         /i 

irbitalis 


Orbital  process 


Sphenopalatine  notch 
IncL-ura  sphenopalatina 


Horizontal  or  palate  plat* 

Pars  horizontalis 
Horizontal  or  palate  plate 
Pars  horizontalis 


Horizontal  or 
palate  plate 

Pars  horizontalis 


Sphenoidal  process 

Processus  sphenoidalis 


Veitical  plate 
(external  surface) 

perpendicularis 
maxillaris) 

Posterior  palatine  or 
palatomaxillary  groove 

'*-  -Pyramidal  pro- 
cess, or  tuberosity 

pyramidalis 


Fig.  180. — Inner  Surface. 


Fig.  181. — Seen  from  Behind.       Fig.  182. — Outer  Surface. 


Os  Palatini um. — The  Palate-Bone  (of  the  Left  Side). 


Sphenopalatine  notch 

lncisura  sphenopalatina     \ 

Sphenoidal  process 

Processus  sphenoic"    "' 

rtical  plate  (internal  or  nasal 
surface) 

nrs  perpendicularis  (facies  nasalis) 

ramidal  process,  or  tuberosity 

cessus  pyramidalis 

lorizontal  plate  (inferior 
surface) 

'ars  horizontals  (facies  palatina) 


Sphenoidal  process 

phcnoidalis 
Horizontal  or 
palate  plate 

Pars  horizontalis 


Vertical  plate 
Pars  perpendicula 


A  Vertical  plate  (external  surface) 

Pars  prrp.ndi,  ul.iris  (fades 
maxillaris) 
, "  h  V  Posterior  palatine  or 

palatomaxillary  groove 
Suli  M-.  pterygopalatine 
K —  Pyramidal  process,  or 
tuberosity 

pyramidalis 


Fig.  183. — Inner  Surface.         Fig.  184. — Seen  from  Behind.  Fig.  185.— Outer  Surface. 

The  Left  Palate-Bone  of  a  Boy  born  at  Full  Term. 

Body-length,  21  inches. 


Orbital  orifice  of  the  temporal 
canal 

Foramen  zygomaticoorbital 

Orbital  process  (orbital 

surface) 

Lamina  orbitalis  (facies 
orbitalis) 


rbital  border 

largo  infra-orbiial 


Malar  orifice  of  th?  malar  canal 

Foramen  zygomaticofacial 


Marginal  process  (var.) 

Temporal  orifice  of  the  temporal  canal 

Foramen  zygomaticotemporal 
Body  of  the  malar  bone  (malar 

surface) 
Lamina  malaris  (facies  malaris) 
Body  of  the  malar  bone 

(temporal  surface) 

Lamina  malaris  (facies 

temporalis) 


Temporal  process 

Processus  temporalis 


Frontal  process 

Processus  frontosphe 


Orbital  process 
(temporal  surface) 

Lamina  orbitalis 
Wr.       (facies  temporalis) 


Accessory  temporal 
orifice  of  the  malar  canal 

:n  zygomaticotemporal 


Fig.  186. — Seen  from  Before. 


Fig.  187. — Seen  from  Behind. 


Os  Zygomaticum — Malar  Bone  (of  the  Left  Side). 


Supplementary  Bones  of  the   Upper  Jaw. 


84 


/'//•    SKI-LI,    AND    I  III     BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


External  oblique  line 
l  inea  obliqua  \ 


Sigmoid  notch  Head  of  the  condyle 

Coronoid  process  Incisura  mandibu'se/  t    apitulum  mandibube 

i 


$J(-      Condyle 

i     u  .  condyioided 


Alveolar  border 

Limbus  alveolaris 


Alveolar  process- 


Body  of  the  mandible  - 
Mental  protuberance     - 

Protuberantia  mentalis 


Ramus  of  the  mandible 


.Masseteric  tuberosity 
Tuberositas  masseterica 

Angle  of  the  jaw 
Angulus  mandibulae 


Mental  tubercle  '' 
Tuberculum  mentale 

Fig.  188.—  The  Inferior  Maxillary  Bone  seen  from  the  Left  Side. 


Mental  protuberance 

Protuberantia  mentalis  >, 


Interalveolar  septa 
Septa  interalveolaria  \;C- 


Mental  tubercle 
/Tuberculum  mentale 
/  ,-</ Alveoli,  or  sockets  of  the  teeth 

^-'''  /  /  Alveoli  dentales 
/    / 


Fig.  189.— The  Inferior  Maxillary  Bone  seen  from  Above. 
Mandibula— The    inferior   maxillary   bone,    lower  jaw,    or   mandible. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


85 


Condyle 

Processus  condyloideus  , 


Alveolar  process 


"Angular  process  (var.  / 
•Processus  angularis  (var) 


External  oblique  line 
Linea  obliqua 


Coronoid  process 
Processus  coronoideus 


•Buccinator  crest 
"Crista  buccinatoria 


Head  of  the  condyle 

Capitulum  mandibulae 

External  pterygoid  fossa , 
Fovea  ptervgoidea 


Interalveolar  septa 
(juga  alveolaria) 

A  Juga  alveolaria 


!    \ 


—  Ramus  of  the  mandible 


Angle  of  the  jaw 

Angulus  mandibular 


Body  of  the  mandible 

Mental  tubercle 
Tuberculum  mentale 


Mental  protuberance 

Protuberantia  mentali: 


Mental  foramen 

Foramen  mentale 


Fig.  190. — The  Inferior  Maxillary  Bone  seen  from  Before. 

1  "  The  angle  01"  the  j.iw,"  writes  Quain,  "...  is  more  or  less  rounded  off."  The  specimen  from  which 
Fig.  190  was  drawn  has.  however,  an  abnormal  projection  at  each  angle,  to  which  in  the  German  nomenclature 
the  name  processus  angularis  (var.)  is  given.     This  variety  is  not  described  by  Quain  or  by  Macalister.— Tr. 

Head  of  the  condyle 

Capitulum  mandibulae  ■ 


Angle  of  the  jaw 
Angulus  mandibuki 


if 
I    % 

'    W'  '    a— -Internal  pterygoid 
I'    "'*&      H  tuberosity 


Base  of  the  mandible 
Basis  mandibulae 


Sublingual  fossa 

Fovea  sublingualis 


Mental  tubercle 
Tuberculum  mentale 


Submaxillary  fossa 
Fovea  submaxillaris 


Internal  oblique  line,  or  mylo- 
hyoid ridge 

Linea  mylohyoidea 


Mental  spine 

Spina  mentalis 

Digital  depression,  or  digastric  fossa 

Fossa  digastrica 


Fig.  191.— The  Inferior  Maxillary  Bone  seen  from  Behind. 
Mandibula     The    inferior   maxillary   bone,  lower  jaw,    or   mandible. 


86 


THE  SKULL   AND   THE   BONES   OF   'III!:    SKULL 


Lingula 

Lingula  nandibulas 


Mental  foramen 
Foramen  men  tale  \ 


Alveolar  border 

l.imbus  alveolaris 


■M* 


\^ 


;  Mental  protuberance 
Protuberantia  mentalis 


V, 


Masseteric  tuberosity 
Tuberositas  masseterica 


Mandibular  or  inferior  dental  canal 
i  "analis  mandibular 

Fig.  192.— The  Inferior  Maxillary  Bone  seen  from  the  Left  Side. 

The  mandibular  or  inferior  dental  canal  has  been  exposed  by  the  removal  of  a  pertion  of  the  superficial  plate  of  bone. 


Coronoid  process 

Processus  coronoideus 


Alveolar  process  (buccal  lamina) 
Pars  alveolaris  (lamina  buccalis); 


Head  of  condyle 
Capitulum 


Alveolar  process  (lingual  lamina) 
Pars  alveolaris  (iamina  lingua. is) 
Ramus— Ramus 


Alveolar  process  (buccal  lamina) 
1  ars  alveolaris  (lamina  buccalis) 


■Ramus—  Ramus 
Body — Corpus ' 

Seen  from  the  Outer  Side. 


Lingula — Lingula!  'Body — Corpus 

Seen  from  the  Inner  Side. 


Fig.  193.— The   Left  Half  of  the   Inferior    Maxillary   Bone  of  a    Human*   Embryo  at  the  End  of  the 
Fifth  Month  (Months  of  Four  Weeks  Each). 

Hj.1v  length,  7*  inches. 


Coronoid  process 
Processus  coi\  ni  ijdeu  1  j 


Ramus     Ramus 


Alveolar  process  (buccal  lamina) 

Pars  alveolaris  (lamina  buccalis) 


Mental  foramen 
Foramen  mentale 


Head  of  the  condyle 

Capitulum 

Seen  from  the  Outer  Side. 


Lingula  :  ; 

Lingula 
Alveolar  process  (lingual  lamina) 
Pars  alveolaris  (lamina  lingualis) 


Plane  of  union  with  the  right  half 
of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone 


Body — Corpus 
Seen  from  the  Inner  Side. 


EFT    HALF   OF  THE    INFERIOR    MAXILLARY    BONE   OF  A    HUMAN    EMBRYO    IN   THE    MIDDLE  OF  THE 
FIG.    194-        1HE    ^EFT    HAL*    °"Eighth    MQNTH    (M0NTHS    OF    FOUR    WEEKS    EACH). 


Body-length,  15  inches. 


Mental  fossa 

Foveola  mentalis 


Alveolus  or  so     et_-J? 
of  canine  tooth 


Mental  ossicles        s  v  Mental  fossa 

Ossicula  mentaha  Foveola  mentalis 

Fig.  195.— Mental  Region  of  a  Newborn  Hoy.  The 
Lateral  Halve-  of  the  Inferior  Maxillary 
Bone  have  not  yet  united  ;  between  them  are 
the  Mental  Ossicles.    Seen  from  Before. 


Mental  protuberance    • 

Protuberantia  mentalis 


Mental  tubercle 

Tuberculum  mentale 


Fig  196.— The  fully  developed  Mental  Protu- 
berance, in  a  Child  aged  Six  and  a  Half 
Months.  The  Mental  Ossicles  have  united 
with  each  other  and  with  the  lateral  halves 
of  the  Inferior  Maxillary  Bone. 


Mandibula-The  inferior  maxillary  bone,  lower  jaw,  or  mandible: 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


87 


Senile  defects  in  the  lachrymal  bone 


Body  oi  tae  maxilla 

Corpus  maxilla 


Body  of  the  mandible 

Corpus  mandibular 


Ramus  of  the  mandible 

Ramus  mandibulae 


Base  of  the  mandible 

Basis  mandibular 


Fig.  197. — Facial  Portion  of  the  Skull  of  a  Woman  aged  Eighty-Four  Years,  showing 
Atrophy  of  the  Alveolar  Processes  of  the  Superior  and  Inferior  Maxillary  Bones 
(Nutcracker   Face). 


Great  cornu 

Corn  11 


Small  cornu 

Cornu  minus  ^? 


Fig.   198. — Seen  from   Above. 


Fig.  199. — Seen  from   Below. 


Os  Hyoideum — The  Hyoid  Bone. 


Primitive  cartilage 


::tre  of  ossification  in  the  body 


Fig.  joo. — The  Hyoid  Bone  of  a  Boy,  still-born  at  Full  Term. 
Body-length,  21  inches. 


Senile  atrophy  of  the  jaws :  Os  hyoideum — the  hyoid  bone. 


THE  SKULL  AND  THE  BONES  Of  THE  SKULL 


Longitudinal  sulcus 
Sulcus  sagittalis 


Sagittal  or  interparietal  suture 

Sutura  sagittalis 

Frontal  crest 
Crista  frontalis 


Foramen  caecum 
Foramen  caecum 


Diploic  canals,  or  ,- 
canals  of  Breschet . 

Canales  diploid   ~. 
(Brescheti) 


Optic  foramen 

Foramen  opticum 

Sphenoidal  or  superior 
orbital  fissure 

Fissuraorbitalis  superior     \1 
Anterior  cranial  fossa  - 
Foramen  rotundum  _ 
Foramen  rotundum 


Jugular  foramen  divided 
into  two  parts  by  the  intra 

jugular  process  (var  ) 

Foramen  jugulare  bipartitum 

(var.) 


Sigmoid  sulcus,  or  groove  of  .,-■ 
the  lateral  sinus 

Sulcus  sigmoideus 


Parietal  eminence 

Tuber  parietale 


Coronal  or  fronto- 
parietal suture 

Sutura  coronalis 

Anterior  cranial  fossa 

Sphenoparietal  suture 

Sutura  sphenoparietalis 


Posterior  condylar  foramen 

Canalis  condyloideus 


Squamous  suture 

Sutura  squamosa 

Sphenosquamous  suture 

Sutura  sphenosquamosa 
™  Middle  cranial  fossa 

-y       Inferior  petrosal  sulcus 
/        Sulcus  petrosus  inferior 

Petrobasilar  fissure 

Fissura  petro-occipitalis 

Jugular  foramen 

Foramen  jugulare 

Occipitomastoid  suture 

Sutura  occipitomastoidea 

Mastoid  process 

Processus  mastoideus 

Posterior  cranial  fossa 

Faramastoid  or  paroccipital  process  (var.) 

Processus  paramastoideus  (var.) 


Anterior  condylar  foramen ' 

'» Atlas 

Canalis  hypoglossi 

Atlas 

Clivus,  or  basilar  groove 

Clivus 

Fig.  201. — Skull  divided  into  an  Anterior  and  a 
passing  through  the  mastoid  processes.  tli 
divided  by  the  section,  and  left  attached  1 


Posterior  Portion  by  a  Frontal  Section 
e  First  Cervical  Vertebra  has  also  been 
i)  the  Skull. 


View  of  the  Anterior  Portion  of  the  Cranial  Cavity.  The  Anterior  and  Middle  Cranial 
foss^,  as  well  as  the  anterior  portion  of  the  posterior  cranial  fossa,  seen  from 
Behind.     On  the  Right  Side  is  a  Paramastoid  Process  articulating  with  the  atlas. 


Cavum  cranii  cerebralis — Cranial  cavity. 


THE  SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


Sagittal  or  interparietal  suture 
Sutura  sagittalis 


Longitudinal  sulcus 
Sulcus  sagittalis 


"Eminentia  cruciata ; 
"Eminentia  cruciata 


Lateral  sulcus 
Sulcus  transversus 


Mastoid  foramen  , 

Foramen  mastoideum —  -       ■ 


Foramen  magnum 


Sigmoid  sulcus 
Sulcus  sigmoideus 


Lambdoid  or  occipitoparietal 
suture 

Sutura  lambdoidea 


Internal  occipital  pro- 
tuberance 
Protuberantia 
occipitalis  interna 
Foramen   of    occipital 
emissary  vein 
Foramen  emissarii 
occipitalis 


Vermian  fossa  (var.) 
""Fossa  vermiana  (var.) 

Parietomastoid  suture 
Sutura  parietomastoidea 

Occipitomastoid  suture 
Sutura  occipitomftstoidea 
Mastoid  portion  of  the  tem- 
poral bone 
Pars  mastoidea   ossis    tem- 
poralis 
Mastoid  process 
Processus  mastoideus 


Jugular  process 

Processus  jugularis 

Jugular  notch 
Incisura  jugularis 

Posterior  condylar  foramen 

Canalis  condyloideus 


.  Occipital  condyle 
Condylus  occipitalis 

Basilar  portion  of  the  occipital  bone 
Pars  basilaris  ossis  occipitalis 


Fig.  202. — Skull  divided  into  an  Anterior  and  a  Posterior  Portion  by  a  Frontal  Section 
passing  through  the  mastoid  processes  and  the  basilar  portion  of  the  occipital 
Bone.  View  of  the  Posterior  Portion  of  the  Cranial  Cavity.  The  Division  of 
the  Longitudinal  Sulcus  into  Right  Lateral  and  Left  Lateral  Sulcus  is  shown. 
The  Lateral  Sulcus  passes  on  either  Side  into  the  Sigmoid  Sulcus,  which  ter- 
minates in  the  Jugular  Foramen. 


Cavum  cranii  cerebralis— Cranial  cavitv. 


90 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE    BONj    i    OF    THE    SKULL 


Anterior  internal  orbital  canal1-  Foi  imen  i  thmoidale  anterius 
Cribriform  plate     Lamina  cribrosa 
Middle  turbinate  bone    -Concha  nasalis  media 
Superior  turbinate  bone     <  oncha  nasalis  superior 
Superior  meatus  of  the  nose— Meatus  nasi  superior 

Spheno  ethmoidal  recess    Ro  essus  spheno-eth idalis 

Sphenoidal  foramen 
Api'ituia  sums  sphenoidalis 
Sphenoidal  sinus     Sinus  sphenoidalis 

Sphenopalatine  foramen 
Foramen  spheni  ipal  itinum 


Basipharyngeal  canal' 
Canalis  basipharyngeus 


Vaginal  process  of  sphenoid 

Proi  essus  vaginalis 

Pterygopalatine  canal 
Canalis  pharyngeu  s 

Nasopharyngeal  meatus 
Meatus  nasopharygeus 


Accessory  palatine  canals 

Foramina  palatina  minora  (Canales  palatini)  ; 

Posterior  nasal  spine 
Spina  nasalis  posterior 
Orifice  of  the  posterior  palatine  canal 
Foramen  palatinum  majus 
1   U.S.  :    Anterior  ethmoidal  canal. 


Frontal  sinus 
Sinus  frontalis 


Nasofrontal  suture 
Sutura  ii. i  i  ifi  i  mi, ili 
Nasal  spine 
Spina  frontalis 
Agger  nasi,  or  ethmoidal  crest 
'  nasi 
Nasal  bone 
<  is  nasale 


Middle  meatus  of  the  nose 
Meatus  nasi  medius 


Atrium  of  the  middle  meatus 

Atrium  meatus  medii 

Pyriform  or  anterior  nasal  aperture 
Apertura  piriformis 

Inferior  turbinate  bone  of  the  nose 
Concha  nasalis  inferii  >r 


Anterior  nasal  spine 
Spina  nasalis  anterior 


Inferior  meatus  of  the  nose 
Meatus  nasi  inferior 


Transverse  or  posterior  suture  of  the  palate 
Sutura  palatina  transversa 

2  See   note  to  p.   aS. 

Fig.  203.— The   External  Wall  of  the  Nasal  Cavity  with  the  Turbinate  Bones  and 
the  Nasal  Meatus:    Median  Sagittal  Section.     Left  Side. 


Line  of  detachment  of  the  middle  turbinate  bone  of  the  nose 
Superior  turbinate  bone     Concha  1   tsalis  superior 
Spheno-ethmoidal  recess — Recessus  spheno-ethmoidalis 

Sphenopalatine  foramen  j 

Foramen  sphenopalatinum  ' 


Vaginal  process  of  sphenoid 
Processus  vaginalis 


Pterygopalatine  canal 
Canalis  pharyngeus 


Basipharyngeal  canal1    \_^s 
Canalis  basipharyn^  us  )    A 


Sphenoidal  process 

Processus  sphenoidalis 


Orbital  process 

Processus  orbitalis 


Vertical  plate  of  the  palate  bone 

Pars  perpendicularis  ossis  palatini 
Orifice  of  the  maxillary  sinus,  or  antrum  of  Highmore 
Apertura  sinus  maxillaris 

Horizontal  plate  of  the  palate  bone 
Pars  horizontalis  ossis  palatini 


Orifice  of  the  ethmoidal  cells 


Frontal  sinus 
Sinus  frontalis 


Sulcus  olfaetorius 

Sulcus  olfaetorius 


Agger  nasi,  or  ethmoidal  crest 
Agger  nasi 

Orifice  of  the  frontal  sinus 
Apertura  sinus  frontalis 
Hiatus  semilunaris 
~  Hiatus  semilunaris  infundibi  h 
Ethmoidal  bulla 
'  Bulla  ethmoidalis 

Lachrymal  bone — Os  lacrimale 
Uncinate  process 
Processus  uncinatus 
Lachrymoturbinal  suture 
Sutura  lacrimoconchalis 
Lachrymal  process  of  the  inferior  tur- 
binate bone 
Processus  lacrimalis  conebse  inferioris 


Inferior  turbinate  bone 
Concha  nasalis  inferior 
Inferior  meatus  of  the  nose 
Meatus  nasi  inferior 

Palatine  process  of  superior  maxillary  bone 
Processus  palatinus  maxilla? 

Ethmoidal  process  of  the  inferior  turbinate  bone 
Processus  ethmoidalis  conchas  inferioris 

1   See  note  to  p.   48. 

Fig.  204. — The  External  Wall  of  the  Nasal  Cavity:  Median  Sagittal  Section.    Left  Side. 

The  middle  turbinate  bone  of  the  nose  has  been  cut  away. 


Cavum  nasi — Nasal  cavity. 


THE    SKULL    AND    THE    BONES    OF    THE    SKULL 


91 


Anterior  internal  orbital  canal5 
Foramen  ethmoidale  anterius 
Cribriform  plate  of  the  ethmoid 


Lamina  cribrosa 
Orbital  plate,  os  planum,  or  lamina  papyracea 
of  the  ethmoid  bone  —Lamina  papyracea 
Posterior  internal  orbital  canal1 
Foramen  ethmoidale  posterius 
Orbital  process  of  the  palate  bone — Processus  orbitalis 
Orifice  of  the  sphenoidal  sinus 
Apertura  sinus  sphenoidalis 
Sphenopalatine  foramen-  Foramen  sphenopalatinum 
Sphenoidal  process  of  the  palate  bone 

Processus  sphenoidalis 

Sphenoidal  sinus 
Sinus  sphenoidalis 
Pterygopalatine  canal 
Canalis  pharyngeus 
Vaginal  process  of  sphenoid 
Processus  vaginalis 


Pterygospinous  foramen  (var.) 
Foramen  pterygospmosum  (var 

Pterygospinous  process,  or  process 
of  Civinini  (var.  i 

Pro  essus  pterygospinosus  (Civimni)  (var.) 

Vertical  plate  of  the  palate  bone 
Pars  perpendicularis  ossis  palatini 

I  External  pterygoid  plate 
Pterygoid  process     '  Lamina  lateralis 
Processus  pterygoidi       |  Internal  pterygoid  plate 

Hamular  process — Hamulus  pterygoideus 

Posterior  nasal  spine — Spina  nasalis  posterior 
Horizontal  plate  of  the  palate  bone — Pars  horizontalis  ossis  palatin 
1  U.S.:   Posterior  ethmoidal  canal. 


Lachrymo-ethmoidal  suture 

Sutura  lacrimo-ethmoidalis 
Frontolachrymal  suture 
Sutura  frontolacrimalis 
Nasofrontal  suture 
Sutura  nasofrontal 
.  Nasal  spine  of  frontal  bone 
Spina  frontalis 


Groove  of  the  nasal  nerve 
sulcus  ethmoidalis 
Nasal  bone 
Os  nasale 

Lachrymal  bone— Os  lacrimale 
Nasal  process  of  superior  maxillary 

bone— Processus  frontalis  maxilla 

Lachrymomaxillary  suture 

Sutura  lacrimomaxillaris 


Lachrymal  groove 
Sulcus  lacrimalis 
Anterior  nasal  spine 
Spina  nasalis  anterior 


Nasal  surface  of  the  superior 
maxillary  bone 
Facies  nasalis  maxilla? 
Anterior  palatine  groove 
Canalis  incisivus 
Palate  process  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone 
Processes  palatinus  maxilla; 
Orifice  of  the  maxillary  sinus, 
or  antrum  of  Highmore 
Hiatus  maxillaris 


'-  U.S.  :  Anterior  ethmoidal  canal. 

Fig.  205. — The  External  Wall  of  the  Nasal  Cavity  after  Removal  of  the  Three  Tur- 
binate Hones  and  the  Lateral  Mass  of  the  Ethmoid:  Median  Sagittal  Section. 
Left  Side. 


Frontal  sinus 
Sinus  frontalis 


Nasofrontal  suture 
Sutura  nasofrontal] 


Foramen  caecum — Foramen  caecum 
Crista  galli — Crista  galli 

Cribriform  plate 

Lamina  cribrosa 


Nasal  spine  of  the  frontal  bone 
Spina  frontalis 


Bony  septum  of  the  nose  — 


Vertical  plate  of  the  ethmoid  bone 
Lamina  perpendicularis  ossis  ethmoidalis 

,-Rostrum  of  the  sphenoid  bone 
trum  sphenoidale 

-Sphenoidal  sinus 
V  Sinus  sphenoidalis 


Anterior  nasal  aperture,  or 
apertura  pyriformis 

Apertura  piriformis 


Inferior  turbinate  bone 
Concha  nasalis  inferior 


Anterior  nasal  spine 
Spina  nasalis  anterior 


Anterior  palatine  groove  and  Stenson's  canal 
Canalis  incisivus 


Body  of  the  sphenoid  bone 

Corpus  ossis  sphenoidalis 


Ala  of  the  vomer 

Ala  vomeris 


The  vomer 
Vomer 

Posterior  nasal  spine— Spina  nasalis  posterio 
Horizontal  or  palate  plate  of  the  palate  bone 

1  Pars  horizontalis  ossis  palatini 

Transverse  or  posterior  suture  of  the  palate 

Nasal  crest  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone— Crista  nasalis 
Palate  process  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone 
Processus  palatinus  maxilla; 


Fig.  206. — The  Bony  Septum  of  the  Nose  seen  from  the  Left  Side:    Sagittal  Section 
of  the  Facial  Part  of  the  Skull,  a  Little  to  the  Left  of  the  Median  Plane. 


Cavum  nasi — Nasal  cavity. 


92 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


Internasal  suture 

Sutura  internasalis 

Superciliary  ridge 
Arcus  superciliaris 

Lachrymal  groove 
Sulcus  lacrimals 


Lachrymal  bone 

Us  lacrimale 


Lachrymal  fossa 

Fossa  glandulae  lacrimali 

Superior  wall,  of  roof, 

of  the  orbit 

Orbital  plate,  os 

planum,  or  lamina 

papyracea,  of  the 

ethmoid  bone 
Lamina  papyracea 

Orbital  process  of 

the  palate  bone 

Processus  orbitalis 

ossis  palatini 

Sphenomaxillary 
fossa 

Fossa  pterygopalatina 

Foramen  rotundum 
Foramen  rotundum 

Pterygopalatine  canal 
Canalis  pharyngeus 

Pterygoid  process 

Processus  pterygoideus 

Vidian  or  pterygoid  canal 

Canalis  pteryguideus  (Vidii) 


Nasofrontal  suture 
Sutura  nasofrontalis 

Bony  septum  of  the  nose 
Septum  nasi  osseum 

Frontomaxillary  suture 
«*3?>>s.    Sutura  frontomaxillaris 
Orbital  arch 
Margo  supra-orbitalis 


Sphenoidal  sinuses 
Sinus  sphenoidales 


*Sphenoidal 
canaliculus1 

♦Canaliculus  sphenoit 

Ala  of  the  vomer 
Ala  vomeris 


Ethmoidal  cells 
Labyrinthus  ethmoidalis 


Frontomalar 

suture 

Sutura  zygomatico 

frontalis 

Sphenoidal  fissure 

or  foramen 

lacerum  anteriu3 

Fissura.  orbitalis 

superior 

Superior  turbinate 

bone 

Concha  nasalis 

superior 

Spheno-ethmoidal 

recess 

Recessus  spheno- 

ethmoidalis 


Sphenoidal  foramen 

Apertura  sinus 
sphenoidalis 


Fig 


,  ,  -or  T„ut   f„r   tht.  following  account   of  the  *Sbhenanlal  canaliculus,  which  is 

i  I  am   indebted  to  Pro fessor  Todt   for   the Jf™.^^     ins  in  th{  scaphoid  fossa  and  divides 
accurately  described  neither  by  Quam  nor  by  ^acalister ■  =  canal    while   the  outer  opens 

as  it  ascends  into  two  btancta,    he^ mne r  oT winch  opens  in  ^  ^  &  rf  ^  sphenoid 

on    the   cerebral   surface  of  the  ^.J'^   °'      ,e     tPermed  by  English  anatomists  the  foramen  0    Vesalius, 
bone  and  the  foramen  ovale.        The  outer  branch  is ^term         y        g  sphenoldal   branch   of   the  otic 

and    transmits   an   emissary   vein:    the   inner    orancn    gives    ud   >«  nerve —Tr 

ganglion,   by  means  of  which  this  ganglion  communicates  with  the  Vidian  ner%e.      1R. 

-07  -By  Means  of  a  nearly  Horizontal  Section   passing  through  the  Centre 
'of  the  Entrance  to  the  Orbit,  the   Upper   Parts  of  the  Nasal  Foss.e  and  of 
the  Orbits  are  displayed.     Seen  from  Below. 
Posteriorly  the  section  passes  thro, g ^»JS&  S  2£offttSS.  1>X^J^t^1S^%SSSi1SE?S2 

S.^^ffi^^t^E^?  The  lateral  masses  of  the  ethmoid  bone  (ethmo.dal 
labyrinths.)  are  divided  in  the  horizontal  plane. 


Cavum  nasi  et  orbita— The  nasal  fossae  and  the  orbits. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE  BONES    OF   THE   SKULL 


93 


Incisor  foramen  or  foramen  of  Stenson 
Foramen  incisivum 


Canal  of  the  nasal  duct 
Canalis  nasolacrimalis 


Anterior  nasai  spine 
Spina  nasalis  anterior 

Anterior  nasal  aperture,  or  apertura  pyriformis 

Apertura  piriformis 


Inferior  turbinate  bone 
Concha  nasalis  inferior 


Inferior  wall  of  the  orbit 
Paries  inferior  orbita: 


Infra-orbital  groove 
Sulcus  infra-orbitalis  J 
Sphenomaxillary    /'■/ 

fissure 

Fissura  orbitalis 

inferior 


Posterior  nares 
Choana; 


Foramen  rotundum 
Foramen  rotundum 


Foramen  ovale 
Foramen  ovale 


Bony  septum  of  the  nose 
Septum  nasi  osseum 

Lateral  crest  of  the 
septum  (var.) 
a  A  Crista  lateralis  septi 
^>;\,  (var.) 

_ZsJ3      Maxillary  sinus,  or 
antrum  of   High- 
more 
Sinus  maxillaris 


Sphenoidal  foramen 
Apertura  sinus  sphenoidal!, 


Septum  of  the  sphenoidal 
sinuses 

Septum  sinuum  sphenoid- 
alium 


Foramen  spinosum 
Foramen  spinosum 

Spinous  process  of  the  sphenoid  bone 

Spina  annularis 

Canaliculus  inr.ominatus  (var.)  (transmitting  *  'Sphenoidal  canaliculi* 

th.  small  superficial  petrosal  nerve)  Sphenoidal  sinuses  v...  Lanahcuh  sphenotdales 

^S^^SSST  b0ne        SlnUSS^"°'daIeS  Cana^pTigoideus  (Vidii) 

1  See  note  to  p.  gz. 

Fig.  208.— By  Means  of  a  nearly  Horizontal  Section  in  a  Plane  a  Little  above  that 
of  the  Inferior  Walls  of  the  Orbits,  the  Lower  Portions  of  the  Nasal  Foss.e 
and  of  the  Orbits  have  been  exposed.     Seen  from  Above. 

Posteriorly  the  section  passes  through  the  sphenoidal  sinuses,  in  this  specimen  exceptionally  capacious. 
The  upper  orifices  of  the  *sphenoidal  canaliculus  {see  note  to  p.  92)  are  indicated  by  bristles. 


Cavum  nasi  et  orbita— Nasal  cavity  and  orbits. 


94 


THE   SKULL    AND   THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


Cribriform  plate 
Lamina  cribrosa 
Frontal  sinus 

Sinus  frontalis 


CTJ5V3  galll 


Septum  of  the  frontal  sinuses 
Septum  sun i  frontalium 


Foramen  caecum 
Foramen  caecum 


Orbital  plate  of  the 

frontal  bone  i    '» 

Pars  orbitalis  ossis  \  \ 

frontalis  \ 


Orbital  plate,  os  planum, 

or  lamina  papyracea,  of 

the  ethmoid  bone 

Lamina  papyracea 

Vertical  plate  of  the    - 
ethmoid  bone 
Lamina  perpendicularis 
Infra-orbital  groove 
Sulcus  infra-orbitalis 

Uncinate  process 

Processus  uncinatus 

Malar  bone 

Os  zygomaticum 


Maxillary  sinus,  or  antrum 
of  Highmore 

Sinus  maxillaris 


The  vomer 

Vomer 


Alar  process  of  the  ethmoidbone 

Processus  alaris  ossis  ethmoidal 


Lateral  mass,  or  labyrinth, 

of  the  ethmoid  bones 

Labyrinthus  ethmoidalis 

Orbit 

Orbita 

Superior  turbinate  bone 

Concha  nasalis  superior 

Superior  meatus  of  the 
nose 
Meatus  nasi  superior 
»  Middle  turbinate  oone 

Concha  nasalis  media 

Middle  meatus  of  the 
nose 

Meatus  nasi  media 


Inferior  turbinate  bone 
Concha  nasalis  inferior 


Inferior  meatus  of  the  nose 

Meatus  nasi  inferior 


Fig.  209.— By  Means  of  a  Section  passing  through  the  most  Anterior  Portions  of  Both 
Zygomatic  Arches,  the  Nasal  Cavity  and  the  Orbits  are  divided  towards  their 
Posterior  Extremities  in  the  Frontal  Plane. 

The  anterior  portion  of  the  skull  thus  divided  is  figured  from  behind.  The  three  turbinate  bones  of  the 
nose  and  the  three  nasal  meatus,  as  well  as  the  bony  septum  of  the  nose,  are  seen  in  frontal  section. 
The  maxillary  sinuses  are  also  opened  up,  and  the  communication  of  these  sinuses  with  the  general 
cavity  of  the  nose  is  to  be  seen  above  the  uncinate  process. 


Cavum  nasi  et  orbita— Nasal  cavity  and  orbits. 


THE  SKULL   AND   THE  BONES   OF   THE  SKULL 


95 


Frontal  sinuses 
Sinus  frontales 


Anterior  cranial  fossa 


Middle  turbinate  bone 

Concha  nasalis  media 


Uncinate  process 

Processus  uncinatus 


Crista  galli 

Crista  galli 


Infra-orbital  canal 
Canalis  infra-orbitali; 


Orifice  of  the  canal  ^i'^iV'  ' 

of  the  nasal  duct  


Maxillary  sinus,  or  antrum 
of  Highmore 

Sinus  maxillaris 


The  vomer 
Vomer 


^Frontal  sinus 

Sinus  frontalis 


Orifice  of  the  frontal  sinus 
Apertura  sinus  frontalis 


.  Lachrymal  bone 
Os  lacrimale 

Vertical  plate  of  the  ethmoid  bono 

Lamina  perpendicularis 

Canal  of  the  nasal  duct 

Canalis  nasolacrimalis 


-  ,Lachrymoturbinal  suture 
Sutura  lacrimoconchalis 


.  Inferior  turbinate  bone 
Concha  nasalis  inferior 


Fig.  210. — By  Means  of  a  Section  passing  vertically  through  the  Posterior  Portions 
of  Both  Lachrymal  Bones,  the  Anterior  Portion  of  the  Nasal  Cavity  and  of  the 
Orbits  is  displayed  in  Frontal  Section.     Seen  from  Behind. 

From  the  right  side  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  skull  thus  divided,  a  layer  of  bone  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
in  thickness  has  been  removed  by  a  section  in  a  plane  parallel  with  the  first  section,  so  as  to  open 
up  the  canal  of  the  nasal  duct,  canalis  nasolacrimalis,  in  its  entire  length.  The  sounds  passed  into 
the  two  frontal  sinuses  indicate  the  orifices  of  these  sinuses  in  the  nasal  fossae.  A  third  sound 
has  been  passed  through  the  left  canal  of  the  nasal  duct  from  the  orbit  into  the  nasal  cavity. 


Cavum  nasi  et  orbita  —  Nasal  cavity  and  orbits. 


96 


THE  SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OE    THE    SKULL 


Internal  auditory  meatus 
Meatus  acusticus  int< 


Carotid  canal 
Canalis  caroticus 


Foramen  ovale 
Foramen  oval 

"Sphenoidal  canaliculus1 

•Canaliculus  sphenoidalis 

Sphenomaxillary  fissure 
Fissura  orbitalis  inferior 
Common  meatus  of  the  nose 
Meatus  nasi  communis 
Posterior  nares 
Choana 

Bony  septum  of  the  nose 
Septum  nasi  osseum 

Inferior  orifice  of  the  palato- 
maxillary or  posterior  palatine  canal 

Foramen  pilatinum  majus 

Transverse  or  posterior 
palatine  suture 
Sutura  palatina  transversa 

Middle  or  median  palatine  suture 
Sutura  palatina  mediana 


Superior  border  of 
the  petrous  bone 

A 11'-:: i lus  superior 
pyi  amidis 

\     Cochlea 


Tegmen  tympani 
Teamen  tympani 


Tympanum 
[,'Cavum  tympani 

External  auditory 
meatus 

/'Meatus  acusticus 
externus 

Condyle  of  the  inferior 

maxillary  bone 
Capitulum  mandibular 

Zygomatic  or 
infratemporal  fossa 

Fossa  intratemporalis 

Zygomatic  arch 

Arcus  zygomaticus 

Pterygoid  fossa 
Fossa  pterygoidea 


Hamular  process 

Hamulus  pterygoideus 


♦Palatine  protuberance  (var.) 
♦Torus  palatinus  (var.) 


Hard  palate 

Palatum  durum 


Anterior  palatine  fossa 
Foramen  incisivum 


Mental  tubercle 
Tuberculum  mentale 


i  See  note  to  p.  92. 

Fig.  211.— Anterior  Portion  of  the  Skull,  separated  from  the  Posterior  Portion  by  a 
Frontal  Section  passing  through  the  Two  External  Auditory  Meatus. 

The  view  from  behind  shows  the  posterior  nares  with  the  posterior  border  of  the  bony  septum  of  the 
nose,  the  bony  framework  of  the  oral  cavity,  and  the  zygomatic  fossae  ;  further,  in  frontal  section,  the 
tympanic  cavities,  with  portions  of  the  bony  labyrinths  and  the  internal  auditory  meatus. 


Cranium  viscerale— Facial  portion  of  the  skull. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE  BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


m 


Anterior  palatine  or  premaxillary  suture 
Sutura  incisiva 


Palate  process  of  the  superior 
maxillary  bone 

Processus  palatinus  maxi 

Middle  or  median  palatine  suture 
Sutura  palatina  mediana 


Posterior  or  transverse  palatine  suture- 
Sutura  palatina  transversa 

Horizontal  or  palate  plate  of  the 

palate  bone 

Pars  horizontalis  ossis  palatini 

Pyramidal  process,  or  tuberosity,. 

of  the  palate  bone 

Processus  psramidalis 

External  pterygoid  plate 
Lamina  lateralis  proces- 
sus pterygoidei 


Anterior  palatine  fossa 

1  ( >r, unen  incisivum 

Premaxillary  bone 

Us  incisivum 


Alveolar  border 

Limbus  alveolaris 


'Palatine  spine1 
*Spina  palatina 


"Palatine  grooves- 

*Sulci  palatini 


Internal  pterygoid  plate 


Inferior  orifice  of  the  posterior 

palatine  canal 

Foramen  palatinum  majus 


-  Posterior  and  external  accessory 

palatine    anals 

Foramina  palatina  minora 


Hamular  process  -  Hamulus  pterygoideus         Lamina  medialis  processus  pterygoidei 


1  In  the  English  nomenclature  palatine  spine  is  an  alternative  name  for  the  posterior  nasal  spine. — Tr. 
'-  The  English  nomenclature  recognises  one  palatine  groove  only,  that  running  forwards  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
hard  palate  from  the  inferior  orifice  of  the  posterior  palatine  canal,  lodging  the  large  palatine  nerve  and  vessels. — Tr. 

Fig.  212. — The  Hard  Palate,  Palatum  Durum,  with  the  Alveolar  Process  of  the 
Superior  Maxillary  Pone,  removed  by  a  Section  passing  horizontally  through 
both  Superior  Maxillary  Bones  above  the  Floor  of  the  Nasal  Foss.e.  Seen  from 
Below. 


Incisor  foramina,  or  foramina  of  StensenN 
Foramen  incisivum 


Anterior  nasal  spine 
•Spina  nasalis  anterior 


Prenasal  forsa  (var.) 
Fossa  pramasalis  (var.) 


Palate  process  of  the  superior  maxillary 
bone 

Processus  palatinus  maxilla; 


Vertical  plate  of  the  palate 

bone 

Pars  perpendicularis  ossis 

palatini 


Pyramidal  process,  or  tuberosity,  of 

the  palate  bone 

Processus  pyramidalis 

External    pterygoid    plate  -' 
Lamina  lateralis  processus 
pterygoidei 
Hamular  process— Hamulus  pterygoide 


Nasal  crest  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone 
Crista  nasalis 


Maxillary  sinus,  or  antrum 
of  Highmore 
Sinus  maxillaris 


Malar  process 
Processus  zygomaticus 

Posterior  or  transverse  palatine 
suture 

Sutura  palatina  transversa 


Posterior  palatine  or  palato- 
maxillary canal 
Canalis  pterygopalatinus 


Accessory  palatine  canal 
Canalis  palatinus 


Internal  pterygoid  plate 

Lamina  medialis  processus  pterygoidei 


Pterygoid  fossa 

Fossa  pterygoidea 


Fig.  213.— The  Floor  (Inferior  Wall)  of  the  Nasal  Fossae  with  the  Maxillary  Sinuses 
lying  on  Either  Side,  shown  by  Means  of  a  Horizontal  Section  through  the 
Superior  Maxillary  Bones.     Seen  from  Above. 


Cranium  viscerale — Facial  portion  of  the  skull. 


98 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE    BONES   OF    THl     SKULL 


Superior  wall  of  the  orbit 
Orbital  arch 

Trochlear  spine  (var, 
Spina  i""  bl<  ai 


Frontomaxillary  suture 
Sutura  frontomaxillaris 

Nasofrontal  suture 

Sutura  nasofrt  mtalis 

Lachrymo-ethmoidal  suture 

Sutura.  lacrimo-ethmoidalis 

Lachrymal  crest  of  the  lachrymal  bone 

(  'rista  lacrimalis  postei  ior 

Orbital  ridge  of  the  superior  mixillary  bone 
Crista  lacrimals  anterior  / 

Internal  wall  of  the  orbit    k 
Lachrymal  groove 
Fossa  sacci  lacrimalis 


Hamular  process  of  the  lachrymal  bone 
Hamulus  lacrimalis 

Inferior  wall  of  the  orbit 

Lachrymomaxillary  suture  ' 
Sutura  lacrimomaxillans 


Frontolachrymal  suture 
Sutura  frontolacrimalis 


Anterior  internal  orbital  canal1 
iteriu  . 

Fronto-ethmoidal  suture — Sutura  fronto  ethmoidalis 

Posterior  Internal  orbital  canal 
terius 
Orbital  plate,  os  planum,  or  lamina  papyracea 
of  the  ethmoid  bone-  Lamina  papyracea 
t  Optic  foramen 
Foramen  opticum 


Spheno-ethmoidal  suture 
Sutura  spbeno-etbmoidalis 

Orbital  process  of  the  palate  bone 

orbitalis  ossis  palatini 

Palatomaxillary  suture 
Sutura  palatomaxillaris 

-  Sphenomaxillary  fossa 
terygopalatina 
Infra-orbital  groove 

Sulcus  infra-orbitalis 


< 


y 


Infra-orbital  margin  / 
Margo  infra-orbitalis 

Infra-orbital  foramen 

Foramen  infra-orbitale 

1  U.S.:  Anterior  ethmoidal  canal. 


Ethmoidomaxillary  suture 
Sutura  ethmoideomaxillaris 


1  Malar  bone 
Os  zygomaticum 


U.S.:   Posterior  ethmoidal  canal. 


Fig.  214. — Internal  Portion  of  the  Left  Orbit,  shown  by  the  Removal  of  the 
External  Wall.     Seen  from  the  Left  Side. 


Orbital  plate  of 

Pars  orbitalis 


1  frontal 

frontali: 


Sphenoidal  fissure 

Fissura  orbitalis  superior 
Sphenoidal  foramen 
Apertura  sinus  sphenoidalis, 
Sphenoidal  sinus 
Sinus  sphenoidalis  % 


Sphenopalatine  foramen 
Foramen  sphenopalatinum 


Orifice  of  the  maxillary  sinus 
Hiatus  maxillaris 


Superior  wall  of  the  orbit 

Orbital  arch— Margo  supra-orbitalis 

Lachrymal  fossa 
'  Fossa  glandular  lacrimalis 

Spheno-orbital  suture 
-Sutura  spheno-orbitalis 

.  Orbital  surface  of  the  great  wing 
Facies  orbitalis  alas  magnae 

External  wall  of  the  orbit 

Entrance  to  the  orbit— Aditus  orbita; 

Sphenomalar  suture 
Sutura  sphenozygomatica 
Orbital  surface  of  the  malar  bone 

Lamina  orbitalis  ossis  zygomalici 

Sphenomaxillary  fissure 
Fissura  orbitalis  inferior 


""--.Infra-orbital  margin 
Margo  infra-orbitalis 


Infra-orbital  foramen 
Foramen  infra-orbitale 


Inferior  wall  of  the  orbit  ' 
Paries  inferior  orbitse 


Lachrymal  groove 

Sulcus  lacrimalis 


Fig.  215. — External  Portion  of  the  Left  Orbit,  shown  by  the  Removal  of  the 
Internal  Wall  of  the  Orbit  and  of  a  Portion  of  the  Superior  Maxillary  Bone 
in  a  longitudinally  hemisected  Skull. 


Orbita— The  orbits. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF    THE   SKULL 


99 


Uncinate  process  of  the  ethmoid  bone 

Processus  uncinatus  ossis  ethmoidals  j 
Inferior  wall  of  the  orbit 
Paries  inferior  orbita? 


Infra-orbital  foramen 
Foramen  infra-orbitale 


Maxillary  process  of  the  inferior  turbinate 

bone 

Processus  maxillaris  concha;  nasalis 

Maxillary  sinus,  or  antrum  of  Highmore 


Body  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone 
Corpus  maxillae 


Alveolar  process 


Orifice  of  the  maxillary  sinus 

1  liatus  maxillaris 


Orbital  process  of  the  palate  bone 

I  i  isus  orbitalis  ossis  palatini 


Sphenomaxillary  fossa 
Fossa  pterygopalatina 


Maxillary  process  of  the  palate  bone 

Processus  nasalis  ossis  palatini 


Tuberosity  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone 
Tuber  maxillare 


Fig.  216. — The  Left  Maxillary  Sinus,  or  Antrum  of  Highmore,  shown  by  the  Removal 
of  the  External  Wall  of  the  Body  of  the  Superior  Maxillary  Bone  and  the 
Malar  Bone.     Seen  from  the  Left  Side. 


Lesser  wing— Ala  parva 


Orbital  plate  of  the  frontal  bone  J 
Pars  orbitalis  ossis  frontalis 


Orbital  plate,  os  planum,  or  lamina 

papyracea,  of  the  ethmoid  bone 

Lamina  papyracea 

Palato-ethmoidal  suture 
Sutura  palato. ethmoidals 
Orbital  process  of  the  palate  bone 
Processus  orbitalis  ossis  palatini 
Orbital  surface  of  the  superior  maxillary 
bone — Facies  orbitalis  maxilla' 
Sphenopalatine  foramen 
Foramen  sphennpalatinuni 
Infra  orbital  groove   _. 
Sulcus  infra-orbitalis 
Sphenomaxillary  fossa" 
Fossa  pterygopalatina 
Vertical  plate  of  the  palate  bone 
Pars  perpendicularis  ossis  palatini 
Posterior  palatine  or  palatomaxillary 
canal — Canalis  pterygopalatine 
Posterior  dental  canal 
Foramen  alveolare  (posterius 


Zygomatic  surface  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone 
Facies  infratemporalis  maxillae 


Optic  foramen 
Foramen  opticum 

Sphenoethmoidal  suture 
/  Sutura  spheno-ethmoidalis 
.  Foramen  rotundum 
'  Foramen  rotundum 


"Sphenoidal  canaliculus1 

•Canaliculus  sphenoidalis 

Lingula  of  the  sphenoid  tone 
''Lingula  sphenoidalis 

Vidian  or  pterygoid  canal 

Canalis  pterygoideus  (Vidii) 


Sphenomaxillary  surface 

Facies  sphenomaxillaris 
-  Pterygomaxillary  fissure 
Fiss'jra  pterygomaxillaris 

External  pterygoid  plate 

Lamina  lateralis  processus  pterygoidei 


Pyramidal  process,  or  tuberosity,  of  th.6  palate  bone 
Processus  pyramidalis 


Hamular  process 
Hamulus  pterygoideus 


See  note  to  p.  92. 

Fig.  217. — The  Left  Sphenomaxillary  Fossa,  shown  by  Removal  of  the  Malar  Bone, 
the  Temporal  Bone,  and  the  Great  Wing  of  the  Sphenoid  Bone.  Seen  from 
the  Left  Side. 

A  sound  has  been  passed  through  the  Vidian  canal,  and  another  through  the  *sphenoidal  canaliculus1 
(exceptionally  large  in  this  specimen). 

Sinus    maxillaris — Maxillary    sinus,    or   antrum    of    Highmore. — Fossa    pterygopalatina — Spheno- 
maxillary fossa. 

13—2 


100 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES    OK    THE   SKULL 


Coronal  or  frontoparietal  suture 
Sutura  coronali  i 


Parietal  eminence 

Tuber  parietale 


Interparietal  bone  (var.)1 

Os  interparietale  (Os  incae)  [var.] 


Sagittal  or  interparietal  suture 
Sutura  sagittalis 


Parietal  foramen 

Foramen  parietale 


Lambdoid  or  occipitoparietal 
suture 

Sutura  lambdoidea 


Interparietal  plane 

1'lanum  occipitale 

Fig.  218.— A  Large  Wormian  Bone  in  the  Uppermost  Part  of  the  Lambdoid  Suture. 


Sagittal  or  interparietal  suture 

Sutura  sagittalis 


-Parietal  foramen 

Foramen  parietale 


Wormian  bones 

Ossa  suturarum  (var  ) 


Lambdoid  or  occipitoparietal 
suture 

Sutura  lambdoidea 

Transverse  suture  of  the  occipital 

bone  (var.)1 

Sutura  occipitalis  transversa 

(var.) 

Parietomastoid  suture     - 

Sutura  parietomastoidea 

Occipitomastoid  suture     _ 

Sutura  occipitomastoidea 


-Upper  portion  of  squama  occipitalis1 


Torus  occipitalis  transversus  (var.) 
Torus  occipitalis  (var.) 


Nuchal  plane 

I'lanum  nuchab 


Fig.  219. — Transverse  Subdivision  of  the  Squama  Occipitalis.     Several  Wormian  Bones 

in  the  Lambdoid  Suture. 

1  See  note  to  p.  57. 
Ossa  suturarum — Wormian  bores. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF   THE   SKULL 


101 


(Full)  Height  of  i,he  cranium 
(Ganze)  Hohe  des  Hirnschadels 


"  Profile 
l'rofillinie 


"  Ear-height " 
Ohrhbhe 


"Face-height' 

Gesichtshohe 


Horizontal  length  of  the  cranium 
Gerade  Lange  des  Hirnschadels 

„  Greatest  length  of  the  cranium 
Grosste  Lange  des  Hirnschadels 


German  horizontal 
Deutsche  Horizontale 


Fig.  220. — Side- View  of  the  Skull:  Norma  Lateralis. 


Narrowest  transverse  measure- 
ment of  forehead 

Kleinste  Stirnbreite 


Zygomatic  width. 
Jochbreite  \   /nf 


Greatest  width  of 
the  cranium 

Grosste  Breite  des 
Hirnschadels 


Vertical  height  of 
the  orbital  orifice 
Senkrechte  Hohe 
des  Augenhohlen 
einganges 
\ 


Horizontal  width  of  the  orbital  orifice 

,  Horizontale  Breite  des  Augenhohleneinganges 


Face-width  according  to  Virchow 

Gesichtsbreite  nach  Virchow 


Narrowest  transverse 

measurement  of  forehead 

Kleinste  Stirnbreite 

Greatest  height  of  the 
orbital  orifice 
Grbsste  Hohe  des  Augen- 
hohleneinganges 

Greatest  width  of  the 
orbital  orifice 

Grosste  Breite  des  Augen- 
hohleneinganges 

.  Zygomatic  width 

Jochbreite 


Greatest  width  of  the 

anterior  nasal  aperture 

Grosste  Breite  der  Nasen 

bffnung 


Fig.  221. — Skull  seen  from  Above 
Norma  Verticalis. 


Fig.  222. 


-Front  View  of  the  Skull: 
Norma  Frontalis. 


Translator's  Note. — The  above  measurements  do  not  fully  correspond  with   those  used  by  English 
craniologists.     For  this  reason  a  purely  literal  translation  of  the  German  terms  has  been  given. 


The  Principal  Measurements  of  the  Skull. 


102 


THE   SKULL    AND    THL    BONES   OF    THE   SKULL 


Second  visceral  cleft 
Third  or  thyrohyoid  visceral  arch 


iSsrrlcal  sinus 
Sinus  cervicalis 


Upper  extremity 
Extremitas  supei  i  n 


Second  or  hyoid  visceral  arch 
Auditory  pit 
First  visceral  cleft 

Mandibular  process    -,  Qf  ^  ^  ^  mamUbu]ar  ^^  ^ch 
Maxillary  process  I 


Primary  optic  vesicle 
Olfactory  pit 


Rudiment  of  tl>  3  heart 


Lower  extremity 
Extremitas  inferior 


Umbilical  duct 

Ductus  omphalo-entericus 


j  Umbilical  vesicle 
Vesicula  umbilicalis 


Fig.  223. — Human  Embryo,   Four  Weeks  old. 

The  umbilical  vesicle  has  been  opened. 


Parietal  bone 
Os  parietale 
Squamous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone 
Squama  temporalis 
Membranous  portion  of  the  primordial  cranium 
Pars  membranacea  cranii  primordialis 
intermembranous  part  of  the  supra-occipital 

portion  of  the  occipital  bone1 
Pars  intermembranacea  squamae  occipitalis 
1  erlor  semicircular  canal— Canals  -.emicircularis  superior 
Cartilaginous  portion  of  the  primordial  cranium 
Pars  cartilaginea  cranii  primordialis 

Intercartilaginous  part  of  the  supra-occipital 

portion  of  the  occipital  bone1 

Pars  intercartilaginea  squama?  occipitalis 

Primitive  cartilage  of  the  petrous  portion  of  the 

temporal  bone 

Centre  of  ossification  for  the  lateral  portion  of  the 

occipital  bone  (exoccipital)1 

Centre  of  ossification  for  the  basilar  portion  of  the 
occipital  bone  (basi-occipital)1 

1  See  note  to  p.  57. 

Fig.  224. — The  Left  Half  of  the  Skull  of  a  Human  Fcetus  at  the  End  of  the  Fourth 
Month  (Months  of  Four  Weeks  Each).  Seen  from  Within.  The  Cartilaginous 
Portion  of  the  Primordial  Cranium  (Chondrocranium)  is  coloured  Blue. 

Body-length,  4^  inches. 


Membranous  portion  of  the  primordial  cranium 
Pars  membranacea  cranii  primordialis 

/Greater  wing 
\  /  Ala  magna 

Squamous  portion  of  the  frontal  bone 
Squama  frontalis 

Centre  of  ossification  for  the  lesser  wing 

Cartilaginous  portion  of  the  primordial  cranium 

Pars  cartdaginea  cranii  primordialis 

(Planum  sphenoidale) 

Nasal  bone 

Os  nasale 

,  Septum  of  the  nose 
Septum  nasi 

Hard  palate— Palatum  durum 
The  vomer 
Vomer 


Development  of  the  Skull. 


THE   SKULL    AND    THE   BONES   OF    THE   SKULL 


103 


Squamous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone 
Squama  temporalis 


Cartilaginous  portion  of  the  primordial  cranium 
Pars  cartilaginea  cranii  primordialis 

Cartilaginous  bar  of  the  hyoid  or  second 
visceral  arch  (primitive  cartilage  of 
the  styloid  process) 


Cartilaginous  bar  of  the  mandibular  or  first 
visceral  arch  (Meckel's  cartilage) 


The  malleus 

Malleus 

Tympanic  ring 
Annulus  tympanicus 


Fig.  225.— The  Squamous  Portion  of  the  Temporal  Bone,  the  Tympanic  Membrane  with  the 
Malleus,  the  Incus,  and  Meckel's  Cartilage,  from  a  Human  Foetus  in  the  First  Haif 
of  the  Fifth   Month  (Months  of  Four  Weeks  Each).     Seen  from  Within. 

Body-length,  5^  inches. 

Squamous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone 

Squama  temporalis 

Membranous  portion  of  the  primordial  cranium 
Pars  membranacea  cranii  primordialis 

Greater  wing 
Ala  magna 

Squamous  portion  of  the  frontal  bone 
Squama  frontalis 

Cartilaginous  bar  of  the  mandibular  or  first 
visceral  arch  (Meckel's  cartilage) 
Cartilaginous  bar  of  the  hyoid  or  second 
visceral  arch  (styloid  process,  stylohyoid 
ligament,  and  small  cornu  of  the  hyoid 
bone) 

Maxilla 
Maxilla 

Mandible 

Mandibula 
Primitive  cartilage  of  the  hyoid  bone 
Knorpelanlage  des  Os  hyoicleum 
_    .:.  .        '  Primitive  cartilage  of  the  petrous  portion 

Cartilaginous  portion  of  the  primordial  cranium  of  the  temporal  bone 

Pars  cartilaginea  cranii  primordiali  Knorpelanlage  der  Pars  petrosa 

1  See  note  to  p.  57. 

Fig.  226.— The  Skull  of  a  Human   Fcetus   in  the   Middle  of  the  Fifth   Month   (Months  of 
Four  Weeks  Each).     Seen  from  the  Left  Side  and  Below. 
Body  length,  6^  inches.     The  cartilaginous  bars  of  the  viscerai  arches  are  displayed,  and  these,  together 
with  the  cartilaginous  portion  oi  the  primordial  cranium,  are  coloured  blue.     Part  of  the  cartilage  of 
the  left  side  ol  the  inferior  maxilla  has  been  removed  in  order  to  la,   bare  a   1  onion  of  Meckel's 
cartilage  which  lies  beneath  it. 


Tympanic  ring 

Annulus  tympanicus 


Intermembranous  part  of  the  supra-occipital 
portion  ot  ohe  occipital  bone1 

Pars  intermembranacea  squama;  occipitalis 

Cartilaginous  portion  of  the  primordial  cranium 
Pais  cartilaginea  cranii  primordialis 
Intracartilaginous  part  of  the  supra-occipital 
portion  of  the  occipital  bone1 

Pars  intracartilaginea  squamae  occipitalis 
__  Foramen  magnum 

Foramen  occipitale  magnum 

7, 

"^Lateral  portion  of  the  occipital  bone  (exoccipital }' 
Pars  lateralis  ossis  occipitalis 
Basilar  portion  of  the  occipital  bone  (basi-occipital)1 

Pars  basilaris  ossis  occipitalis 


Fig.  227. — The  Dried  Skull  of  a  Human 
Fcetus  in  the  Middle  of  the  Fourth 
Month  (Months  of  Four  Weeks 
Each). 

Body-length,  3$  inches. 


Fig.  228. — The  Dried  Skull  of  a  Human 
Fcetus  at  the  End  of  the  Sixth 
Month  (Months  of  Four  Weeks 
Each). 


Body-length,  nj  inrhes. 


Development   ol  the   Skull. 


104 


111/:    SKULL    AND    THE   BONUS   OF    THE    SKULL 


Anterolateral  fontanelle 
Fonticulus  sphenoidal  is 


Tympanic  ring 

Annulus  tympanicus 


Occipital  plane,  or  interparietal 

portion  of  the  occipital  bone 

Planum  occipitale 

Transverse  suture  of  the  occipital  bone1 

Sutura  mendosa 

Posterolateral  fontanelle 
iculus  mastoideus 
Base  of  the  petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone 
Pyramis  (basis) 
Lateral  portion  of  the  occipital  bone  (exoccipital)1 
Pars  lateralis  ossis  occipitalis 


Fig.  229.— The  Dried  Skull  of  an  Infant  born  at  Full  Term.     Seen   from  the   Left  Side. 

Body-length,  2oh  inches.  In  the  anterolateral  fontanelle  there  remains  part  of  the  membranous 
portion  of  the  primordial  cranium  (membrane  of  the  fontanelle)  ;  in  the  posterolateral  fontanelle 
there  remains  part  of  the  rami  Lginous  portion  of  the  primordial  cranium. 


Anterior  fontanelle 
Fonticulus  frontalis  (major) 


Posterior  fontanelle 
Fonticulus  occipitalis  (minor) 


Frontal  eminence 
Tuber  frontale 


Parietal  eminence 

Tu  her  parietale 


Supra-occipital  portion  of  the  occipital  bone1 

Squama  occipitalis 

Fig.  230.— The  Dried  Skull  of  an  Infant  born  at  Full  Term.     Seen  from  Above. 

Body-length,  20J  inches.     In  the  anterior  and  in  the  posterior  fontanelle  there  remain  parts  of  the 
membranous  portion  of  the  primordial  cranium. 

1  See  note  to  p.  57. 


Develonment  of  the  Skull, 


SKELETON    EXTREMITATUM, 
SUPERIORIS  ET  INFERIORIS 

THE  SKELETON  OF  THE  UPPER 

AND  LOWER  EXTREMITIES 
(THE  APPENDICULAR  SKELETON) 


106 


THE   AVl'ENDlCULAk   SKELETON 


The  clavicle,  or  collar-bone 
Clavicula 


The  humerus,  or  arm  bone 
Humerus 


The  ulna- 
Ulna 

The  radius_ 

Radius 
The  interosseous  space  of  the  forearrr- 

Spatium  interosseum  antibrachii 


The  first  metacarpal  bone  (the  metacarpal  - 

bone  of  the  thumb) 
Os  metacarpale  primum  (pollicis) 

The  phalanges  of  the  thumb  _^- 
Phalanges  pollicis 


..The  shoulder  girdle 
Cingulum  extremitatis  superioris 


The  scapula,  or  shoulder  blade 

"Scapula 


The  bones  of  the  forearm 

Ossa  antibrachii 


The  carpus 

Carpus 
The  metacarpuB 

-Metacarpus 


The  phalanges  of  the  fingers 

Phalanges  digitorum 


Fig    231. — The  Skeleton  of  the  Upper  Extremity. 


Skeleton  extremitatis  superioris — The  skeleton  of  the  upper  extremity. 


THE   APPENDICULAR   SKELETON 


107 


The  innominate  or  hip  bone 
Os  coxse 


The  femur,  or  thigh-bone 

Femur 


The  tibia,  or  shin-bone 

Tibia 

The  fibula,  or  peroneal  bone 

Fibula 

The  interosseous  space  of  the  leg_ 
Spatium  interosseum  cruris 


>.  The  pelvic  girdle 
Cingulum  extremitatis  inferioris 


The  patella,  rotula,  knee-cap,  or  knee-pan 
Patella 


The  bones  of  the  loj? 
Ossa  cruris 


The  tarsus 
Tarsus 


The  metatarsus 
Metatarsus 

The  phalanges  of  the  toes 
Phalanges  digitorum  pedis* 


V. 


The  first  metatarsal  bone  (the  metatarsal 

bone  of  the  great  toe) 
Os  metatarsale  primum  (hallucis) 

The  phalanges  of  the  great  toe 
Phalanges  hallucis 


Fig.  232. — The  Skeleton  or  the  Lower  Extremity. 
Skeleton   extremitatis   inferioris — The  skeleton  of  the  lower  extremity. 


14—2 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE    UPPER   EXTREMITY 


The  scapula 

Scapula 


The  glenoid  fossa 

Cavitas  glenoidali 


The  acromion 

Acromion 


The  acromioclavicular 
joint 

Articulatio  acromio- 
clavicularis 


The  manubrium 

Manubrium  sterni" 


The  clavicle 
Clavicula 


The  sternoclavicular  joint 

Articulatio  sternoclavicularis 


Fig.  233.— The  Shoulder-Girdle  and  its  Relation  to  the  Thorax.     Seen  from  Above. 


The  clavicle 

Clav'cula 


The  first  rib 
Costa  I. 


The  scapula  (pos- 
terior surface,  or 
dorsum) 

Scapula  (facies  dorsalis) 


The  acromion 

Acromion 


eighth  intercostal  space 
urn  intercostale  VIII. 


\The  twelfth  dorsal  vertebra 
Vertebra  thoracalis  XII 

Fig.  234. — The  Shoulder-Girdle  and  its  Relation  to  the  Thorax.     Seen  from  Behind. 
Cingulum  extremitatis  superioris — The  shoulder-girdle. 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE    UPPER   EXTREMITY 


109 


Acromial  or  scapular- 

extremity 
Extreraitas  acromialis 


Sternal  extremity 

Extremitas  sternalis 


Fig.  235.— The  Right  Clavicle  seen  from  Above. 


Acromial  facet 

Facies  articularis 
acromialis 


Nutrient  foramen 

\  Foramen  nutricium 


Trapezoid  line  (orridge) 
Tuberositas  coracoidea 


Conoid  tubercle 

Fig.  23  .—The  Right  Clavicle  seen  from  Below. 


Costal  tuberosity,  or  rhomboid 
impression 

Tuberositas  costalis 


■Sternal  facet 
Facies  articularis  ster- 
nalis 


Costal  tuberosity,  or  rhomboid  impression 

Tuberositas  costalis 


Sternal  facet 

Facies  articularis  sternalis 

Epiphysial  disc 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 


Epiphysis 

Epiphysis 

Fig.  237.— Sternat  Kxtpemity  of  the  Right  Clavicle  of  a  Female  aged  Twenty 
Years,  with  a  Sternal  Epiphysis.     Seen  from  Before. 


Clavicula     The  clavicle. 


110 


THE    SKELETON   OF   Till:    UPPER   EXTREMITY 


Clavicular  facet 

/Facies  articularis  acromii 

Suprascapular  notch 
lira  scapula' 

, Superior  border— Margo  superior 
Superior  angle 
"  Angulus  medialis 


Coracoid  process 

Processus    cora- 

coideus 


Glenoid  fossa 

Cavitas  glenoidalis 


'Oblique  lines  for 
the  attachment 
of  the  tendinous 
intersections  of 
the  sub3capularis 
muscle 

•Lineae  musculares 


Subscapular  fossa 
II    Vertebral  border,  or  base 


Axillary  border 

Margo  axillaris 


0  S  t  a  I  i  S        Anterior  surface,  or  venter 

/ 


Acromion 
Acromion 


Superior  angle 


Superior  angle        -*. 

Angulus  medialis    /■]! 


Acromial  angle 
Infraspinous  fossa- 
Fossa  infraspinata 


SEEN    FROM    BEFORE. 


Acromion 
Acromion 
Acromial  angle 
Neck  of  the  scapula 

("anatomical  neck  ") 
.  Collum  scapulas 
External  angle 
Angulus  lateralis 
Infraspinous  fossa 
Fossa  infraspinata 


Supraspinous  fossa 

Coracoid  process 

/Processus 

coracoideus 


Supraglenoid 

tubercle 

Tuberositas  supra- 
glenoidalis 
— Glenoid  fossa 
Cavitas  glenoidalis 

Infraglenoid  tubercle 

Tuberositas  infra- 
glenoidalis 


Posterior  surface 
or  dorsum 


Vertebral  border 

Margo  vertebrali 


Axillary  border 

Margo  axillaris 


Fig.  240.— The  Right  Scapula  seen 
from   the   Outer  or  Axillary 

Aspect. 


Inferior  angle 

Angulus  inferior 

Fig.  239. — The  Right  Scapula  seen  from  Behind. 

Scapula— The  shoulder-blade 


THE  SKELETON  OF   THE    UPPER  EXTREMITY 


111 


Centre  of  ossification  for 
the  coracoid  process 


Centre  of  ossification  for  the 
uppermost  portion  of  the  ... 
glenoid  fossa  (Subooracoitl 
bone) 


Cartilaginous  acromion 


Primary  osseous 
portion  of  the  scapula 

Rudimentaryi 
cartilage 


Cart  laginous  acromion 


Fig.    241. —  In    the    Fifth         Fig.  242. — In  the  Second        Fig.  243. — In  the  Fifteenth 


Month  of  Intra-uterine 
Life  (Months  of  Four 
Weeks  Each). 


Secondary  epiphysis  at  the 
tip  of  the  coracoid  process  \ 


Year  of  Life. 


Subcoracoid  bone 
Os  infracoracoideum 


Year  of  Life. 


.  Acromial  epiphysis 


Secondary  epiphysis  on  the  base 
of  the  coracoid  process 


Cartilage  at  the  inferior 

angle  and  along  the 

vertebral  border 


Fig,  244. — In  the  Seventeenth  Year 
of  Life. 


_J5^       Epiphysis  at  the 
52S  _    inferior  angle 


Fig.  245. — In  the  Nineteenth  Year 
of  Life. 


Development  of  the  Scapula. 


112 


THE   SKELETON   OF  THE    UPPER   EXTREMITY 


Great  tuberosity 
Tuberculum  majus --- 

Bicipital  groove 

Sulcus  intertubercularis  — 

Outer  margin  of  bicipital 

groove  (pectoral  ridge) 
Crista  tuberculi  majoris 


Outer  or  antero-external 
surface 

Facies  anterior  lateralis 


Deltoid  eminence 

Tuberositas  deltoidea 


Nutrient  foramen 
Foramen  nutricium 

Inner  or  antero-internal 

surface 
Facies  anterior  medialis 


Outer  border 

Margo  lateralis 


A 


Head  of  the  humerus 

/Caput  humeri 

Head  of  the  humerus 

Caput  humeri 

Anatomical  neck 

Cull mn  anatomicum 

-  Small  tuberosity 

Tuberculum  minus 


Inner  margin  of  the  bicipital  groove 

Crista  tuberculi  minoris 


Great  tuberosity 

I  Tuberculum  majus 


Small 
tuberosity 

Tuberculum 
minus 

ig.  248.— Proximal  (Upper) 
Extremity  of  the  Right 
Humerus  seen  from  Above. 


Trochlea  Q 

Trochlea  humeri    J3 


Olecranon  fossa 
Fossa  olecrani 


Internal  condyle 

Epicondylus  mediali 


Fig.  249.  —  Distal  (Lower) 
Extremity  of  the  Right 
Humerus  seen  from  Below. 

\  Inner  border 
Margo  medialis 


Radial  fossa 

Fossa  radialis 


External  condyle , 

Epicondylus 

lateralis 

Capitellum 

Capitulum  humeri ' 


Coronoid  fossa 
-  Fossa  coronoidea 

Internal  condyle 
'"  Epicondylus  medialis 

,.  Internal  condyle 

I-  Epicondylus 

-.  Trochlea  medialis 

Trochlea  humeri 

Groove  of  the  ulnar  nerve 
Sulcus  nervi  ulnaris 

Fig.  246. — The  Right  Humerus 
seen  from  before. 


Anatomical  neck 

'  Collum  anatomicum 


Great  tuberosity 

Tuberculum  majus 


Surgical  neck 

Collum  chirurgicum 


Posterior  surface 

Facies  posterior 


Nutrient  foramen 
Foramen  nutricium 


Deltoid  eminence 

Tuberositas  deltoidea 


Spiral  groove 
Sulcus  nervi  radialis 


Olecranon  fossa 

Fossa  olecrani 


External  condyle 

Epicondylus 

lateralis 


"■  Trochlea 
Trochlea  humeri 

Fig.  247. — The  Right  Humerus 
seen  from  Behind. 


Humerus— The  humerus. 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE    UPPER   EXTREMITY 


113 


Centre  of  ossifica- 
tion in  the  head 
of  the  humerus 


Centre  of  ossification 
in  the  head  of  the 
humerus 


Small  tuberosity 
/Tuberculum  minus 


Great  tuberosity 

Tuberculum  maju.; 


Centre  of  ossification  in  the 
head  of  the  humerus 


Centre  of  ossifi- 
cation in  the 
great  tuberosity 


Fig.  250. — From  a  Girl 
aged  Four  Months. 


Fig.  251. — From  a  Boy 
aged  Two  Years. 


Fig.  252. — From  a  Boy 
aged  Three  Years 

(Horizontal  Section.) 

The  Centres  of  Ossification  of  the  Proximal  Extremity  of  the  Humerus 


Common  epiphysis  of  the 

proximal  extremity 

Epiphysis  proximalis 

communis 

Epiphysial  disc 

Synchondrosis 

epiphyseos 


Common  epiphysis  of  the 
proximal  extremity 

Epiphysis  proximalis 
communis 

Remnant  of  the 
epiphysial  disc 


Fig.  253. — From  a  Boy  aged  Fig.  254. — From  a  Girl  aged 

Thirteen  Years.  Nineteen  Years. 

The  Common  Epiphysis  of  the  Proximal  Extremity  of  the  Humerus. 


Centre  of  ossification 
in  the  capitellum 
of  the  humerus 


Fig.  255. — From  a  Boy  aged  Two  and  a  Half  Years. 


Olecranon  fossa 
Fossa  olecrani 


Centre  of  ossification  of 
the  internal  condyle 


Centre  of  ossification  of 
the  trochlea 


C:ntre  of  ossification 
of  the  capitellum 


Fig.  256. — From  a  Boy  aged 
Thirteen  Years. 


Common  epiphysis 

of  the  distal 

extremity 

Epiphysis  distalis 

3/4  communis 

Fig.  257. — From  a  Boy  aged 
Seventeen  Years. 


The  Epiphyses  of  the  Distal  Extremity  of  the  Humerus. 
Development    of  the    Humerus. 


15 


114 


THE    SKELETON   OF   THE    UPPER    EXTREMITY 


Great  sigmoid  cavity 
1  in  i  iura  semilunaris 


Olecranon 

i  ili  i  ram  ■" 


Coronoid  process 
Processus  coronoideus 

Small  sigmoid  cavity 
In.,  isura  i. nil, ih  i 


Tuberosity  of  the  ulna 
Tuberositas  ulnae 


Nutrient  foramen 
Foramen  nutricium 

External  or  interosseous 
border 

Crista  interossea 

Anterior  surface 

Fades  volaris 


Articular  circumference 

Circumferentiaarticularis 


Styloid  process 

Processus  styloideus 

Fig.  258. — Anterior  Aspect 


Great  sigmoid  cavity 

In    1  iui il  semilunaris 

Coronoid  process 

.  1 . 1  - .  1 1 1 1 1 1  l.ir 
Small  sigmoid  cavity 
In.  isura  null, ills 
Tuberosity  of  the  ulna 
Tuberositas  ulnae 
Supinator  ridge 
Crista  m.  supinatoris 


External  or  inter- 
osseous border 

Crista  interossea 

Posterior  surface 
Facies  dorsalis 


Fig.  259. — Posterior  Aspect. 
The  Ulna  of  the  Right  Side. 


Fig. 


Head  of  the  ulna 
Capitulum  ulnae 

Articular  circumference 
Circumferentia  articularis 


Styloid  process 

Processus  styloideus 

-External  Aspect. 


Anterior  border 

Margo  volaris 
Internal  surface 
Facies  medialis  ' 
Posterior  border 
Margo  dorsalis 

Posterior  surface 
Facies  dorsalis 


Interosseous  borders 
Crista  interossea 


Anterior  surface 
Facies  volaris 


Ulna 


Anterior  surface 

Facies  volaris 

Anterior  border 
Margo  volaris 

External  surface 
Facies  lateralis 
Posterior  border 
Margo  dorsalis 
Posterior  surface 
Facies  dorsalis 


Radius 


Fig  261.— Transverse  (Horizontal)  Section  through  the  Middle  of  the  Ulna  and 
the  Radius,  with  the  Interosseous  Membrane,  in  Supination. 


Ossa  antibrachii— The  bones  of  the  forearm. 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE    UPPER   EXTREMITY 


115 


Head  of  the  radius  . 

Capitulum  radii 


Neck  of  the  radius 
Collum  radii 


Articular  circumference 
Circumferentia  articulari 


Anterior  border 

Margo  volaris 

Nutrient  foramen 
Foramen  nutricium 

Internal  or  interos- 
seous border 
Crista  interossea 
Anterior  surface 
Fades  volaris 


Styloid  process 

1'rocessus  styloideus . 


Fig.  262. — Anterior  Aspect.         Fig.  263. — Posterior  Aspect.         Fig.  2G4. 

The  Radius  of  the  Right  Side. 


Articular  circumference 

Circumferentiaarticularis 


Neck  of  the  radius 
Collum  radii 


Tuberosity  of  the  radius 
Tuberositas  radii 


Anterior  surface 
Facies  volaris 


Posterior  surface 

Facies  dorsalis 


Internal  or  interosseous 
border 

Crista  interossea 


Sigmoid  cavity,  or 
ulnar    articular 
surface 
Incisura  ulnaris 
Carpal  articular 
surface 
/„     Facies  articularis 
carpea 

-Internal  Aspect. 


Olecranon 

Olecranon 

Great  sigmoid  cavity 

Incisura  semilunaris  ulnas 


Articular  surface  for  the 
capitellum  of  the  humerus 

Fovea  capituli  radii 
Articular  circumference 

Circumferentia  articularis 


Styloid  process  of  the 
radius 

Processus  styloideus 
radii 


Fig.  265. — The  Proximal  Extremities 
of  the  Bones  of  the  Right  Fore- 
arm seen  from  Above. 


Carpal  articular  surface 
Facies  articularis  carpea 


Styloid  process  of  the  ulna 
Processus  styloideus  ulnae 


Fig.  266. — The  Distal  Extremities 
of    the    Bones   of    the    Right 

Forearm  seen  from  Below. 


Ossa  antibrachii — The  bones  of  the  forearm. 


15—2 


116 


///;     SKELETON   OF    THE    UPPER   EXTREMITY 


Tuberosity  of  the  radius 

Tuberositas  radii 


Nutrient  foramina 

Foramina  nutricia  " 


Radius  (anterior  surface) 
Radius  (fades  volaris) 


Interosseous  space  of  tb.3 
forearm 

Spatium  interosseum 
antibrachii 


Ulna  (anterior  surface) 
Ulna  (fades  volaris) 


Ulna  (anterior  surface) 
Ulna  (fades  volaris) 


Radius  (external  surface) 
Radius  (fades  lateralis) 


Fig.  267. — The  Bones  of  the  Righ'j 
Forearm,  in  Supination. 


Radius  (posterior 

surface) 

Radius  (fades 

dorsalis) 


Fig.  268. — The  Bones  of  the  Right 
Forearm,  in  Pronation. 


The  Bones  of  the  Forearm  in  Supination  and  Pronation. 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE    UPPER   EXTREMITY 


117 


Centres  of  ossification 
in  the  olecranon 


Tuberosity  of  the  ulna 
Tuberositas  ulnae 


Double  epiphysis  of 
the  olecranon  in 
the  act  of  uniting 
with  the  shaft 


Fig.  269. — From  a  Boy  aged 
Thirteen  Years. 

The  Development  of  the   Epiphysis  of  the  Proximal  Extremity  of  the  Ulna 


Fig.  270.— From  a  Boy  aged 
Seventeen  Years. 


Centre  of  ossification  in 
the  head  of  the  ulna 


Fig.  271. — From  a  Girl  aged 
Six  Years. 


Epiphysis  of  the  head 
of  the  ulna  in  the 
act  of  uniting  with 
the  shaft 


Fig.  272. — From  a  Young  Man  aged 
Nineteen  Years. 
The  Development  of  the  Epiphysis  of  the  Distal  Extremity  of  the  Ulna. 


Centre  of  ossification  in 
the  head  of  the  radius      LiSH 


Epiphysis  of  the  head  of 
the  radius  in  the  act 
of  uniting  with  the 
shaft 


Tuberosity  of  the 
radius 

Tuberositas  radii 


Fig.  273. — From  a  Boy  aged    Five  Years.  Fig.  274.— From  a  Boy  aged  Seventeen  Years. 

The  Development  of   the  Epiphysis  of  the  Proximal  Extremity  of  the  Radius. 


Centre  of  ossification  in  the 
distal  extremity  of  the 
radius 


Distal  epiphysis  of 
the  radius  in  the 
act  of  uniting  with 
the  shaft 


Fig.  275. — From  a  Girl  aged  Fig.  276. — From  a  Young  Man  aged 

Two  Years.  Nineteen  Years. 

The  Development  of  the  Epiphysis  of  the  Distal  Extremity  of  the  Radius. 


Development  of  the  Bones  of  the  Forearm. 


118 


THE    SKELETON   OF   THE    UPPER  EXTREMITY 


Concavity  of  the  carpus 
Sulcus  carpi 


Tuberosity  of  the  scaphoid  bone 
Tuberculum  ossis  navicularis 
•Radial  ridge  of  the  carpus v 

'  I'.minintia  carpi  radialis 


Ridge  or  tuberosity  of  the  trapezium 

Tuberculum  ossis  multanguli  may 


The  carpus 
Carpus 


Pisiform  bone 

Os  pisiforme 


*Ulnar  ridge  of  the  carpus 
"'  *Eminentia  carpi  ulnaris 
Unciform  process  of  the  unciform 
bone 

Hamulus  ossis  hamati 


Sesamoid  bones 
Ossa  sesamoidea 


The  metacarpus 

Metacarpus 


Sesamoid  bone 
Os  sesamoideum 


Phalanges  of  the  thumb  ("  first 
Phalanges  pollicis  (digiti  I 


Phalanges  of  the  index  (second)  finger 
(or  forefinger) 
Phalanges  indicis  (digiti  II.) 

Phalanges  of  the  middle  (third)  finger 
Phalanges  digiti  medii  (III.) 


Phalanges  of  the  little  (fifth)  finger 
Phalanges  digiti  minimi  (V.) 


,\j7  j       Phalanges  of  the  ring  (fourth)  finger 
Phalanges  digiti  annularis  (IV. } 


Fig.  277.— Palmar  Aspect  of  the  Skeleton  of  the  Right  Hand  (Facies  Volaris). 


Skeleton  manus— The  skeleton  of  the  hand. 


THE   SKELETON    OF    THE    UPPER   EXTREMITY 


119 


Lunar  (or  semilunar)  bone 
Os  lunatum  i 


Pyramidal  or  cuneiform  bone 
Os  triquetrum 


Pisiform  bone 

Os  pisiforme 


Scaphoid  bone 

Os  naviculare 


Unciform  bone 

Us  hamatum 


Metacarpal  bones  (second 

tc  fifth) 
Ossa  metacarpaha  II  — V 


Proximal  or  first  phalanges 
of  the  fingers  (second  to 

fifth) 

Phalanx  prima  digitorum 

II.— V. 


Medial  or  second 
phalanges  of  the  fingers 

(second  to  fifth) 
Phalanx   secunda   digi- 
torum II — V 


Os  magnum,  or  capitate  bone 
Os  capitatum 

Trapezoid  bone 

..-  "     Os  multangulum  minus 

Trapezium 

Os  multangulum  majus 


Metacarpal  bone  of  the  thumb 

("first  finger") 
Os  metacarpale  pollicis (digiti  I.) 


Proximal  or  first  phalanx 
of  the  thumb 

Phalanx  prima  pollicis 


Distal  or  second 

phalanx  of  the  thumb 

Phalanx  secunda 

pollicis 


Ungual,  terminal,  or  third  phalanges  of 

the  fingers  (second  to  fifth) 

Phalanx  tertia  digitorum  II. — V. 

Fig.  278. — Dorsal  Aspect  of  the  Bones  of  the  Right  Hand  sern  from  the 
Dorsal  Side  (Facies  Dorsalis). 


Skeleton  manus — The  skeleton  of  the  hand. 


120 


Dorsal  transverse  ridge 

Articular  facet   for  the  os 
magnum 

Articular  facet  for  the 
lunar  bone 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE    UPPER    EXTREMITY 

„  Articular  facet  for  the  radius 


.  Dorsal  transverse  ridge  for 
ligaments 


Tuberosity  of  the  scaphoid 

Tuberositas 


Articular  facet  for  the 
trapezoid  bone 

Articular  facet  for  the 
trapezium 


Fig.  279.— Distal  Aspect.  Fig.  280.— Posterior  Aspect. 

Os  Naviculare  Manus — The  Right  Scaphoid  Bone. 


Posterior  surface-. 


Articular  facet  for  the 
scaphoid  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the  os  magnum 


Articular  facet 
for  the  radius 


Articular  facet  for  the  os 

magnum 
Articular  facet  for  the 
.,      unciform  bone 


Articular  facet  for  jjg't'jo,,,; , 
the  pyramidal  or 
cuneiform  bone 

Palmar  surface 

Fig.  282. — Ulnar  Aspect. 


Fig.  281. — Radial  Aspect. 

Os  Lunatum — The  Right  Lunar  (or  Semilunar)  Bone. 


Posterior  surface 


Articular  facet  for  the 
unciform  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the  lunar  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the  pisiform  bone 


Fig.  283.— Radial  Aspect.  Fig.  284.— Palmar  Aspect. 

Os  Triquetrum — The  Right  Pyramidal  or  Cuneiform  Bone. 


V. 


Articular  facet  for  the 
pyramidal  or  cuneiform  bona 


Fig.  285. — Palmar  Aspect.  Fig.  286.— Posterior  Aspect. 

Os  Pisiforme — The  Right  Pisiform  Bone. 


Lunar  (or  semilunar)  bone 
Os  lunatum 


Pyramidal  or  cuneiform  bone 
Os  triquetrum 


Pisiform  bone 

Os  pisiforme 

Unciform  bone 
Os  hamatum 

Os  magnum,  or  capitate  bone 

Os  capitatum 


Scaphoid  bone 

-Os  naviculare 

Central  bone  of  the  carpus  (var. ) 
-     Os  centrale  carpi  (var.) 

Trapezoid  bone 

Os  multangulum  minus 

Trapezium 

Os  multangulum  majus 


Fig.  287.  The  Posterior  Aspect  of  the  Right  Carpus,  containing  an  Os  Centrale. 
Ossa  carpi— The  bones  of  the  carpus  :    first,  superior,  or  proximal  row. 


THE   SKELETON   OF  THE    UPPER   EXTREMITY 


121 


Articular  facet  for  the  second 
metacarpal  bone 


Groove  for  the  tendon  of  the 
flexor  carpi  radialis  muscle 


Posterior  surface 
Saddle-shaped  articular 
facet  for  the  metacar- 
pal bone  of  the  thumb 


Tuberosity  or  rid 
Tuberculum 


Articular  facet  for  the 
second  metacarpal  bone 

Articular  facet  for  the 
trapezoid  bone 

Articular  facet  for  the 
scaphoid  bone 


Fig.  288.— Distal  Aspect.  Fig.  289.— Ulnar  Aspect. 

Os  Mtjltangulum  Majus — The  Right  Trapezium. 


Articular  facet  for  the  os  . 
magnum  or  capitate  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the 
scaphoid  bone 


Radial  articular  facet  for  the 
second  metacarpal  bone 


Ulnar  articular  facet  for  the 
second  metacarpal  bone 


Posterior  surface 

Articular  facet  for  the 

scaphoid  bone 
Articular  facet  for  trapezium 


Fig.  290. — Ulnar  Aspect.  Fig.  291. — Radial  Aspect. 

Os  Multangulum  Minus — The  Right  Trapezoid  Bone. 


Head 

Caput 

Posterior  surface 

Articular  facet  for  the 
trapezoid  bone 


Anterior  surface 


Articular  facet  for  the 
second  metacarpal  bone 

Articular  facet  for  the 
third  metacarpal  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the 
unciform  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the  third 
metacarpal  bone 


Fig.  292. — Radial  Aspect.  Fig.  293. — Ulnar  Aspect. 

Os  Capitatum — The  Right  Os  Magnum  or  Capitate  Bone. 


Posterior  surface -— 


Articular  facet  for  the  fourth 
metacarpal  bone 
Articular  facet  for  the  fifth- - 
metacarpal  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the  os  magnum  „ 
or  capitate  bone 


Unciform  process 


Articular  facet  for  the  lunar 
(or  semilunar  I  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the  pyra- 
midal or  cuneiform  bone 


Unciform  process 


Fig.  294.— Distal  Aspect.  Fig.  295.— Proximal  Aspect. 

Os  Hamatum—  The  Right  Unciform  Bone. 


Ossa  carpi — The  bones  of  the  carpus  :    second,  inferior,  or  distal  row. 


[6 


122 


77/A-    SKELETON    OE   THE    Ul'I'EK    I  XTREMITY 


Articular  facets  for  the  third  metacarpal  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the  fourth 
metacarpal  bone 


Fifth  metacarpal  bone 
Os  metacarpale  V. 


Depressions  for  the  attach- 
ment of  the  lateral 
ligaments 


Articular  facet  for  the 
second  metacarpal  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the  trapezium 


Base,  or  carpal  extremity 
fBa  is 


Saddle-shaped  articular  facet 
for  the  trapezium 


Metacarpal  bone  of  the 

thumb 
Os  metacarpale  pollicis 


^Head,  or  phalangeal  extremity 
Capitulum 


III  II 

Fig.  296. — Radial  Aspect  of  the  Five  Metacarpal  Bones  of  the  Right  Hand 


Articular  facets  for  the  fourth  metacarpal  bone 


Styloid  process  of  the  third  metacarpal  bone 

Processus  styloideus 


Articular  facet  for  the  os  magnum 
or  capitate  bone 
Articular  facet  for  the  third 
metacarpal  bone 


Saddle-shaped  articular 
facet  for  the  trapezium 


Metacarpal  bone  of  the 

thumb 
Os  metacarpale  pollicis 


Articular  facet  for  the 
fifth  metacarpal  bone     '' 


Base,  or  carpal  extremity 
Basis 


Tuberosity  of  the  fifth 
metacarpal  bone 
Tuberositas  ossis 
metacarpalis  V. 


Shaft,  or  body 
Corpus 


Depressions  for  the  attach- 
ment of  the  lateral 
ligaments 


Head,  or  phalangeal  extremity 
Capitulum 


Fig.  297. — Ulnar  Aspect  of  the  Five  Metacarpal  Bones  of  the  Right  Hand. 


Proximal  extremity 
Basis 


Ungual  process 
Tuberositas 
unguicularis 


•Trochlea  Proximal       'Trochlea 

•Trochlea         ^f™117      "Trochlea          Posterior  surface    extremity    Head,  or  phalangeal 
Shaft,  or  body            |                                        .  Fades  dorsalis      ,Basis  extremity,  of  the 

Corpus.  J  ___-=^—^- 7 ~ — "^^sa,        y^9 — ^l»te-™  metacarPal  bone 

Ws*A  ff  '^  'jif^   Capitulum  ossis 
f  WbA  I  £     »sP  metacarpalis 

11     ^^^^        1  NSjI 


Fig.  298. — Radial  Aspect  of  the  Bones  of  the  Right  Index  Finger  (Margo  Radialis 

Digiti  Secundi). 


The  Metacarpal    Bones  of  the  Hand  and  the  Phalanges  of  the  Fingers. 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE    UPPER   EXTREMITY 


123 


Unciform  bone 

Os  hamatum 


Os  magnum, 
or  capitate 
bone 

Os  capitatum 


Lunar  (or  semilunar)  bone 
Os  lunatum 


Unciform  bone, 
Os  hamatum 


Os  magnum,  or  capitate  bone 

.  Os  capitatum 

Scaphoid  bone 

Os  naviculare 


Trapezium 

Os  multangulum 
majus 


Fig.  299. — In  the  Second  Year 

of  Life. 
Centres  of  Ossification  of  the  Carpus  (Sections  parallel  to  the  Posterior  Surface). 


Fig.  300. — In  the  Seventh  Year 
of  Life. 


Centre  of  ossification  in 
the  head  of  the  meta- 
carpal bone 


Centres  of  ossification 

in  the  proximal 

extremities  of  the 

phalanges 


Epiphysis  of  the  head  of 
the  metacarpal  bone 


Epiphyses     of     the 

1  proximal  extremities 

of  the  phalanges 


Fig.  301. — Middle  Finger  in  the 
Second  Year  of  Life. 


Fig.  302. — Middle  Finger  in  the 
Seventh  Year  of  Life. 


Centre  of  ossification  in 
the  base  of  the  meta- 
carpal    bone     of     the 
thumb 


Centres  of  ossification 

in  the  proximal 

extremities  of  the 

phalanges 


Epiphysis  of  the  proximal 

extremity  in   the   act   of 

uniting  with  the  shaft 


Epiphysis  of  the  h3ad 
of  the  metacarpal  bone 

Epiphysis  of  the  proxi 
mal  extremity  of  the 
metacarpal  phalanx 


Epiphysis  of  the  proxi- 
mal extremity  of  the 
medial  phalanx 


_  Epiphysis  of  the  proximal 

extremity  of  the  ungual 

phalanx 


Fig.  304. — Bones  of 
the  Thumb  in  the 
Fourth  Year  of 
Life. 


Fig.  305. — Metacarpal 
Bone  of  the  Thumb 
in  the  Eighteenth 
Year  of  Life. 


Vi 

Fig.  303. — Epiphyses  of  the  Bones 
of  the  Middle  Finger  in  the 
Act  of  uniting  with  the  Shafts: 
Seventeenth  Year  of  Life. 


Development  of  the  Bones  of  the  Hand. 


16 — 2 


124 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


Sacral  promontory 

Promontorium        v 


Fifth  lumbar  vertBfcra 

IVertebra  lumbalis  V. 


Upper  or  false 
pelvis 
Pelvis  major  [it 

Brim  or  inlet 
Linea  terminalis  - 

Lower  or  true 
pelvis 

Pelvis  minor 


Sacro-iliac  joint 

Articulatiu  sacro-iliaca 


Anterior  superior 
spine  of  the  ilium 

Spina  iliaca 
anterior  superior 


Great  trochanter 
Trochanter  major 


|<       '"  Pubic  symphysis 

Symphysis  ossium  pubis 


Fig.  306.— Pelvis  Muliebris — The  Female  Pelvis.     Anterior  Aspect. 

The  formation  of  the  pelvis  out  of  the  sacrum  and  coccyx  and  the  two  innominate  bones.  The  iliac 
portions  of  the  innominate  bones  with  the  base  of  the  sacrum  constitute  the  upper  or  false  pelvis  ; 
the  pubic  and  ischiatic  portions  of  the  innominate  bones  with  the  sacrum  and  the  coccyx  con- 
stitute the  lower  or  true  pelvis  ;  the  boundary  between  the  false  and  the  true  pelvis  corresponds 
with  the  upper  aperture  or  entrance  of  the  true  pelvis,  the  line  separating  the  two  being  known 
as  the  brim  or  inlet  of  the  true  pelvis.  Regarded  as  the  means  of  attachment  of  the  lower  limb 
to  the  trunk,  the  pelvis  is  the  cingulum  extremitatis  inferioris,  or  pelvic  girdle. 


Cingulum  extremitatis  inferioris— Pelvic  girdle. 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


125 


Sacrum  (pelvic  surface) 

Os  sacrum  (facies  pelvina) 


Fifth  lumbar  vertebra 
Vertebra  lumbalis  V. 


Ilium 

Os  ilium 


The  pelvic  inlet 

Apertura  pelvis  ; 

(minoris)  superioi 


Sacral  portion  of  the  brim 

or  inlet  of  the  pelvis 

Pars  sacralis  Hneae 

terminalis 

—Iliac  portion  of  the  brim  or 

inlet  of  the  pelvis 

Pars  iliaca  lineae  terminalis 

Pubic  portion  of  the  brim  or 

inlet  of  the  pelvis 
Pars  pubica  linear  terminalis 


Fig.  307. — Pelvis  Virilis — The  Male  Pelvis.     Anterior  Aspect. 

The  upper  or  false  and  the  lower  or  true  pelvis,  pelvis  major  and  pelvis  minor.     The  brim  of  the  true 
pelvis  is  divided  into  a  sacral,  an  iliac,  and  a  pubic  portion. 


Cingulum  extremitatis  inferioris — Pelvic  girdle. 


l2(S 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE  LOWER  EXTREMITY 


Spinous  process  of  the  fifth  lumbar  vertebra 

In  n  <  .us  spinosus  vertebra:  lumbalis  V.         \ 

Rough   surface  behind 


the  posterior  gluteal 
line  for  the  attachment 
of  the  gluteus  maximu 
'Tuberositas  iliaca 


Posterior  superior 
spine  of  the  ilium 
Spina   iliaca  pos- 
terior superior 

Posterior  inferior 
spine  of  the  ilium 
Spina  iliaca   pos- 
terior inferior 


Spine  of  the  ischium 
Spina  ischiadica 


Great  trochanter 
Trochanter  major 


Ilium 

Os  ilium 


Sacrum  (posterior 
surface) 

Os  sacrum  (facies 
dorsalisl 


Coccyx 
Os  coccygis 


Ischium 

Os  ischii 


Tuberosity  of  the 
ischium 

Tuber  ischiadicum 


Fig.  308. — Pelvis  Virilis — The  Male  Pelvis.     Posterior  Aspect. 

The  pelvic  outlet,  apertura  pelvis  (minoris)  inferior,  in  the  bony  pelvis  appears  to  be  bounded  on  either 
side  by  the  lower  borders  of  the  pubis  and  the  ischium  and  the  greater  and  lesser  sciatic  notches, 
ini  isurae  ischiadica?  major  et  minor,  and  behind  by  the  projecting  part  of  the  sacrum  and  by 
the  coccyx.  But  inasmuch  as  on  either  side  there  are  two  strong  ligaments  arising  from  the 
sacrum  and  coccyx,  the  great  and  the  small  sacrosciatic  ligaments,  ligamenta  sacrotuberosum 
et  sacrospinosum,  which  stretch  across  the  two  sciatic  notches,  and  thus  enlarge  the  posterior 
and  lateral  walls  of  the  true  pelvis,  by  this  means  the  sciatic  notches  are  filled  in,  and  the  outlet 
of  the  pelvis  is  notably  diminished  in  size. 


Cinguium  extremltatis  inferloris — Pelvic  girdle. 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE   LOWER  EXTREMITY 


127 


Diagonal  conjugate 
<  'onjugata  diagonali 


True  conjugate  (conjugata  vera), 
median  sagittal  or  antero-posterior 
diameter  of  pelvic  brim 


Inclination  of  the  pelvis'' 
Inclinatio  pelvis 


—  Median-sagittal  or  antero-postenor 
diameter  of  the  pelvic  cavity 

Axis  of  the  pelvic  canal 
Axis  pelvis 

Median-sagittal  or  antero-posterior 
diameter  of  the  pelvic  outlet 
Horizontal  plane 


Fig.  309.— The  Median-Sagittal  or  Anteroposterior  Diameters  of  the  True  Pelvis. 


Transverse  diameter 
Diameter  transversa 


Oblique  diameter 
Diameter  obliqua'"~"\. 


Antero-posterior  diameter,  or       (T 
true  conjugate  -     J 

Conjugata  (vera) 


Fig.  310. — The  Diameters  of  the  Pelvic  Inlet  (Apertura  Pelvis  Superior). 


The    Principal   Diameters  of  the  True   Pelvis. 


128 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


Intermediate  ridge 

Finea  intermedia 


Inner  lip 

Labium  internum 


Anterior  superior  iliac  spine 
Spina  iliaca  anterior  superior 

Iliac  portion  of  the  iliopectineal  line 
Linea  arcuata 

Anterior  inferior  iliac  spine 

Spina  iliaca  anterior  inferior 

Iliopectineal  eminence 

Eminentia  iliopectinea 

Pubic  portion  of  the  iliopectineal  line 

Pecten  ossis  pubis 

Obturator  groove 
Sulcus  obturatorius 
*Anterior  obturator  tubercle 

•Tuberculum  obturatorium  anterius 

Superior   or  ascending    ramus 
of  the  pubis 

Ramus  superior  ossis  pubis 
"Posterior  obturator  tubercle  (var  )  — 
"Tuberculum  obturatorium 
posterius  (var.) 
Surface  of  the  symphysis-- 
Facies  symphyseos 


Inferior  or  descending  ramus  of  the  pubis 
Ramus  inferior  ossis  pubis 

Thyroid  or  obturator  foramen 

Foramen  obturatum 


*  Pre-auricular  groove 

'Sulcus  paraglenoidalis 
(prsr-auricularis) 

"Tuberosity  of  the  ilium1 
•Tuberositas  iliaca 

Auricular  surface 
Facies  auricularis 

Posterior  superior  iliac  spine 

Spina  iliaca  posterior  superior 

Posterior  inferior  iliac  spine 
Spina  iliaca  posterior  inferior 

Great  sciatic,  or  ilioaciatic  notch 

Incisura  ischiadica  major 

Body  of  the  ischium 
Corpus  ossis  ischii 

Spine  of  the  ischium 

Spina  ischiadica 

Superior  ramus  of  the  iscnium 
Ramus  superior  ossis  ischii 


Tuberosity  of  the  ischium 

Tuber  ischiadicum 


Inferior  ramus  of  the  ischium 
Ramus  inferior  ossis  ischii 

1  This  term,  which  is  seldom  used  by  English  anatomists,  denotes  the  posterior  fifth  of  the  crest  ot  tne 
ilium  and  the  rough  surface  of  bone  immediately  below  the  crest  on  either  side.— Tr. 

Fig.  311.— The  Right  Hip-Bone.     Inner  Aspect. 

The  ilium  forms  the  upper  part  of  the  os  innominatum.  The  slightly  concave  inner  surface  of  the  upper 
and  anterior  part  of  the  ilium,  known  as  the  iliac  fossa,  is  directed  towards  the  observer  ;  behind  he 
fossa  is  the  auricular  surface  for  articulation  with  the  sacrum  ;and  beh.nd  the  auricular  surface  is  the 
internal  rough  surface  of  the  tuberosity  of  the  ilium1.  TV  '.pper  border  of  the  ilium  is  the  iliac 
crest  the  anterior  extremity  of  which  forms  the  anterior  superior  iliac  spine,  the  posterior  extremity, 
the  posterior  superior  iliac  spine.  From  the  anterior  border  of  the  ilium  projects  the  anterior  inferior 
iliac  spine,  from  the  posterior  border,  the  posterior  interior  iliac  spine.  The  superior  or  ascending 
and  the  inferior  or  descending  ramus  of  the  pubis  and  the  superior  and  inferior  ramus  of  the  ischium, 
surrounding  the  obturator  foramen,  are  all  seen  from  the  internal  or  pelvic  aspect.  The  surface  of 
the  pubic  symphysis,  by  means  of  which  the  two  pubic  bones  articulate,  forms  the  internal  limiting 
surface  of  the  os  pubis. 


Os  coxae— Hip-bone  or  innominate  cone. 


THE   SKELETON    OT   THE  LOWER   EXTREMI1Y 


129 


Crest  of  the  ilium 
Crista  iliaca 


Outer  lip 

Labium  externum 

/  Middle  gluteal  line 

\  U.S.  :  Middle  curved  line 

I.inea  glutaea  anterior 


f Posterior  gluteal  line 
\V.S.  :  Superior  curved  line  , 
Linea  glutaea  posterior 

'Tuberosity  of  the  ilium 
"Tuberositas  iliaca 

Posterior  superior  spine  of  the 

ilium  

Spina  iliaca  posterior  superior 

Posterior  inferior  spine  of  the  ilium 
Spina  iliaca  posterior  inferior 


Iliosciatic  or  great  sciatic 

Incisura  ischiadica  major 


Spine  of  the  ischium 
Spina  ischiadica 


Small  sciatic  notch 
Incisura  ischiadica  minor 


Tuberosity  of  the  ischium 
Tuber  ischiadicum 


Anterior  superior  spine  01  the  ilium 

Spina  iliaca  anterior  superior 

|  Inferior  gluteal  line 
—  I  U.S.  :  Inferior  curved  line 
Linea  glutaea  inferior 
Anterior  inferior  spine  of  the  ilium 

Spina  iliaca  anterior  inferior 


Acetabulum,  or  cotyloid  cavity 
Acetabulum 


Thyroid  or  obturator  foramen 
Foramen  obturatum 


Fig.  312.— The  Right  Hip-Bone,  Outer  Side.     Posterior  Aspect. 

The  outer  surface  of  the  ilium  is  seen,  divided  by  the  three  gluteal  lines  into  areas  from  which  the  three 
gluteal  muscles  respectively  arise.  The  spine  of  the  ischium  projects  backwards  from  the  posterior 
border  of  the  hip-bone  ;  above  this  spine  is  the  iliosciatic  or  great  sciatic  notch,  below  it  is  the  small 
scst-c  notch.     The  lowest  portion  of  the  bone  is  formed  by  the  backwaidly  projecting  tuberosity  of 


tne  jscmum.     The  acetabulum  is  viewed  obliquely  from  behind 


Os  coxae — Hip-bone 


130 


THE   SKELETON   OE   THE    LOWER   EXTREMITY 


Crest  of  the  ilium 
Crista  iliaca  \ 


Outer  lip 
''Labium  e:  ti  mum 


Intermediate  ridge 

Lima  ink  i  1 1 1  •     : 


Middle  gluteal  line      f 
Linea  gluta?3.  anterior 


Ala  of  the  ilium r 
Ala  ossis  ilium 


Body  of  the  ilium  _ 
Corpus  ossis  ilium 

Horseshoe-shaped  articular 

surface  of  the  acetabulum  - 

Facies  lunata 


Fossa  of  the  acetabulum 

Fossa  acetabuli 


Cotyloid  noicii 

Incisura  acetabuli'" 
Body  of  the  ischium 
Corpus  ossis  ischn 


Tuberosity  of  the  ischium 

Tuber  ischiadicum 


M  Anterior  superior  spine  of  the  ilium 

/  Spina  iliaca  anterior  superior 


Iliopectineal  eminence 

Emmentia  iliopectinea 


•Body  of  the  pubis' 

"Corpus  ossis  puDr? 


M 


Spine  of  the  publ£ 

Tuberculum  pubicum 

Obturator  groove 

Sulcus  obturatorius 
Obturator  crest 
Crista  obturatoria 

Inferior  or  descending  ramus  of 

the  pubis 

Ramus  inferior  ossis  pubis 

.  'Posterior  obturator  tubercle  (var.) 
t/,       *Tuberculum  obturatorium  posterius  (var. 


Thyroid  or  obturator  foramen/ 
Foramen  obturatum 


j  Inferior  ramus  of  the  ischium 
Ramus  inferior  ossis  ischii 


1  Bodv  of  the  iubis  The  use  of  this  term  by  English  anatomists  is  a  variable  one.  Macahster,  whose 
terminology  here  as  usual,  is  in  conformity  with  that  of  Continental  anatomists,  writes  :  "The  pubis  consists 
of  a  bodv  which  forms  a  little  less  than  one-fifth  of  the  acetabulum  .  .  .  ";  Quam,  on  the  other  hand 
writes'  "The  flat  portion  between  the  rami  [of  the  pubis]  is  the  body";  and  Young,  in  his  '  Synopsis  ot 
Human  Anatomy  "  (U.S.),  follows  Quain's  usage.  The  Continental  application  of  the  term  has .however 
the  advantage  in  the  point  of  consistency,  the  body  being  then,  in  the  case  of  each  of  the  three  e  ements  o 
the  hip-bone,  the  thickened  portion  taking  part  in  the  formation  of  the  acetabulum,  ot  which  the  torfy  0)  the 
tubh  constitutes  about  one-fifth,  the  body  of  the  ilium  nearly  two-fifths,  and  the  body  of  the  ischium  tb- 
remainder. — Tr. 

Fig.  313.— The  Right  Hip-Bone,  Outer  Side.     Seen  from  the  RigkI'. 

For  this  illustration  the  hip-bone  has  been  so  placed  that  a  direct  view  of  the  interior  of  the  acetabulum 
i  obtained  ;  this  consists  of  two  portions,  the  rough,  nearly  circular  fossa  of  the  acetabulum,  and  the 
horse-shoe  shaped  articular  surface  (facies  lunata-covered  in  the  recent  state  with  cartilage;, 
opposite  the  fossa  of  the  acetabulum,  the  rim  bounding  the  depression  ,s  mterrupted  by  *e  cotyloid 
notch  (incisura  acetabuli).  The  three  bones  which,  separate  at  first,  subsequently  unite  to  form  the 
hipbone,  all  take  part  in  the  formation  of  the  acetabulum  (see  note    above). 


Us  coxee  — Hip-Done. 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE   LOWER    EXTREMITY 


131 


Cartilage  of  the  crest         /f 

of  the  ilium 
Centre  of  ossification 

of  the  ilium 

Primitive  cartilage 


Cartilage  of  the  crest 
of  the  ilium 


Centre  of  ossification 
of  the  ischium 


Fig.  314. — In  the  Fifth  Month  of  Fcetal 
Life  (Months  of  Four  Weeks  Each). 


Centre  of  ossification 
of  the  pubis 


Y-shaped  cartilage 


Fig.  315. — In  the  Sixth  Month  of  Fcetal 
Life  (Months  of  Four  Weeks  Each). 


Cartilage  of  the  crest  cf  the  ilium 


Fig.  316. — In  the  Fourth  Year  of  Life. 


Ossification  of 
the  Y-shaped_' 

cartilage 
Os  acetabul 


Epiphysis  of  the 
tuberosity  of  the  ischium 


Anterior  inferior 
spine  of  the  ilium 

\  iliaca 
anterior  inferior 

,  Ossification  of  tie 
Y-shaped  cartilage 


Epiphysis  of  the 
crest  of  the  ilium 


Line  of  union  of 

the  ischiopubic 

rami 


Epiphysis  of  the 
tuberosity  of  the  ischium 


Fig.  317.— In  the  Fourteenth  Year  of  Life.     Fig.  318. — In  the  Seventeenth  Year  of  Life. 


Development  of  the  Hip-Bone. 


17--2 


132 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE  LOWER    EXTREMITY 


Neck  of  the  femur 

Collum  femoris       v 


Great  trochanter 

Trochanter  major  ' 


Anterior  inter- 
trochanteric lulu 

Linea  inter- 
trochanterica 


Head  of 
the  femur 

,    Caput 
femoris 
Fossa  of  the 
interarticular 

ligament 
Fovea  capitis 


Head  of 

the  femur 

Caput 

femoris 

Fossa  of  the 

interarticular 

ligament 
Fovea  capitis 


Small  trochanter 
Trochanter  minor 


Shaft  or  body  of  the 

femur  (anterior  surface) 

Corpus  femoris 

(facies  anterior) 


External  tuberosity 

(or  epicondyle) 
Epicondylus  lateralis 

Patellar  surface 
Facies  patellaris- 
External  condyle 
Condylus  lateralis 


Small  trochanter 

Trochanter  minor 


Inner  lip  of  the 
linea  aspera 

Labium  mediale 
lineas  aspera; 


Neck  of  the  femur 
Collum  femoris 

Great  trochanter 
Trochanter  major 
Digital  or  trochan- 
teric fossa 
w  Fossa  trochanterica 
Posterior  inter- 
trochanteric ridge 
or  line 
Crista  intertrochanterica 

Gluteal  ridge 
Tuberositas  glutaea 

Pectineal  line 

Linea  pectinea 


Nutrient  foramen 
—  Foramen  nutricium 

Internal  surface 

Facies  medialis 

External  surface 

Facies  lateralis 
__  Linea  aspera 
Linea  aspera 
Outer  lip  of  the  linea  aspera 
'  iterale 

Nutrient  foramen 
Foramen  nutricium 


Internal  tuberosity 
(or  epicondyle) 

Epicondylus  medialis 


Internal  condyle 

Condylus  medialis 


Popliteal  surface 

Planum  popliteum 


Intercondylar  line 

Linea  intercondyloidea 
Intercondylar  fossa 

Fossa  intercondyloidea 
External  condyle 
Condylus  lateralis 


Fig.  319. — The  Right  Femur, 
Anterior  Aspect. 


Fig. 


320. — The  Right  Femur, 
Posterior  Aspect. 


Femur — The  femur,  or  thigh-bone. 


THE  SKELETON   OF   THE  LOWER  EXTREMITY 


133 


Fossa  of  the  inter 
articular  ligament^ 
Fovea  capitis 


Neck  of  the  femur 

Collum  femoris  , 

«>. 

Anterior  intertrochanteric         V 

line  itv 

Linea  intertrochanterica  WiiJ,    M 

Inner  lip  of  the  linea  aspera 

Labium  mediale  linea;  asperse 


,  Head  of  the  femur 
Caput  femoris 

Great  trochanter 
'Trochanter  major 
Digital  or 
trochanteric  fossa 

Fossa  trochanterica 


.  Small  trochanter 

Trochanter  minor 


Shaft  or  body  of  the  femur - 
Corpus  femoris 

Anterior  surface. 
Facies  anterior 

Internal  surface  _ 
Facies  medialis 


Small  trochanter 

Trochanter  minor' 


Pectineal  line 
Linea  pectinea 


Inner  lip  of  the  linea  aspera 
Labium  mediale  lineae  aspera? 


Great  trochanter 

Trochanter  major 

Posterior  intertro- 
chanteric ridge 
or  line 

Crista  intertro- 
chanteric? 


Third  trochanter  (var.) 
Trochanter  tertius  (var.) 

Gluteal  ridge 

Tuberositas  glutaea 


Outer  lip  of  the  linea 
aspera 

Labium  laterale  lineae 
asperas 


Fig.  322. — The  Upper  Portion  of  the  Right 
Femur:  Third  Trochanter  (Var.).  Seen 
from  Behind. 


Patellar  surface  _ 
Facies  patellaris 


Internal  tuberosity,  orepicondyle' 
Epicondylus  medialis 


Internal  condyle 

Condylus  medialis 


Fig.  321. — The  Right  Femur, 
Internal  Aspect. 


Internal  surface 
Facies  medialis 


Inner  lip  , 

Labium  mediale 


Anterior  surrace 

/  Facies  anterior 


External  surface 

Facies  lateralis 


'/■■ 


Outer  lip 

Labium  laterale 


,  Linea  aspera 

Linea  aspera 


Fig.  323. — Transverse  Section  through 
the  Middle  of  the  Shaft  of  the 
Right  Femur. 


remur — The  femui , 


134 


THE   SKELETON   OF  Till:   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


Strut  of  compact  tissue 


Neck  of  the  femur_ 
c '.  ilium  fi 

Head  of  the  femur 

Caput  femoris 


Calcar  femorale,  or 
Merkel's  spur 


Great  trochanter 

I  inter  major 

Posterior  intertrochanteric  ridge  or  line 
..-^     Crista  intertrochantei  ii  a 


Cancellous  tissue 

~Mil)stanti.i    .puni;iosa 


Fig.  324. — Horizontal  Section  through  the  Proximal  Extremity  of  the  Right  Femur, 
above  the  Small  Trochanter,  to  show  the  Calcar  Femorale. 


External  tuberosity,  or  epicondylex 

Epicondylus  lateralis 


Groove  of  the  tendon  of  the 
popliteus  muscle 


External  condyle 

Condylus  lateralis 

Fig.  325. — Distal  Extremity  of  the  Right  Femur.     Seen  from  the  Outer  Side. 


Intercondylar  fossa 
Fossa  intercondyloidea 
External  condyle 
Condylus  lateralis 


Patellar  surface 

Facies  patellaris 


.Internal  condyle 
Condylus  medialis 


Fig.  326. — Distal  Articular  Extremity  of  the  Right  Femur.     Seen  from  Below. 


Femur — The  femur. 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


135 


Cartilage  of  the  proximal  - 
epiphysis 


Diaphysis 


Centre  of  ossification 
Cartilage  of  the  distal 
epiphysis 


Centre  of  ossification  for 

the  epiphysis  of  the  head 

of  the  femur 


Diaphysis 


Diaphysis 


Centre  of  ossification  for 
the  distal  epiphysis 


Fig.  328. — From  a  Boy  aged  Nine 
and  a  Half  Months. 


Fig.  327. — From  a  Boy  still-born 
at  Full  Term. 
Body-length,  21  inches. 

The  Centres  of  Ossification  of  the  Proximal  and  Distal  Epiphyses 


Epiphysis  of   the 
head  of  the  femur 


Epiphysial  cartilage  of 
the  small  trochanter 


Diaphysis 


Centre  of  ossifica- 
tion for  the  great 
trochanter 


Epiphysis  of  the  head  of  the  femur 


Epiphysis  of  the  great 
trochanter 


Calcar  femorale 


Epiphysis  of  the  small 
trochanter 


Diaphysis 


.  Gluteal  ridge 
Tuberositas  glutaea 


Fig.  329.— From  a  Girl  aged  Seven  Years.         Fig.  330.— From  a  Gikl  aged  Fifteen  Years. 
The  Epiphyses  of  the  Proximal  Extremity. 


Diaphysis 


Epiphysial  disc 
Synchondrosis  epiphyseos— £3j 


Distal  epiphysis 
Epiphysis  distalis 


.$*#'' 


Diaphysis 


Epiphysial  disc 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 

Distal  epiphysis 
Epiphysis  distalis 


Fig.  331.— In  Frontal  Section.  Fig.  332.— In  Sagittal  Section. 

The  Epiphysis  of  the  Distal  Extremity  from  a  Girl  aged  Fifteen  Years. 


Development  of  the  Femur. 


136 


THE   SKELETON   OF  -HIE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


•Anterior  border  of  proximal 

articular  surface 

•Margo  infraglei lali 

External  tuberosity 

Condylus  lateralis 


Tubercle  of  the  tibia 
Tuberositas  tibia; 


Spine  of  the  tibia 

Eminentia  intercondyloidea 


External  border,  or  inter 

osseous  ridge 

Crista  interossea 

Shaft  or  body  of  the  tibia- 

(external  surface) 

Corpus  tibiae  (facies 

lateralis) 


Anterior  border 

Crista  anterior 


Internal  surface 
Facies  medialis 


Internal  surface 

Facies  medialis  ' 


Groove  for  tibialis  posticus        $jtf'  ■'■ 
Sulcus  malleolaris 


External  tuberosity 
•  Condylus  lateralis 


-  Articular  surface  for 

the  head  of  the  fibula 

Facies  articulans 

fibularis 


Popliteal  or  oblique  line 
Linea  poplitea 


Nutrient  foramen 
oramen  nutricium 


Shaft  or  body  of  the  tibia 

(posterior  surface) 

Corpus  tibia?  (facies 

posterior) 

External  border,  or  inter- 
osseous ridge 
Crista  interossea 


Fiouiar  groove 

Incisura  fibularis 


Internal  malleolus 
Internal  malleolus        Malleolus  medialis  -'' 
Malleolus  medialis 

FlG.  333.— anterior  Aspect.  Fig.  334.-P0STERIOR  Aspect. 

The  Right  Tibia. 


Ease  of  the  patella  -.. 
Basis  patellae 


Apex  of  the  patella 
Apex  patellae 


Base  of  the  patella 

Basis  patellae 

.  Articular  surface 
Facies  articularis 


Apex  of  the  patella 
Apex  patellae 


Fig.  335.— Anterior  Surface.  Fig.  336.— Posterior  Surface. 

The  Right  Patella 


Ossa  cruris— The  bones  of  the  leg:    the  patella,  rotula,  or  knee-pan. 


THE   SKELETON    OF   THE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


137 


Tubercle  of  the  tibia — Tuberositas  tibiae" 


•Anterior  border  of  the  proximal  articular  surface 
•Margo  infraglenoidalis 


Internal  tuberosity 

Condylus  medialis 


Inner  tubercle  of  the  spine  of  the  tibia 
Tuberculum  intercondyloideum  mediale 
•Posterior  intercondylar  fossa 

Fossa  intercondyloidea  posterior 


Popliteal  notch 


•Anterior  intercondylar  fossa 
/•Fossa  intercondyloidea  anterior 


External  tuberosity 
Condylus  lateralis 


Outer  tubercle  of  the  spine  of  the  tibia 

Tuberculum  intercondyloideum  laterale 

Spine  of  the  tibia 

Eminentia  intercondyloidea 


Fig.  338.-FACIES  Articularis  Superior  Tibiae— The  Proximal  Articular  Surface  of 

the  Right  Tibia. 


Articular  surface 

for  the  head  of 

the  fibula 

Fades  articularis 
fibularis 


Note  to  Fig  33S  —'Interior  and  Posterior  Intercondylar  Fossa.—  These  terms  are 
used  neither  by  Quain  nor  by  Macalister.  The  latter  speaks  of  the  hollows  in 
question  as  depressions  for  the  crucial  ligaments. — Tr. 


Popliteal  or  oblique  line 

Linea  poplitea 


Nutrient  foramen 

Foramen  nutricium " 


Posterior  surface 
Facies  posterior 


External  border,  or 
interosseous  ridge 

Crista  interossea 

Shaft  or  body  of  the 

tibia  (external  surface) 

Corpus  tibiae 

(facies  lateralis) 


External  malleolus 

Malleolus  lateralis 


Arttcular  surface  of  the  ..-• 
external  malleolus 

Facies  articularis  malleoli 
(lateralis) 

Fossa  of  the  external 
lateral  ligament  of  the  ankle 


Inferior  (distal)  articular 

surface  of  the  tibia 
Facies  articularis  inferior 
tibiae 
Articular  surface  of 
the  internal  malleolus 
Facies  articularis 

malleolaris 

Internal  malleolus 

—  Malleolus  medialis 


Fig.  339-— The  Distal  Articular  Surfaces 
of  the  Bones  of  the  Right  Leg. 


Fibular  groove 

Incisura  fibularis" 


f' 


Fig.  337. — Right  Tibia  seen  from  the  Outer  Side. 

Ossa  cruris— Bones  of  the  leg. 


iS 


-\ 


138 


THE   SKELETON    OF   THE    LOWER   EXTREMITY 


Styloid  process  of  the 

fibula 
"  Apex  capi'tuli  fibulae 

Head  of  the  fibula 
Capitulum  fibulas 


Articular  surface  of 

the  head 

Facies  articularis 

capituli 


External  border 
Crista  lateralis 

Shaft  or  body  of  the 

fibula  (external  surface) 

Corpus  fibula?  (facies 

lateralis) 


-  Anterior  border 

Crista  anterior 


Interosseous  ridge 

Crista  interossea 

Anterior  border 

Crista  anterior 
Internal  surface 
Facies  medialis 


Nutrient  foramen 
Foramen  nutriciura 
Internal  border 
Crista  medialis 

Shaft  or  body  of  the 

fibula 

Corpus  fibular 


Posterior  surface 

Facies  posterior 


Groove  for  the  tendons 
of  the  peroneus  longus 
and  peroneus  brevis    - 
muscles 


External  malleolus 

"  Malleolus  lateralis 


Articular  surface  of 

the  external  malleolus 

Facies  articularis 

malleoli  (lateralis) 


Fossa  of  the  external 
lateral  ligament  of 
the  ankle-joint 


Fig.  340.— External  Aspect.  Fig.  341.— Internal  Aspect. 

The  Right  Fibula  or  Peroneal  Bone. 

-Anterior  border 

Crista  anterior 

External  surface 
Facies  lateralis 

External  border,  or  interosseous  ridge 
Crista  interossea 

Interosseous  ridge 
,.  Crista  interossea 

.  Anterior  border 
('rista  anterior 
External  surface 
'  Facies  lateralis 


Internal  surface 
Facies  medialis 


Internal  border 

Mareo  medialis 

Posterior  surface 
Facies  posterior 


The  Tibia 


Internal  border' 
Crista  medialis 


The  Fibula 


External  border 
Crista  lateralis 


'  Posterior  surface 
Facies  posterior 


Fig.  342. — Transverse  Section  through  the  Middle  of  the  Bones  of  the  Right  Leg. 
with  the  Interosseous  Membrane, 


Ussa  cruris— Bones  of  the  leg. 


J  HE   SKELETON   OF   THE  LOWER   EXT  REM  11  Y 


139 


Centre  of  ossification  • 
for  the  proximal 
epiphysis  of  the 
tibia 


Centre  of  ossifica- 
tion for  the 
distal  epiphysis 
of  the  tibia 


Centre  of 
ossification  for 
the  proximal 
epiphysis  of 

the  tibia 


Diaphysis 

Diaphysis 

Interosseous  space  of 
the  leg 

Spatium  interosseum 
cruris 


Centres  of  ossifica- 
tion for  the  distal 
epiphyses  of  the 
tibia  and  fibula 


Fig.  343.— From  a  Boy  still-     Fig.  344. — From  a  Boy  aged       Fig.  345. — From  a  Boy  aged 
born  at  Full  Term.  Nine  and  a  Half  Months.  One  and  a  Half  Years. 

Body  length,  21  inches. 


Centre  of  ossification. 
for  the  proximal 
epiphysis  of  the 
fibula 


Distal  epiphysis  of  tL 
fibula 


Proximal  epiphysis 
of  the  tibia 


Distal 
epiphyses  of 
-•     the  tibia 
and  fibula 


Fig.    346. — Proximal    and  Fig.  347. — Proximal  Portion  Fig.  348. — The  Distal  Portions 

Distal  Portions  of  the  of  the  Tibia  of  a  Girl              of  the   Bones   of  the   Leg 

Fibula  of  a  Girl  aged  aged     Fifteen     Years.              of    a    Girl    aged    Fifteen 

Four  and  a  Half  Years.  Sagittal  Section.                         Years.     Frontal  Section. 


Development  of  the  Bones  oi  the  JL.eg. 


140 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


Superior  articular  surface 
of  the  astragalus 

Trochlea  tali 


The  tarsus 

Tarsus 


The  metatarsus 

Metatarsus 


The  phalanges  of  the  toes 

Phalanges  digiturum  pedis 


Tuberosity  of  the  ; 

calcaneum  Sinus  of  the  tarsus  Tuberosity  of  the  fifth  metatarsal  bone 

Tuber  calcanei  Sinus  tarsi        „  >,  . .  Tuberositas  ossis  metatarsals  V. 

Groove  of  the 
peroneus  longus  tendon 
Sulcus  m.  peronsi  longi 

Fig.  349. — Bones  of  the  Right  Foot  seen  from  the  Outer  Side  :   Faciei  Dorsalis  Pedis 

et  Margo  Lateralis  Pedis. 


The  tarsus 

Tarsus    , 


The  phalanges  of  the  toes 

Phalanges  digitorum  pedis 


The  metatarsus 

Metatarsus 


Sesamoid  bone 

Os  sesamoideum 


Tuberosity  of  the 

navicular  bone 

Tuberositas  ossis 

navicularis 


Sustentaculum  tali  '/a 

Sustentaculum  tali 


Fig.  350. — The  Bones  of  the  Right  Foot  seen  from  the  Inner  Side 
Margo  Medialis  Pedis. 


Skeleton  pedis— Bones  of  the  foot. 


THE   SKELETON   OE   THE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


14! 


Inner  tubercle  of  the  tuberosity  of  the  calcaneum 

Processus  medialis  tuberis  calcanei 


Posterior  process  of  the  astragalus  — 
(internal  tubercle) 
I'rocessus  posterior  tali 

Groove  of  tendon  of  flexor  longus  hallucis 
Sulcus  ra.  flexoris  hallucis  longi 

Sustentaculum  tali_ 

Sustentaculum  tali 


Tuberosity  of  the  navicular  bone 
Tuberositas  ossis  navicularis 


Internal  cuneiform  bon 
Os  cuneiforme  I. 


Tuberosity  of  the  first  metatarsal  bone . 
Tuberositas  ossis  metatarsalis  I. 


Sesamoid  bones 
Ossa  sesamoidea  ~~ 


Ungual  processes 

Tuberositas  unguicularis   _ - "" 


Tuberosity  of  the  calcaneum 

Tuber  calcanei 


Outer  tubercle  of  the  tuberosity  of  the  calcaneum 
Processus  lateralis  tuberis  calcanei 


'Body  of  the  calcaneum 

'Corpus  calcanei 


Tuberosity  of  the  cuboid  bone 

Tuberositas  ossis  cuboidei 


Groove  of  the  peronseus  longus  tendon 
Sulcus  m.  peronaei  longi 


..Tuberosity  of  the  fifth  metatarsal  bone 
Tuberositas  ossis  metatarsalis  V 


Heads  of  the  metatarsal  bones 

Capitula  ossium  metatarsalium 


Phalanges  of  the  toes 
ej      ""■'■''  Phalanges  digitorum  pedis 


P"IG-  351- — The  Bones  of  the  P.'qht  Foot  seen  f-xom  the  Plantar  Side:  Facies 

Plantaris  Pedis. 


Skeleton  pedis— Bones  of  the  loot. 


142 


THE   SKELETON    01    THE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


Second  to  fifth  metatarsal  bones 


Proximal  phalanx  .C'MJs— ■ ^  _^ 


Medial  phalanx 


Ungual  phalanx 


Phalanx   (ertia 


Astragalus,  or  taluti 
I  alus 


Navicular  or  scaphoid  bone  of  foot 

Us  naviculare  pedis 

External,  or  third,  cuneiform  bone 
Us  cuneiiorme  III 

Middle,  or  second,  cuneiform  bone 
Us  cuneiforme  II. 

Internal,  or  first,  cuneiform  bone 
Us  cuneiforme  I. 


First  metatarsal  bone,  or  meta- 
tarsal bone  of  the  great  toe 
Os  metatarsale  I.  (hallucis) 


Fig.  352. — The  Bones  of  the  Right  Foot  seen  from  the  Dorsal  Side  (arranged  in  Two 

Longitudinal  Rows). 


Skeleton  pedis — Bones  of  the  foot. 


THE   SKELETON    OF   THE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


U3 


Posterior  articular  facet 
Facies  articularis  posted 
Anterior  articular  facet 

Facies  articularis  anterior 


Interosseous  groove 
Sulcus  calcanei 


Internal  articular  facet 

■  Facies  articularis  media 

/Sustentaculum  tali— Sustentaculum  tali 

Tuberosity  of  the  calcaneum 
Tuber  calcanei 


Articular  facet  for  the 
cuboid  bone 
Facies  articularis  cuboide 


Groove  of  the  tendon  ot  the  / 
flexor  longus  hallucis       ' 
Sulcus  m.  flexoris  hallucis  longi 
External  tubercle  of  the  tuberosity  of  the  calcaneum 

Processus  lateralis  tuberi 


*Body  of  the  calcaneum 
"Corpus  calcanei 

Groove  of  the  peroneus 

longus  tendon 
-  Sulcus  m.  peronai  longi 

Trochlear  process,  or 
peroneal  spine  (var.) 
Processus  trochlearis 
(var.) 


Internal  tubercle  of  the 
tuberosity  of  the  calcaneum 
Processus  medialis  tuberis 


External  tubercle  of  the  tuberosity 

of  the  calcaneum 

Processus  lateralis  tuberis 


Fig.  353. — Seen  obliquely  from 
Within  and  Before. 


Fig.  354- — Seen  obliquely  from 
Without  and  Behind. 


The  Right  Calcaneum  ok  Os  Calcis. 


Head  of  the  astragalus  (articular 
facet  for  the  navicular  bone) 

Neck  of  the  astragalus  - 


Interosseous  groove 

Sulcus  tali 

Body  of  the  astragalus 

Corpus  tali 

Articular  facet  for  the 
external  malleolus 


Anterior  articular 
facet  for  the 
calcaneum 


Internal  articular  facet 
for  the  calcaneum 

Posterior  articular 
facet  for  the  calcaneum 

posterior 

Groove  of  the  tendon  of 
tha  flexor  longus  hallucis 
Sul,  us  „,.  Ilexotis  hallucis  lonsri 


Articular  facet 

for  the 

internal  malleolus 


Internal  tubercle 

Tuberculum  mediale 

Groove  of  the  tendon  of 
the  flexor  longus  hallucis 


Superior  articular  surface 
of  the  astragalus 
ichlea  tali  (facies  superior) 
Articular  facet  for  the 

external  malleolus 
Facies  malleolaris  lateralis 
/External  process  of 
the  as'ragalus 

Posterior  process  of  the 

astragalus 

ssus  posterior  tali 

External  tubercle 

Tuber,  ulum  laterale 


Su 


!  longi 


Fig.  355. — Seen  from  Below. 


Fig.  356. — Seen  from  Behind. 


The  Right  Astragalus. 


Articular  facet  for  the  calcaneum      . 
Facies  articularis  calcanea  !    lnternal 

media 

posterior 
'  posterior 


Interosseous  groove 

Sulcus  tali 


Internal  tubercle 
Tuberculum  mediale 


Groove  of  the  tendon  of  the  flexor  longus  hallucis 

Sulcus  m.  flexoris  hallucis  longi 


'  Os  trigonum  (var. )  (external  tubercle) 
Cs  trigonum  (var.)  (tuberculum  laterale) 

Fig.  357._The   Right  Astragalus    with  .an  Os  Trigonum  (Var.).     Seen   from   Below. 
Ossa  tarsi — Bones  of  the  tarsus. 


144 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


Articular  facet  for  the  middle 
cuneiform  bone  ', 


Articular  facet  for  the 
external  cuneiform  bone 


Lower  surface  . 


Articular  facet  for  the 
internal  cuneiform  bone 


Tuberosity  of 

the  navicular  bone 

Till"!'  sitas  ossis 

na\  icularis 


Upper  surface 


Articular  facet  for  the  head 
of  the  astragalus 


Tuberosity  of  the  navicular  bone 
I  uberositas  ossis  navicularis 


Fig.  358. — Anterior  Aspect.  Fig.  359. — Posterior  Aspect. 

Os  Naviculare  Pedis — The  Right  Navicular  or  Scaphoid  Bone  of  the  Foot. 


Articular  facet  for  the  second 
metatarsal  bone 


■  Upper  sharp  border 


Articular  facet  for  the  middle 
cuneiform  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the 
navicular  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the  first 
metatarsal  bone 


Inner  surface 


Fig.  360. — External  Aspect.  Fig.   361. — Anterior  Aspect. 

Os  Cuneiforme  I. — The  Right  Internal  Cuneiform  Bone. 


Articular  facet  for  the 

internal  cuneiform  bone 

Upper  surface 


Articular  facet 
for  the  second 
metatarsal  bone 


Articular 

facet 

for  the   . 

navicular 

bone 


Articular  facet 
for  the  external 
:  cuneiform  bone 


Inner  Aspect. 


Outer  Aspect. 


Fig.  362. — Os  Cuneiforme  II. — The  Right 
Middle   Cuneiform   Bone. 


Articular  facet  for  the 
second  metatarsal  bone 

Articular  facet  for  the 
,  middle  cuneiform  bone 
!  Articular  facet  for 
.the  navicular  bone 


Inner  Aspect. 


Odter  Aspect. 


Articular 

facet  for  the 

cuboid  bone 


Fig.  363.— Os  Cuneiforme   III.— The  Right 
External  Cuneiform   Bone. 


Articular  facet  for  the  external 
cuneiform  bone  / 

Upper  surface  ; 


Articular  facet 

for  the  fourth 

metatarsal 

bone 


Articular  facet  for  the ; 
calcaneum 


Fig.  364. — Inner  Aspect. 


Articular  facet  for  the 
:'  calcaneum 


Groove  of the  tendon 
of  the  peroneus  longus 


Upper  surface 


Articular  facet  for 
.  the  fourth  metatarsal 

bone 
..  Articular  facet  for  the 
fifth  metatarsal  bone 


Groove  of  the  tendon  of  the 

peroneus longus 

Sulcus  m.  peronad  longi 


Fig.  365. — Seen     obliquely 
from  Without  and  Behind. 


Fig.  366. — Outer  Aspect. 


Os  Cuboideum — The  Right  Cuboid  Bone. 


Ossa  tarsi — Bores  of  the  tarsus. 


THE   SKELETON    OE   THE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


145 


Tuberosity  of  the  fifth 
metatarsal  bone 
Tuberositas  ossis 
metatarsalis  V. 

Articular  facet  for 
the  cuboid  bone 
Articular  facet  for  the 
fourth  metatarsal  Done 


Shaft    . 

Corpus 


Depressions  for  the 
attachment  of  the 
lateral  ligaments 


Articular  facet  for  the 
third  metacarpal  bone 

/    Articular  lace^ 
for  tfce 
cuboid  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the  external  cuneiform  bone 
Articular  facets  for  the  second  metatarsal  bone 

Articular  facet  for  the  middle 
cuneiform  bone 
Articular  facet  for  the  internal 
cuneiform  bone 
Base 
■    Basis 


Shaft 

"Corpus 


Head 

"Capitulum 


Fig.  367. — The  Metatarsal  Bones  of  the  Right  Foot  seen  from  the  Inner  Side. 

Articular  facet  for  the  fifth  metatarsal  bone 


Articular  facet  for  the  fourth  metatarsal  bone 
Articular  facet  for  the  external  cuneiform  bone  '• 


Articular  facets  for  the 
third  metatarsal  bone 


Tuberosity  of  the  first 

metatarsal  bone 

Tuberositas  ossis 

metatarsalis  I. 


Tuberosity  of  the  fifth 

metatarsal  bone 

Tuberositas  ossis 

metatarsalis  V. 


Depressions  for  the 
attachment  of  the 
lateral  ligaments 


-. .  Head 

Capitulum 


Fig.  368. — The  Metatarsal  Bones  of  the  Right  Foot  seen  from  the  Outer  Side. 


Grooves  for  the 
sesamoid  bones 


Ungual  process 

Tuberositas 
unguicularis 


Head  of  the  meta- 
Base  tarsal  bone 

Trochlea     Shaft       Basis     Capitulum  ossis 
Trochlea    <-orPus    . 


metatarsalis 


Fig.  369. — Plantar  Aspect  of  thk 
Head  of  the  Metatarsal  Bone 
of  the  Great  Toe  (Capitulum 
Ossis  Metatarsalis  Hallucis). 


Fig.  370. — Th3  Phalanges  of  the  Second  Toe  seen 
from  the  Inner  Side  (Margo  Medialis  Digiti 
Secundi  Pedis). 


Metatarsal  Bones  and  Phalanges  of  the  Toes. 


"J 


14b 


THE   SKELETON   OF   THE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


Centre  of  ossification 
of  the  calcaneum 


Centre  of  ossification 
3  /  of  the  astragalus 


Centre  of  ossification 
of  the  cuboid  bone 


Formation  of  the  shafts 
of  the  medial  phalanges 


Fig.  371. — From  a  Human  Fcetus  in  the 
Middle  of  the  Ninth  Month  (Months 
of  Four  Weeks  Each). 

Body-length,  17I  inches. 


Centre  of  ossification 
of  the  calcaneum 


Centre  of  ossification 
of  the  astragalus 


Fig.  372.— From  a  Boy  still-born 
at  Full  Term. 

Body-length,  22  inches. 


Centre  of  ossification 
of  the  cuboid  bone 


Centre  of  ossification 
of  the  cuboid  bone 

Centre  of  ossification 
of  the  external 
cuneiform  bone 


Centre  of  ossification 

of  the  external 

cuneiform  bone 
Centre  of  ossification 

of  the  internal 

cuneiform  bone 

Centre  of  ossification 

of  the  base  of  the 

first  metatarsal 

bone 


Centres  of  ossirication 

in  the  proximal 

extremities  of  the 

phalanges 


Fig. 


373. — From  a  Boy 
Twelve  Weeks. 


Fig. 


374. — From  a  Boy  aged 
Three  Years. 


Development  of  the  Bones  of  the  Foot. 


THE   SKELETON    OF   THE   LOWER   EXTREMITY 


147 


Cuboid  oonc 

Os  cuboideum 


Centre  of  ossification  of  the  jxternal 
cuneiform  bone 


Centres  of  ossification  of  the  heads  of 
the  metatarsal  bones 


Centres  of  ossification  of  the  proximal 
extremities  of  the  phalanges 


The  astragalus 
Talus 


Centre  of  ossification  of  the  navicular  bone 


Centre  of  ossification  of  the  middle  cuneiform  bone 

Centre  of  ossification  of  the  internal  cuneiform  bone 

Centre  of  ossification  of  the  base  of  the 
metatarsal  bone  of  the  great  toe 


Swf  Centres  of  ossification  in  the  proximal 

extremities  of  the  phalanges  of 
the  great  toe 


Fig.  375. — Ossification  of  the  Bones  of  the  Foot  in  a  Girl  aged  Six  Years. 


Epiphysis  beginning  to  unite 


Centre  of  ossification  of  the 

epiphysis  of  the  tuberosity  01 

the  calcaneum 


Outer  tubercle  of  the  tuberosity 

of  the  calcaneum 

Processus  lateralis  tuberis 

3lt  Inner  tubercle  of  the  tuberosity 

of  the  calcaneum 

Processus  medialis  tuberi 


Fig.  376.— From  a  Girl  aged  Fig.  377.— From  a  Young  Man  aged  Eighteen 

Eight  Years.  Years  (Epiphysis  beginning  to  unite). 

Epiphysis  of  the  Tuberosity  of  the  Calcaneum. 


Development  of  the  Bones  of  the  Foot. 


19 — 2 


NDEX 


REGIONS  OF  THE   HUMAN   BODY 


AND   TO   THE 


OSTEOLOGY 


INDEX 
TO  THE  REGN  >NS  <  >F  THE  HUMAN  BODY. 


A. 

Abdomkn,  external  region  of  the,  2,  3 
regions  of,  2,  3 

Abdominal  regions,  2,  3 

Acromial  region,  3,  4 

Anal  region,  5 

Auricular  region,  3,  4 

Axillarj'  region,  2 

B. 

Back,  medial  region  of  the,  3 
regions  of  the,  3 

Brachial  region,  anterior,  2,  3 
externa],  2,  3 
internal,  2,  3 
posterior,  3 

Buccal  region,  4 

c. 

Calcaneal  region,  2,  3 
Calf,  region  of  the,  3 
Clavicular  region,  4 
Crural  region,  anterior,  2 

external,  2,  3 

internal,  2 

posterior,  3 

D. 
Deltoid  region,  2,  3 
Digital  regions  of  the  foot,  dorsal,  2 

E. 

Elbow,  anterior  region  of  the,  2 

external  region  of  the,  2,  3 
internal  region  of  the,  2 
posterior  region  of  the,  2,  3 

Epigastric  region,  2 

Face,  regions  of  the,  2,  4 
Femoral  region,  anterior,  2 

external,  2,  3 
internal,  2,  3 
posterior,  2 
Fingers,  palmar  regions  of  the,  2,  3 

dorsal  regions  of  the,  3 
Foot,  dorsal  region  of  the,  2 

plantar  region  of  the,  3 
Forearm,  dorsal  region  of  the,  2 

palmar  region  of  the,  2,  3 
radial  region  of  the,  2 
ulnar  region  of  the,  2,  3 
Fossa  axillaris,  ia 
carolica,  \a 
jugularis,  43 
poplitea,  3a 
retromandibularis,  4a 
supraclavicularis  major,  4a 
minor,  4a 
Fossa,  axillary,  2 

infraclavicular,  2,  note,  4,  note 
retromandibular,  4 
supraclavicular,  greater,  4 
lesser,  4 
Fovea  nucha;,  3a 
Frontal  region,  2,  4 
Furrow,  carotid,  4 
nuchal,  3 


Gluteal  region,  3,  5 


G 


H. 


1  lam,  the,  3 

Hand,  dorsal  region  of  the,  2,  3 
palmar  region  of  the,  2,  3 
Head,  regions  of  the,  4 
Hip,  region  of  the,  2,  3 
Hyoid  region,  4 
Hypochondriac  region,  2,  3 
Hypogastric  region,  2 

I. 

Infraclavicular  region,  2,  4 
Inframauimary  region,  2 
Infra-orbital  region,  4 
Infrascapular  region,  3 
Inguinal  region,  2 
Interscapular  region,  3 

K. 

Knee,  anterior  region  of  the,  2 
posterior  region  of  the,  3 


Labial  region,  lower,  4 
upper,  4 
Laryngeal  region,  4 
Lisfranc,  tubercle  of.  40 
Lower  extremity,  regions  of  the,  2,  3 
Lumbar  region,  3 

M. 
Malleolar  region,  external,  3 
internal,  2 
Mammary  region,  2 
Mastoid  region,  3,  4 
Mental  region,  4 
Mesogastric  region,  2 
Mohrenheimer's  space,  2,  note,  4,  note 

N. 

Nasal  region,  2,  4 

Neck,  anterior  region  of  the,  2 

external  region  of  the,  2 

regions  of  the,  4 
Nuchal  region,  3,  4 


Occipital  region,  3,  4 
Olecranon,  region  of  the,  2,  3 
Oral  region,  2,  4 
Orbital  region,  2,  4 

F 
Palpebral  region,  lower,  4 
upper,  4 
Parietal  region,  2-4 
Parotideomasseteric  region,  4 
Patellar  region,  2 
Pectoral  regions,  2,  3 

region,  external,  2,  3 
Perineal  region,  3,  5 
Pubic  region,  2 
Pudendal  region,  2,  5 


INDEX 


151 


Regions  of  the  human  body,  1-5 
Regio  vcl  region  es : 

abdominis,  23,  33 

lateralis,  28,  3a 
acromialis,  33,  43 
analis,  53 

antibrachii  dorsalis,  2a 
radialis,  28 
ulnaris,  2a,  7,a 
volaris,  2a,  3a 
auricularis,  3a,  4a 
axillaris,  2a 
brachii  anterior,  2a,  3a 
lateralis,  2a,  3a 
niedialis,  2a,  3a 
posterior,  3a 
buccalis,  4a 
calcanea,  2a.  38 
capitis,  43 
clavicularis,  4a 
colli,  4a 

anterior,  23 
lateralis,  2a,  4a 
corporis  humaui,  13-53 
coxa;,  2d,  33 
cruris  anterior,  23 

lateralis,  23,  3a 
niedialis,  28 
posterior.  30 
cubiti  anterior,  2a 

lateralis,  2a,  33 
niedialis,  23 
posterior,  23,  33 
deltoidea,  23,  33 
digitorum  (maims),  23,  3a 

pedis,  23 
dorsales  digitorum  (manus),  3a 

pedis,  23 
dorsalis  manus,  23,  3a 

pedis,  23 
dorsi,  3a 
epigastrica,  23 

extreniitatis  inferioris,  23,  33 
superioris,  23,  38 
faciei,  23,  43 
femoris  anterior,  23 

lateralis,  23,  3a 
niedialis,  23,  3a 
posterior,  3a 
frontalis,  2a,  411 
genu  anterior,  23 
posterior,  33 
glutrea,  33,  53 
hyoidea,  43 

hypochondriaca,  23,  33 
hypogastrica,  23 
infraclavicularis,  2a,  43 
luframammalis,  23 
iufra-orbitalis,  4,1 
infrascapularis,  yi 
inguinalis,  23 
interscapularis,  33 
labialis  inferior,  43 
superior,  43 
laryngea,  43 
lumbalis,  33 
malleolaris  lateralis,  3a 
niedialis,  23 
uianimalis,  23 
mastoidea,  33,  43 
mediana  dorsi,  33 
nientalis,  43 
mesogastrica,  23 


Regio  vel  regiones : 

nasalis,  23,  43 
nuclne,  3a,  43 
occipitalis,  33,  43 
olecrani,  23,  3a 
oralis,  28,  43 
orbitalis,  23,  43 
palpebralis  inferior,  43 
superior,  43 
parietalis,  28,  T,a,  43 
parotideomasseterica,  43 
patellaris,  23 
pectoris,  23,  3a 

lateralis,  23,  3 
perinealis,  33,  53 
plautaris  pedis,  3a 
pubica,  28 
pudendalis,  23,  53 
retromalleolaris  lateralis,  3a 

medialis,  23 
sacralis,  33,  53 
scapularis,  33 
sternalis,  23 

sternocleidomastoidea,  43 
subhyoidea,  43 
subinguinalis,  23 
submaxillaris,  43 
subtnentalis,  43 
supra-orbitalis,  43 
suprascapularis,  33 
suprasternalis,  43 
suralis,  33 

temporalis,  23,  3a,  43 
thyreoidea,  43 
trochanterica,  23,  3.7 
umbilicalis,  23 
uuguiculares,  23,  33 
urogenitalis,  53 
volares  digitorum,  23,  yi 
volaris  manus,  23,  3a 
zygomatica,  43 
Retronialleolar  region,  external,  3 

internal,  2 

Sacral  region,  3,  5 
Scapular  region,  3 
Space,  Mohrenheiiner's,  2,  note,  4,  note 

popliteal,  3 
Sternal  region,  2 
Sternocleidomastoid  region,  4 
Subhyoid  region,  4 
Subinguinal  region,  2 
Submaxillary  region,  4 
Submental  region,  4 
Supra-orbital  region,  4 
Suprascapular  region,  3 
Suprasternal  region,  4 

T. 
Temporal  region,  2-4 
Thyroid  region,  4 
Triangle,  deltoideopectoral,  2,  4 

infraclavicular,  2,  note,  4,  note 

omoclavicular,  4 
Trigonum  deltoideopectorale,  23,  43 

omoclaviculare,  43 
Trochanteric  region,  2,  3 
Tubercle  of  Lisfranc,  40 

u. 

1  \nuilical  region,  2 

Ungual  regions,  2,  3 

Upper  extremity,  regions  of  the,  2,  3 

Urogenital  region,  5 

Z. 
Zygomatic  region,  4 


INDEX 
TO    THE    OSTEOLOGY 

I  n  names  in  this  Index  have  an  asterisk  (')  prefixed  ;   these,  as  more  fully  explained  in  the  Translator's  Preface,  beinr/  terms  that  form  part  of  the 

English  nomenclature  used  in  this  work,  hul  which  are  ommonly  employed  by  English  anatomists.     To  other  names  .,  daggeei:)  is  prefixed  :  these  are 

Latin  names  used  by  the  auth.i  hi  the  original  work,  but  not  included  in  the  official  nomenclature  of  the  "  Anatomische  Gesellschait." 


Acetabulum,  129 
Acromion,  108,  no,  1 1 1 
tAditus  ad  antrum  tympanicum,  66,  67 

orbita\  48,  98 
Agger  nasi,  78,  90 

Air-cells  of  the  Eustachian  tul)e,  66 
Ala  magna,  58-61 
ossis  ilii,  130 
parva,  58-61 
Alse  vomeris,  79,  91,  92 
Alisphenoid,  61 
Alveolae  dentales  mandibulae  (lower  jaw-bone),  84 

maxilla:  (upper  jaw-bone),  S2 
Ampulla  ossea  lateralis,  69 
posterior,  69 
superior,  69 
Ampulla,  osseous,  of  the  external  semicircular  canal,  69 
of  the  posterior  semicircular  canal,  69 
of  the  superior  semicircular  canal,  69 
Angle,  acromial,  no 

of  the  jaw,  84,  85 
of  Ludwig,  41 

of  the  parietal  bone,  frontal,  72,  73 
mastoid,  72,  73 
occipital,  72,  73 
sphenoidal,  72,  73 
of  the  pubis,  125 
of  the  ribs,  37,  40 
of  the  scapula,  inferior,  1 10 
internal,  1 10 
superior,  1 10 
of  the  sphenoid  bone,  parietal,  5S-60 
of  the  sternum,  41 
subcostal,  36 
Angulus  anterior  pyramidis,  65 
costse,  37,  40 

frontalis  (ossis  parietalis),  72,  73 
inferior  (scapulae),  1 10 
infrasternalis,  36 
lateralis  (scapula:),  no 
Ludovici,  41 
mandibular,  84,  S5 
mastoideus  (ossis  parietalis),  72,  73 
medialis  (scapulae),  110 
occipitalis  (ossis  parietalis),  72,  73 
parietalis  (ossis  sphenoidalis),  5S-60 
posterior  pyramidis,  65 
pubis,  125 

sphenoidalis  (ossis  parietalis),  72,  73 
sterni,  41 

superior  pyramidis,  49,  65 
Annulus  tympanicus,  70,  103,  104 
Antrum  of  Highmore,  80-82,  93-95,  97,  99 
orifice  of  the,  90 
mastoid,  64,  66,  67,  70 

entrance  to,  66,  67 
tympanicum,  64,  66,  67,  70 
Apertura  vel  aperturae : 

externa  aquaeductus  vestibult,  63,  6S,  70 
canaliculi  cochleae,  62,  63 
f  mastoidei,  66 


Apertura  vcl  aperturae: 
t  inferior  canaliculi  tympanici,  62 

t  interna  canaliculi  cochlea;,  69 

pelvis  [minoris]  inferior,  126,  127 

superior,  124,  125,  127 
piriformis,  46,  48,  90,  91,  93 
t  sinus  maxillaris,  90 

sphenoidalis,  58-61,  90-93 
siuuum  frontalium,  75,  76,  90,  95 
superior  canaliculi  tympanici,  66,  67 
thoracis  inferior,  36 
superior,  36 
tympanica  canaliculi  chordae,  64 
Apex  capituli  fibulae,  138 
t  ossis  coccygis,  32 

sacri,  30,  31 
patellae,  136 
pyramidis,  63,  64,  67,  70 
Apophysis  articularis  (articular  apophysis),  43 
costalis  (costal  apophysis),  43 
muscularis  (muscular  apophysis),  43 
Aquseductus  vestibuli,  69 

Aqueduct  of  the  cochlea,  external  orifice,  62,  63 
internal  orifice,  69 
of  Kallopius,  64-69 

deficiency  in  its  tympanic  wall,  £| 
of  the  vestibule,  69 

external  orifice  63,  68,  70 
Arch  of  the  atlas,  anterior,  29 
posterior,  29 
neural,  or  vertebral,  25,  26 
orbital,  4S,  74,  76,  77,  92,  9S 
pubic,  124 
of  the  ribs,  36 
zygomatic,  46-48,  96 
Arcus  anterior  atlautis,  29 
cos.tarum,  36 
posterior  atlautis,  29 
pubis,  124 

superciliaris,  46,  48,  74 
vertebrae,  25,  26 
zygomatieus,  46-48,  96 
*Area  cochlea*,  68 

cribrosa  media,  68 

superior,  6S 
*  of  the  facial  nerve,  6S 

nervi  facialis,  68 
vestibularis  inferior,  68 
superior,  68 
Arnold's  nerve,  canal  for,  62,  64,  65 
Arteria  nutricia,  20 

protovertebralis,  34 
Artery,  intercostal,  primitive,  34 
nutrient,  20 
protovertebral,  34 
Articulation,  manubrio-gladiolal,  41 
Astragalus,  17,  142,  143 
Atlas,  29 

development  of,  35 
Atrium  meatus  medii  (atrium  of  the  middle  meatus).  90 
Auditory  aperture,  external,  47,  48,  62 

internal,  63,  65,  68,  70 


INDEX 


153 


Axis  of  the  pelvis,  127 
Axis,  the,  29 

development  of,  35 

B. 

Base  of  the  mandible,  85,  S7 
of  the  patella,  136 
of  the  sacrum,  32 
of  the  skull,  external  aspect,  48 
internal  aspect,  49 
Bases  of  the  metacarpal  bones,  122 
of  the  metatarsal  bones,  145 
of  the  phalanges  of  the  fingers,  122 
of  the  toes,  145 
Basilar  portion  of  the  occipital  bone,  54-57,  60 
Basi-occipital  portion  of  the  occipital  bone,  54-57,  60,  and 

note,  p.  57 
Basis  cranii  externa,  4S 
interna,  49 
mandibular,  S5,  87 
ossis  sacri,  32 

ossium  metacarpalium,  122 
metatarsaliuni,  145 
patellae,  136 
phalangis  manus,  122 
pedis,  143 
Basisphenoid,  58-61 
Bertin,  bones  of,  58,  59,  61 
Bodies  of  the  metacarpal  bones,  122 
of  the  metatarsal  bones,  145 
of  the  phalanges  of  the  fingers,  122 

of  the  toes,  145 
of  the  ribs,  40 
of  the  vertebrae,  25-27 
Body  of  the  astragalus,  143 

of  the  calcaneum,  141,  143 
of  the  femur,  132,  133 
of  the  fibula,  138 
of  the  humerus,  112 
of  the  hyoid  bone,  87 
of  the  ilium,  130 

of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone,  S4-87 
of  the  ischium,  12S,  130 
of  the  malar  bone,  83 
of  the  mandible,  84-N7 
of  the  maxilla,  80,  81,  87,  89 
of  the  os  calcis,  141,  143 
of  the  pubis,  130 
of  the  radius,  115 
of  the  sphenoid  bone,  58-61 
of  the  sternum,  41 

of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  80,  81,  87,  89 
of  the  tibia,  136,  137 
of  the  ulna,  1 14 
Bone,  capitate,  119-121 

central,  of  the  carpus,  120 
cuboid,  142,  144 

cuneiform,  of  foot,  external,  17,  142,  144 
first,  141,  142,  144 
internal,  141,  142,  144 
middle,  142,  144 
second,  142,  144 
third,  17,  142,  144 
of  hand,  119,  120 
ethmoid,  52,  73 
frontal,  52,  74-76 

development  of,  77 
hip-,  107,  128-130 

development  of,  131 
hyoid.  87 
innominate,  107,  128-130 

development  of,  131 
interparietal,  100,  note  to  p.  57 
lachrymal,  53,  79,  90-92,  95 
lunar,  119,  120 
malar,  53,  S3 
-marrow,  1 1 
maxillary,  inferior,  46,  47,  53,  84-86 

development  of,  S6 


Bone,  maxillary,  superior,  46,  47,  53,  80,  81 

development  of,  Si 
metacarpal,  first,  106,  119 
nasal,  53,  79,  90,  91 
navicular,  142,  144 
occipital,  52,  54-56 

development  of,  57,  and  note 
palate,  53,  S3 
parietal,  19,  52,  72,  73 

development  of,  21 
pisiform,  11 8- 120 
premaxillary,  82,  97 
pyramidal,  119,  120 
scaphoid,  119,  120 
sphenoid,  52,  5S-60 

development  of,  61 
sphenoidal  spongy,  58,  59,  61 

turbinate,  58,  59,  61 
subcoracoid,  1 1 1 
temporal,  52,  62-69 

development  of,  70,  71 
trapezoid,  1 19-12 1 
turbinate  of  the  nose,  highest,  78 

inferior,  53,  70,  90,  91,  93-95 
middle,  78,  90,  94,  95 
superior,  78,  90,  92,  94 
unciform,  119-121 
Bones,  general  considerations,  9-21 

development  of,  20,  21 
flat,  19 
long,  12-15 
minute  structure,  10 
short,  16,  17,  21 
of  Bertin,  5S,  59,  61 
of  the  carpus,  120,  121 

development  of,  123 
of  the  cranium  proper,  52 
of  the  face,  53 
of  the  forearm,  106,  114-116 

development  of,  117 
of  the  leg,  107,  136-138 

development  of,  139 
metacarpal,  119,  122 

development  of,  123 
metatarsal,  142,  145 

development  of,  146,  147 
sesamoid,  of  foot,  140,  141 

of  hand,  11S 
of  the  skull,  52-104 
suprasternal,  41 
of  the  tarsus,  17,  143,  144     ■ 

development  of,  146,  147 
Wormian,  100 
Border  of  the  fibula,  anterior,  138 
external,  13S 
internal,  13S 
interosseous,  138 
of  the  frontal  bone,  nasal,  76,  77 

parietal,  74-76 
sphenoidal,  75,  76 
of  the  humerus,  inner,  112 
outer,  112 
of  the  occipital  bone,  lambdoid,  54-26 

mastoid,  54-56 
of  the  parietal  bone,  anterior,  72,  73 
frontal,  72,  73 
inferior,  72,  73 
occipital,  72,  73 
posterior,  72,  73 
sagittal,  72,  73 
squamous,  72,  73 
superior,  72,  73 
of  the  petrous  portion  of  temporal  bone,  anterior,  65 
of  the   petrous  portion   of  the    temporal  bone,   pos- 
terior, 65 
of  the  petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone,  superior, 

49.65 
<>{  the  radius,  anterior,  114.  115 
internal,  1 14.  1  [5 
posterior,  1 14,  1 15 


154 


INDEX 


Bcrdei  of  the  scapula,  axillary,  no 
superior,  1  io 
vertebral,  i  ro 
.■I  the  sphenoid,  external,  5S-60 
frontal,  58,  59 
malar,  58-60 
orbital,  59 
petrous,  59 
posterior,  59 
squamous,  58-60 
of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  infra-orbital,  80,  83, 
98 
lachrymal,  80 
of  the  temporal  bone,  occipital,  62,  63 
parietal,  62,  63 
sphenoidal,  62-64 
of  the  tibia,  anterior,  136,  138 
external,  136-138 
internal,  136,  138 
of  the  ulna,  anterior,  114 
external,  114 
posterior,  114 
Breschet's  canals,  19,  51,  88 
Brim  of  the  pelvis,  124,  125 

iliac  portion,  125 
pubic  portion,  125 
sacral  portion,  30,  125 
Bulla,  ethmoidal,  78,  90 


Calcaneum,  or  os  calcis  (called  by  Toldt  "Calcaneus"),  17, 
142,  143 
development  of,  146,  147 
Calcar  femorale,  134,  135 
Calvaria,  50 

Canal  or  canals  (see  also  "  Canaliculus")  : 
for  Arnold's  nerve,  62,  64,  65 

external  orifice  of,  66 
for    the    auricular    branch    of    the    pneuniogastric 

nerve,  62,  64,  65 
basiphar3'ngeal  (see  note  to  p.  48),  4S,  58-60 
of  Breschet,  19,  51,  88 
carotid,  62-65,  67,  70,  71,  76 
for  the  chorda  tympani  nerve,  64,  65,  67 
dental,  81 

anterior  and  middle,  81 
inferior,  S6 
posterior,  So,  81,  99 
diploic,  19,  51,  88 
ethmoidal,  anterior,  76,  90,  91,  98 

posterior,  76,  91,  98 
of  the  Eustachian  tube,  63,  64,  66,  67,  69 
of  the  facial  nerve,  64,  69 
Haversian,  10 
infra-orbital,  80,  Si,  95 
internal  orbital,  anterior,  76,  90,  91,  98 

posterior,  76,  91,  98 
for  Jacobson's  nerve,  65-67 

inferior  orifice,  62 
superior  orifice,  66,  67 
malar,  83 
mandibular,  S6 
medullary,  11,  18-20 
nutrient,  13,  18,  19 
palatine,  accessory,  83,  90,  91,  97 
posterior,  97,  99 

inferior  orifice  of,  90,  96,  97 
palato-maxillary,  97,  99 

inferior  orifice  of,  90,  96,  97 
pterygoid  (or  Vidian),  58,  59,  61,  92,  93,  96,  99 
pterygopalatine,  48,  5S-60,  90-92 
sacral,  31,  32 

semicircular,  external,  67-69 
posterior,  68,  69 
superior,  68,  69 
spinal,  43 
temporal,  83 

of  the  tensor  tympani  muscle,  63,  64,  66,  67,  69 
Vidian  (or  pterygoid),  5S,  59,  61,  92,  93,  96,  99 
Volkmann's,  10,  11 


Canaliculus  vel  canaliculi  (see  also  "  Canal  ") : 
caroticotympanic!,  62,  67 
chorda-  tympani,  64,  65,  67 
cochlea-  (apertura  external,  62,  63 
(apertura  Interna),  69 
t  innominatns.  93 

mastoideus,  62,  64,  65 
t  sphenoidalis,  92,  93,  96,  99 

tympanicus,  65 
Canalis  vel  cauales  : 
alveolares,  Si 

basipharyngeus,  48,  58,  59,  90 
caroticus,  62-65,  °7,  7°,  7J>  9° 
condyloideus,  54-57,  88,  89 
diploid  [Brescheti],  19,  51,  88 
facialis  [Fallopii],  64,  65,  67-69 
hypoglossi,  54-57,  88 
incisivus,  80,  91 
infra-orbitalis,  80,  81,  95 
mandibulae,  86 
musculotubarius,  63,  64 
nasolacrimalis,  93,  95 
nutricius,  13,  18,  19 
palatini,  90,  97 
pharyngeus,  48,  58,  59,  90-92 
pterygoideus  [Vidii],  58,  59,  61,  92,  93,  96,  99 
pter}'gopalatinus,  97,  99 
sacrahs,  31,  32 

semicircularis  lateralis,  67-69 
posterior,  68,  69 
superior,  68,  69 
vertebralis,  43 
Capitellum  of  the  humerus,  112 
Capitulum  eostae,  40 
fibula;,  138 
humeri,  112 
mandibular,  S4-86,  96 
ossium  metacarpalium,  122 

metatarsalium,  141,  145 
radii,  115 
ulnae,  1 14 
Caput  femoris,  132-134 
humeri,  112 
t  ossis  capitati,  121 

tali,  143 
Carpus,  106,  1  iS 
Cartilage,  Meckel's,  103 
Cartilages,  costal,  39,  40 
Cartilago  costalis,  39,  40 
Cavitas  glenoidalis,  no,  in 
Cavity,  cranial,  88,  S9 

medullary,  11,  18-20 

nasal,  90-95 

sigmoid  (of  the  radius),  115 

(of  the  ulna),  great,  114,  irg 
small,  114 
thoracic,  43 
tympanic,  67 
tCavum  cranii  cerebralis,  SS,  S9 
mednllare,  11,  18-20 
nasi,  90-95 
thoracis,  43 
tympani,  65-70,  96 
Cells,  ethmoidal,  76,  78,  90 

of  the  Eustachian  tube,  66 
mastoid,  64,  67 
tympanic,  67 
Celluht  ethmoidales,  78,  90 
mastoideae,  64,  67 
pneumaticae  tubariae,  66 
tympanicae,  67 
Centra  of  the  vertebra;,  25-27 
Choanae,  48,  93,  96 
Chorda  dorsalis,  34 

tympani  nerve,  canal  for,  64,  65,  67 

orifice  of  the  canal  for,  64 
Cingulum  extremitatis  inferioris,  107,  124-126 

superioris,  106,  10S 
Circumference,  articular,  of  the  radius,  115 
of  the  ulna,  114 


INDEX 


155 


Circumferentia  articularis  radii,  115 
ulnae,  114 
Clavicula  (the  clavicle),  106,  10S,  109 
Clivus,  49,  56,  88 
Coccyx,  the,  24,  32,  33,  125,  126 
development  of,  35 
extremity  of  the,  32 
Cochlea,  65,  68,  69 
Collum  anatomicum,  112 
chirurgicum,  112 
costa;,  40 
femoris,  132-134 
mandibular,  84,  S5 
radii,  115 
scapukc,  i  in 
tali,  143 
Column,  spinal,  24 

development  of,  34,  35 
vertebral,  24 

development  of,  34,  35 
Concavity  of  the  carpus,  1  [8 
Concha  nasalis  inferior,  53,  79,  90,  91,  93-95 
media,  78,  90,  94,  95 
superior,  78,  90,  92,  94 
suprema  [Santorini],  7S 
Concha?  sphenoidales.  58,  59,  61 
Condylar  portion  of  the  occipital  bone,  54,  56,  57,  and  note, 

P-  57 
Condyle  of  the  femur,  external,  132,  134 
internal,  132-134 
of  the  humerus,  external,  112 
internal,  112 
of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone,  S4-86,  96 
of  the  mandible,  84-86,  96 
Condyles  of  the  occipital  bone,  48,  54-56 
Condylus  lateralis  femoris,  132,  134 
tibiae,  136,  137 
medialis  femoris,  132-134 

tibiae,  136,  137 
occipitalis,  48,  54-56 
■fConjugata  diagonalis,  127 
vera,  127 
Conjugate  diameter,  diagonal,  127 

true,  127 
Cornu,  coccygeal,  32 

of  the  hyoid  bone,  great,  87 
small,  87 
sacral,  31,  32 
Cornua  sphenoidalia,  58,  59,  61 
Corpus  calcauei,  141,  143 
costae,  40 
femoris,  132,  133 
fibulae,  138 
humeri,  112 
mandibular,  S4-87 
maxilla-.  80,  81,  87,  99 
ossis  hyoidei,  87 
ilium,  130 
ischii,  128,  130 
pubis,  130 
sphenoidalis,  58-61 
ossium  metacarpalium,  122 
metatarsal!  um,  145 
phalangis  manus,  122 

pedis,  145 
radii,  1 15 
sterni,  41 
tali,  143 
tibia?,  136,  137 
ulnae,  114 
vertebrae,  25-27 
Costae,  38  40 

development  of,  42 
spuria-,  36 
verae,  36 
Craniometry,  101 
Cranium,  45-104 

cavity  of,  88,  89 

development  of,  102-104 

facial  portion  (cranium  viscerale),  53,  96,  97 


Cranium,  primordial  (cranium  primordiale),  102,  103 

proper  (cranium  cerebrale),  52,  88,  89 
•Crest,  buccinator,  84,  85 

ethmoidal,  of  the  palate-bone,  S3 

of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  So,  81 
frontal,  49,  50,  75,  88 

of  the  fundus  of  the  internal  auditory  meatus,  trans- 
verse, 65,  68 
of  the  ilium,  12S-130 
inferior  turbinate,  of  the   superior   maxillary  bone, 

80,  81 
infratemporal,  4S,  58-60,  and  note,  p.  59 
lachrymal,  79,  98 

anterior,  see  "  Ridge,  orbital  " 
posterior,  see  "Crest,  lachrymal" 
nasal,  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  91,  95,  97 
obturator,  130 

occipital,  external,  48,  55,  56 
internal,  49,  54,  56 
of  the  occipital  bone  for  the  rectus  capitis  posticus 

major  muscle,  56 
of  the  occipital  bone  for  the  rectus  capitis  posticus 
minor  muscle,  56 

*  orbital,  59 

of  the  septum  of  the  nose,  lateral,  93 
sacral,  articular,  31 

*  external,  31 

*  median,  31 
sphenoidal,  58,  59 
supramastoid,  62 
temporal,  46,  74,  77 

transverse,  see  "Crista  falciformis" 
turbinate,  inferior,  of  the  palate-bone,  S3 

of  the  superior  maxillary  bone, 
80,  81 
superior,  of  the  palate-bone,  83 
of  the  vestibule,  69 
Crista  anterior  (fibula-),  138 

(tibiae),  136,  13S 
buccinatoria,  84,  85 
capituli  costae,  40 
colli  costae,  40 
conchalis  (maxillae),  So,  81 

(ossis  palatini),  S3 
ethmoidalis  (maxillae),  80,  81 

(ossis  palatini),  83 
falciformis,  65,  68 
frontalis,  49,  50,  75,  88 
galli,  49,  78,  88,  94,  95 
lliaca,  1 28- 1 30 
infratemporalis,  48,  5S-60 
interossea  (fibulae),  13S 

(radii),  114,  115 
(tibiae),  136-138 
(ulna-),  114 
intertrochanterica,  132-134 
lacrimalis  anterior,  So,  98 
posterior,  79,  98 
lateralis  (fibula;),  138 

septi  (nasi),  93 
medialis  (fibulae),  138 
musculi  recti  capitis  majoris,  56 
minoris,  56 
supinatoris,  1 14 
nasalis,  91,  95,  97 
obturatoria,  130 
occipitalis  externa,  48,  55,  56 
interna,  49,  54,  56 
orbitalis  (alae  magna),  59 
sacralis  articularis,  31 
lateralis,  31 
medialis,  31 
sphenoidalis,  58,  59 
transversa,  65,  68 
tuberculi  majoris,  112 
minoris,  112 
vestibuli,  69 
Cms  commune  and  crus  simplex  of  the  semicircular  canals, 

69,  and  note,  p.  69 
Cupular  portion  of  the  epitvmpanic  recess,  64 


156 


INDEX 


Dens  epistrophc  i,   19 
1  lepn  ssion,  digital,  85 

Deprei  lionsfoi  th<  lateral  metatarsophalangeal  ligaments 
1  1 
Pacchionian,  50,  73 
I  lianieter,  conjugate,  of  the  pelvis,  diagonal,  [27 

true,  127 
Diameters,  obliqui    1  I  the  pelvis,  127 

transverse,  of  the  pelvis,  127 
Diaphysis,   io 
Digiti  (manus),  1  [8 

pedis,  1  i".  141 
I  liploe,  19,  50,  51 

of  the  frontal  bone,  76,  77 
Disc,  epiphysial,   ■■  > 
Dorsum  ol  the  foot,  [40 

of  the  scapula,  1 10 
sellae,  58-61,  96 

E. 

Eminence,  articular,  62 
deltoid.   1  12 
frontal,  46,  74.  77,  104 
iliopectineal,  128,  130 
jugular,  54,  56 
olivary,  59-61 
parietal,  72.  104 
papillary,  66,  67,  69 

of  the  second  rib  for  the  serratus  magnus,  40 
of  the  superior  semicircular  canal,  63,  70 
Eminentia  arcuata,  63,  70 

carpi  radialis.  1  iS 
ulnaris,  118 
cruciata,  54,  89 
iliopectinea,  12S,  130 
intercondyloidea,  136,  137 
papillaris,  66,  67,  69 
pyramidal  is,  66,  67,  69 
Entrance  to  the  mastoid  antrum,  66,  67 

to  the  orbit,  48,  98 
Epicondvlc  of  the  femur,  external,  132,  134 
internal,  132,  133 
Epicondylus  lateralis  (femoris),  132.  [34 
(humeri),  1 12 
medialis  (femoris),  132,  135 
(humeri),  1 12 
Epiphysis,  20 
Epistropheus,  29 

development  of,  35 
Epitympanic  recess.  63,  69,  70 
Eustachian  canal,  63,  64,  66,  67,  69 
Extremitas  acromialis  (claviculae),  109 

sternalis  (claviculse),  109 
Extremity  of  the  clavicle,  acromial,  109 

sternal,  109 
Exoccipital,  54,  56,  57.  and  note,  p.  57 

F. 

Facet  or  facets,  articular: 

of  the  acromion,  clavicular,  1  to 
of  the  atlas,  superior,  29 
of  the  astragalus— 

for  the  calcaneuni,  anterior,  143 
middle,  143 
posterior.  [43 
for  the  external  malleolus,  143 
for  the  internal  malleolus,  143 
for  the  navicular  bone,  143 
of  the  clavicle,  acromial,  109 

sternal,  109 
of  the  heads  of  the  ribs,  40 
of  the  odontoid  process,  anterior,  29 
of  the  os  calcis,  anterior,  143 
cuboid,  143 
internal,  143 
posterior,  143 
for  the  ribs  (sternal),  41 
of  the  tubercles  of  the  ribs,  40 


Facet  or  facets,  articular  : 

of  the  vertebrae,  inferior,  25-27 
superior,  25-27 
Facial  portion  of  the  skull,  53 
tFacies,  anterior  femoris,  1  32,    .;; 

lateralis  humeri,  1 12 
maxilhe,  80 
medialis  humeri,  1 12 
pyramidis,  65 
articulans  acromialis  (claviculae),  109 
acromii,  1 10 
anterior  calcanei,  143 

epistrophei,  29 
Calcanea  (tali)  anterior,  143 
media,  143 
posterior,  14; 
capituli  costse,  40 

fibulae,  13S 
carpea,  1 15 

cuboidea  (calcanei),  143 
liliularis,  136,  137 
inferior  tibiae,  137 

vertebrarum,  25-27 
malleolaris  (tibia;),  137 
malleoli  (lateralis),  137,  138 
media  (calcanei),  143 
navicularis  (tali),  143 
ossis  temporalis,  62,  70,  71 
patellae,  136 
posterior  (calcanei),  143 
sternalis  (claviculae),  109 
superior  tibiae,  137 

vertebrarum,  25-27 
tuberculi  COStae,  40 
auricularis  ossis  ilium,  128 

sacri.  31,  32 
cerebralis  alae  magnae,  58,  61 
ossis  frontalis,  75 
parietalis,  73 
squamae  temporalis,  63,  64 
costalis  scapulae,  no 
t  dorsalis  manus,  1 19 

ossis  sacri,  31,  32,  126 
f  pedis,  140 

radii,  114-116 
scapulae,  no 
ulnae,  114 
frontalis  (ossis  frontalis),  74 
inferior  pyramidis,  65 
infratemporalis  (maxilla;),  So,  99 
1"  lateralis  femoris,  132,  133 

fibulae,  138 
radii,  114- 116 
tibiae,  136  [38 
lunata  (acetabuli),  130 
malaris  (ossis  zygomatici),  83 
malleolaris  lateralis  (tali),  [43 
medialis  (tali),  143 
maxillaris  ossis  palatini,  83 
t  medialis  femoris,  132,  133 

fibulae,  i;-s 
tibiae,  136.  13S 
ulnae,  1 14 
nasalis  maxilhe.  80 

ossis  palatini,  S3 
orbitalis  alae  magna;,  58-61,  9S 
maxilhe,  80 
ossis  frontalis,  76 
zygomatici,  S3 
ossea,  53 

parietalis  (ossis  parietalis),  72 
patellaris,  132-134 
pelvina  (ossis  sacri),  30,  32,  125 
t  plantaris  pedis,  141 

posterior  fibulae,  13S 
humeri,  112 
pyramidis,  65 
tibiae,  136-138 
sphenomaxillaris  (alae  magnae),  5S,  99 
superior  (tali),  143 


INDEX- 


IS? 


Facies  symph yseos.   1 28 

temporalis  alae  magme,  5S-61 

ossis  frontalis,  74,  77 
zygomatici,  S3 
squamie  temporalis,  62,  63 
t  volaris  manus,  11S 

radii,  114-116 
ulna.',  114,  1 16 
Femur,  the,  14,  107,  132-134 

development  of,  135 
Fenestra  cochlea;,  67,  69 
ovalis,  67-69 
rotunda,  67,  69 
vestibuli,  67-69 
Fibres,  Sharpey's,  10 
Fibula,  the,  107,  138 

development  of,  139 
Fingers,  skeleton  of,  118 
Fissura  orbitalis  inferior,  93,  96,  98 

superior,  58,  59,  88,  92,  9S 
petro-occipitalis,  48,  49,  88 
petrosquamosa,  63,  64,  69 
petrotvmpanica  [Glaseri],  62,  65,  70,  71 
pterygnidea.  58,  54  . 
pterygomaxillans,  99 
spheno-occipi  talis,  60 
sphenopetrosa,  48,  49 
tympanomastoidea,  62,  66,  71 
Fissure,  Glaserian,  62,  65,  70,  71 
incisor,  48,  82,  97 
occipitosphenoidal,  60 
orbital,  58,  59,  88,  92,  98 
petrobasilar,  48,  49,  98 
petrosquamous,  63,  64,  69 
ptervgomaxillary,  99 
sphenomaxillary,  93,  96,  98 
tympanomastoid,  62,  66,  71 
Foutanelle,  anterior,  104 

anterolateral,  104 
posterior,  104 
posterolateral,  104 
Fonticulus  frontalis  [major J,  104 
mastoideus,  104 
occipitalis  [minor],  104 
sphenoidalis,  104 
Foramen  or  foramina: 

alveolar,  anterior  and  middle,  8« 

posterior,  80,  8r,  99 
caecum,  49,  75,  88,  91.  94 
condylar,  anterior,  54-57,  88 

posterior,  54-57,  88,  89 
costotransverse,  26,  29 
t  emissarii  occipitalis,  89 

emissary,  mastoid,  62,  63,  89 
occipital,  89 

of  Vesalius,    see    "  Canaliculu 
noidalis,"  and  note,  p.  92 
ethmoidale  anterius,  76,  90,  91,  98 

posterius,  76,  91,  98 
frontale,  76 

incisivum,  82,  93,  96,  97 
inferior  dental,  85 
infra-orbital,  So,  Sr,  98,  99 
intervertebral,  24 

of  the  sacrum,  31 
jugular,  48,  49,  88 

bipartite,  88 

divided  by  an  intrajugular  process,  88 
lacerate,  anterior,  5S,  59,  88,  92,  98 
middle,  4S,  49 
posterior,  4S,  49,  88 
mandibular,  85 
magnum,  48,  54-56,  89 
mastoid,  62,  63,  89 
mental,  S5,  86 
nasal,  79 
nutricium,  iS,  19 

claviculae,  109 
femoris,   132 
fibulas,  138 


SpllE- 


Foramen  or  foramina  : 

nutricium  humeri,  1 12 
ossis  ilii,  19 
radii.   1 15,  1 16 
tibiae,  is,  136,  137 
ulnae,  1/4,  116 
nutrient,  18,  19 

of  the  clavicle,  109 
of  the  femur,  132 
of  the  fibula,  138 
of  the  humerus,  112 
of  the  ilium,  19 
of  the  radius,  115,  ri6 
of  the  tibia,  18,  136,    137 
of  the  ulna,  114,  116 
obturator,  128-130 

optic,  59-61,  88,  9S,  99 
ovale  (of  the  hip-bone),  12S-130 
(of  the  skull),  59,  61,  96 
palatiua  minora,  S3,  90,  97 
palatinum  majus,  90,  96,  97 
palatine,  great,  90,  96,  97 

parietal,  72,  73,  100 
pterygospinous,  91 
rotundum,  5S-61,  8S,  92,  93,  99 
sacral,  anterior,  30 
posterior,  31 
singulare,  68 
sphenoidal,  58-61,  90-93 
sphenopalatine,  90,  91,  98,  99 
spinal,  25-27 
spinosum,  59 
of  Stenson,  82 

stylomastoid,  62,  64,  67,  70,  71 
supra-orbital,  74,  76 
thyroid,  128-130 
transversarium,  26,  29 
vertebrale,  25-27 
for  vertebral  arterv,  26,  29 
of  Vesalius,  note  to  p.  92  (see  also  "Canaliculus, 

sphenoidal ") 
zygomaticofacial,  S3 
zygomatico-orbitale,  83 
zygomaticotemporale,  130 
Fossa  acetabuli,  130 
canine,  80 

condylar,  posterior,  55 
coronoid,  112 

cranial,  anterior,  49,  88,  95 
middle,  49,  88 
posterior,  49,  88 
digastric  (of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone),  85 

(of  the  temporal  bone),  6?.  11 
digital,  132,  133 
of  the  external  lateral  ligament  of  the  ankle-joint, 

137,  138 
floccular,  63,  70 

glandulae  lachrymalis,  76,  77,  92,  98 
of  the  Gasserian  ganglion,  6} 
glenoid,  of  the  scapula,  no,  "111 

of  the  temporal  bone,  62,  70,  71 
hypophyseos,  59-61,  and  note  to  p.  60  ' 
iliac,  12S 

*  of  the  incus,  64 
infraspinous,  no 
infratemporal,  48,  96 
intercondylar,  of  the  femur,  132,  134 

of  the  tibia,  anterior,  137 
intercondyloidea  (femoris),  132,  134 

anterior  (tibiae),  137 

posterior  (tibiae),  137 
jugular,  of  the  temporal  bone,  62,  65 
lachrymal,  76,  77,  92,  98 

*  mandibularis,  62 
occipital,  inferior,  54,  56 


palatine,  anterior,  82,  96,  97 
pituitary,  59-51 
prenasal,  97 


158 


INDEX 


Fossa,  pterygoid,  58,  95 

ptei  j  gopalal  ina,  9  '.,  98,  9° 
radial,  112 
reniform,  65 
sacci  lacriinalis,  ys 
scaphoid,  5s 

sphenomaxillary,  92,  9S,  99 
subarcuata,  63,  70 
subscapular,     i" 
supraspiui  >us,  no 
temporal,  47 
trochanterics,  132,  133 
trochlea:  ,76 
*  vermian,  89 

zygomatic,  48,  96 
Fossula  fenestra  cochleae,  66,  68 
vestibuli,  66 
of  the  fenestra  ovalis,  66 

rotunda,  66,  68 
ovalis,  66 

of  the  petrous  ganglion,  62,  65 
petrosa,  62,  65 
rotunda,  66,  6S 
Fovea  articularis  ossis  temporalis,  62 
superior  atlantis,  29 
capitis  femoris,  132,  133 
capituli  radii,  115 
costalis,  inferior,  25 
superior,  25 
transversalis,  25 
dentis,  29 

ptervgoidea  (processus  coudyloidei),  84,  85 
sublingualis,  85 
submaxillaris,  85 
trochlearis,  76 
tFoveolae  ethmoidales,  76 

granulares  [Pacchioni],  50,  73 
Frons,  46,  47 
Fundus  meatus  acustici  interni,  65 

of  the  internal  auditory  meatus,  65 

G. 

Geniculum  of  the  aqueduct  of  Fallopius,  65,  67,  68 

canalis  facialis,  65,  67,  68 
"  German  horizontal,"  101 
Girdle,  pelvic,  107,  124-126 

shoulder,  106,  108 
Glabella,  46,  74 
Gladiolus,  41 

Great  wing  of  the  sphenoid,  5S-61 
Groove  or  grooves : 

for  Arnold's  nerve,  62,  65 

for   the    auricular    branch    of  the  pneumogastric 

nerve,  62,  65 
basilar,  49,  56,  58 
bicipital,  112 
carotid,  58,  59 
fibular,  136,  137 
of  the  hamular  process,  58 
infra-orbital,  80,  93,  94,  98,  99 
interosseous,  of  the  astragalus,  143 
of  the  calcaneum,  143 
of  the  tarsus,  143 
lachrymal,  98 

of  the  lachrymal  bone,  79,  92 
of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  80,  82, 
91,  98 
meningeal,  50,  73 
of  the  middle  temporal  artery,  62 
mylohyoid,  85 
of  the  nasal  nerve,  79,  91 
obturator,  128 
occipital,  62,  71 
optic,  59 
palatine,  S2,  97 

anterior,  So,  91 
posterior,  So 

of  the  palate-bone,  83 
of  the  sphenoid  bone,  58,  and 
note  to  same 


Groove  or  grooves : 

palatomaxillary,  80 

oi  Hh  palate  bone,  83 
of  tin-    sphenoid   bone,   58,   and 
note  to  same 
preauricular,  128 

of  the  promontory,  for  the  nerves  of  the  tympanic 
plexus,  67 
*  pterygopalatine,  note  to  p.  58 

spiral,  112 
for  spinal  nerve,  26 
of  the  subclavian  artery,  40 
subcostal,  40 

of  the  superficial  petrosal  nerve,  great,  63,  64 
small,  63,  64 
of  the  tendon  of — 

the  flexor  carpi  radialis  muscle,  121 

the  flexor  longus  hallucis  muscle,  141,  143 

the  peroneus  longus  muscle,  140,  141,  1  | ,;. 

144 
the  popliteus  muscle,  134 
tin-  tibialis  posticus  muscle,  136 
of  the  tendons  of  the  peroneal  muscles,  138 
of  the  ulnar  nerve,  112 
vertebral  (for  vertebral  artery),  29 


Hamulus  lacriinalis,  79,  98 

ossis  liamati,  118,  121 
pterygoideus,  58,  60,  95 
Haversian  canals,  10 

system  of  lamella;,  10,  II 
Head  of  the  astragalus,  143 

of  the  capitate  bone,  121 
of  the  femur,  132-134 
of  the  fibula,  138 
of  the  humerus,  112 

of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone,  S4-86,  96 
of  the  mandible,  S4-S6,  96 
of  the  os  magnum,  121 
of  the  radius,  115 
of  the  scapula,  1 10 
of  the  ulna,  1 14 
Heads  of  the  metacarpal  bones,  112 

of  the  metatarsal  bones,  141,  145 
of  the  ribs,  40 
Heart,  rudimentary,  102 
Hiatus  canalis  facialis,  63-67 
Fallopii,  63-67 
maxillaris,  So,  91,  99 
of  the  sacrum,  31 
semilunaris,  78,  90 
subarcuatus,  63,  70 
Hip-bone,  the,  107,  12S-130 

development  of,  131 
Hook  of  the  unciform  bone,  118,  121 

Horseshoe-shaped  articular  surface  of  the  acetabulum,  130 
Humerus,  the,  12,  106,  112 

development  of,  1 13 


I. 

Iliac  portion  of  the  iliopectineal  line,  128 
Ilium,  the,  19,  124-126 

•Impressiones  digitatae,  49,  75,  and  notes,  pp.  49  and  75 
Impression,  rhomboid,  109 
Impressio  trigemini,  63 
Incisura  vel  incisure : 
acetabuli,  130 
clavicularis,  41 
costales,  41 
ethmoidalis,  76,  77 
fibularis,  136,  137 
frontalis,  74,  76 
ischiadica  major,  128,  129 

minor,  129 
jugularis  ossis  occipitalis,  56,  89 
temporalis,  63 
sterni,  41 
lacrimalis,  80 


INDEX 


159 


Incisura  vcl  incisurae  : 

mandibular,  84 

mastoidea,  62,  71 

nasal  is.  So 

parietalis,  62,  63 

radialis  (ulnae),  114 

scapulae,  110 

semilunaris,  114,  115 

sphenopalatina,  83 

supra-orbitalis,  74,  76 

tympanica  [Rivini],  62,  64,  70,  71 

ulnaris  (radii),  115 

vertebralis  inferior,  25,  27 
superior,  27 
Inclination  of  the  pelvis,  127 
Infundiliulum.  78 
Interparietal  bone,  note,  p.  57 
Ischium,  the,  124-126 
Iter  chords  posterius,  64,  65,  67 

J. 

Jacobson's  nerve,  canal  for,  65-67 
Jaw-bone,  lower,  46,  47,  53,  84-86 

development  of,  S6 
upper,  46,  47,  53,  80,  81 

development  of,  82 
Jaws,  senile  atrophy  of,  87 
Juga  alveolaria,  80,  85 
cerebralia,  49,  75 

L. 
Labium  externum  (crista?  iliacae),  129,  130 
internum  (crista?  iliacae),  128 
laterale  (linea?  asperse),  132,  133 
mediale  (lineae  aspera?),  132,  133 
Labyrinth,  bony,  68,  69,  96 

of  the  ethmoid  bone,  78,  92,  94 
osseous,  68,  69,  96 
Labyrinthus  ethmoidalis,  78,  92,  94 

osseous,  68,  69,  96 
Lachrymal  canal,  93,  95 
Lacunae  of  bone,  10 
Lamina  cribrosa,  78,  90,  91,  94 

externa  of  the  cranial  bones,  19,  50 
interna  of  the  cranial  bones,  19,  50 
lateralis  processus  pterygoidei,  5S,  60,  61,  99 
t  malaris  (ossis  zygomatics),  83 

medialis  processus  pterygoidei,  =;S  6' 
t  orbitalis  (ossis  zygomatici),  83,  98 

papyracea,  78,  91.  9?,  94 
perpendicularis,  78,  91,  94,  95 
of  the  vertebrae,  25,  26 
Limbus  alveolaris  mandibulse,  84,  86 
maxillae,  80-82,  97 
t  dentalis,  48 

Linea  vel  lineae : 

arcuata  (ossis  ilii),  12S 
aspera  (femoris),  132,  133 
glutaea  anterior,  129,  130 
inferior,  129 
posterior,  129 
intercondyloidea  (femoris),  132 
intermedia  (crista?  iliacae),  128,  130 
intertrochanterica,  132,  133 
musculares  (scapulae),  110 
mylohyoidea,  85 
nuchas  inferior,  48,  55,  56 
superior,  55,  56 
suprema,  55 
obliqua  (mandibular),  84,  85 
pectmea  (femoris),  132,  133 
poplitea,  136,  137 
temporalis  inferior,  47,  62,  72 

•  is-,1^  frontalis),  46,  74,  77 
superior,  47,  72 
terminalis  (pelvis),  124,  125 
pars  iliaca,  125 
pubica,  125 
sacralis,  30,  125 
transversa?  (ossis  sacri),  30 


Line  or  lines  : 

curved,  of  the  ilium,  inferior,  129 

middle,   ley,  1  ;<  > 
superior,  129 
of  the  occipital  bone,  highest,  55 

inferior,  48,  55,  56 
superior,  55,  56 
gluteal,  inferior,  129 

middle,  129,  130 
posterior,  129 
iliopectineal,  iliac  portion.  12.S 

pubic  portion,  128 
intercondylar,  132 
intertrochanteric,  anterior,  132,  133 
posterior,  [32    [33 
oblique,  external  (of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone),  84, 
85 
internal  (of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone),  85 
of  the  scapula,  no 
of  the  tibia,  136,  137 
pectineal,  132,  T33 
temporal,  inferior,  47,  72 
superior,  47,  72 
trapezoid,  109 
Lingula  mandibular,  S4-86 

sphenoidalis,  59,  99 
Lip  of  the  crest  of  the  ilium,  inner,  12S 

outer,  129,  130 
of  the  linea  aspera,  inner,  132,  133 
outer,  132,  133 

M. 

Malleolus,  external,  137,  138 

internal,  136,  137 

lateralis,  137,  138 

medialis,  136,  137 

Mandibula,  46,  47,  53,  84-86 

development,  86 
Manubrium  sterui,  41 
Margin,  alveolar,  of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone,  84,  86 

of  the  superior  maxillary  Lone,  80-82,  97 
of  bicipital  groove,  inner,  112 
outer,  112 
supra-orbital,  48,  74,  76,  77,  92,  98 
Margo  axillaris  (scapula?),  no 
dorsalis  radii,  114,  115 

ulnae,  114 
frontalis  ossis  parietalis,  72,  73 

sphenoidalis,  58,  59 
infragleuoidalis  (tibiae),  136,  137 
infra-orbitalis,  80,  83,  98 
lacrimalis  (maxilla?),  80 
lambdoideus,  54-56 
lateralis  humeri,  112 

pedis,  140 
mastoideus,  54-56 
medialis  humeri,  112 
pedis,  140 
tibiae,  136,  138 
uasalis  (ossis  frontalis),  76,  77 
occipitalis  ossis  parietalis,  72,  73 
temporalis,  62,  63 
t  orbitalis  (ossis  sphenoidalis),  59 

parietalis  ossis  frontalis,  74-76 

temporalis,  62,  63 
t  petrosus  (ossis  sphenoidalis),  59 

sagittalis  (ossis  parietalis),  72.  73 
t  sphenoidalis  ossis  frontalis,  75,  76 

temporalis,  62-64 
squamosus  ossis  parietalis,  72,  73 

sphenoidalis,  58-60 
superior  (scapulae),  110 
supra-orbitalis,  48,  74,  76,  77,  92,  98 
vertebralis  (scapula?),  1 10 
volaris  radii,  114,  115 

ulnae,  114 
zygomatieus  (ossis  sphenoidalis),  58-60 
Massa  lateralia  (atlantis),  29 
Masses,  lateral  (of  the  atlas),  29 


160 


INDEX 


Mass,  lateral,  of  the  ethmoid  lione,  78,  92,  94 

of  the  sacrum,  30,  31 
Mastoid  antrum,  64,  66,  67,  70 

entrance  to,  66,  67 
portion  of  the  temporal  bone,  62-64,  70,  71 
Maxilla,  the,  46,  47,  53,  .So,  Si 

development  of,  82 
Meatus  acusticus  externus,  47,  66,  69,  71,  96 
interims,  65,  6S,  69,  96 
auditory,  external,  47,  66,  69,  71,  96 

internal,  65,  68,  69,  96 
nasal,  common,  78,  96 
inferior,  00,  94 
middle,  90,  94 
superior,  90,  94 
nasi  communis,  7s,  96 
inferior,  90,  94 
medius,  90,  94 
superior,  90,  94 
nasopharyngeal,  90 
uasopharyngeus,  90 
Medulla  ossium,  11 

Membrane  of  the  anterior  fontanelle,  rofi 
Mesosternum,  41 
Metacarpus,  106,  118 
Metatarsus,  107,  140 
Metasternum,  41 

N. 

Nares,  posterior,  48,  93,  96 

Nasal  aperture,  anterior,  46,  4S,  90,  91,  93 

posterior,  48,  93,  96 
Neck,  anatomical,  of  the  humerus,  112 
of  the  astragalus,  143 
of  the  femur,  132-134 
of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone,  84,  85 
of  the  mandible,  S4,  85 
of  the  radius,  115 
of  the  scapula,  no 
surgical,  of  the  humerus,  112 
Necks  of  the  ribs,  40 
tNorma  frontalis,  46,  101 
t  lateralis,  47,  101 

t  verticalis,  101 

Notch,  cotyloid,  130 
clavicular,  41 
ethmoidal,  76,  77 
great  sciatic,  128,  129 
iliosciatic,  128,  129 
interclavicular,  40 
jugular,  of  the  occipital  bone,  56,  89 

of  the  temporal  bone,  63 
lachrymal,  80 
nasal,  So 
parietal,  62,  63 
popliteal.  137 
pterygoid,  5S,  89 
of  Rivinus,  62,  64,  70,  71 
sciatic,  129 
sigmoid,  84 
small  sciatic,  129 
sphenopalatine,  83 
supra-orbital,  74,  76 
suprascapular,  no 
vertebral,  inferior,  25,  27 
superior,  27 
Notochord,  34 
"Nutcracker  face,"  87 
Nutrient  artery,  20 


Occiput,  47 
Odontoid  process,  29 
Olecranon,  114,  115 
Optic  vesicle,  primary,  102 
Orbit,  entrance  to  the,  48,  98 
Orbital  orifice,  height,  101 
width,  101 
Orbitosphenoid,  61 
Orbits,  the,  92-95,  9S 
Orifice  of  the  Eustachian  tube,  tympanic,  66 


Os  vti  ossa 
t       acetabuli,  131 
t       antibrachii,  [06,  114-nb 

.1   1 .  lopment  of,  1:7 
brevia,  16,  17 

development  of,  21 
capitatum,  1 19-121 
calcis,  17,  142,  143 

development  of,  146,  147 
carpi,  120,  [21 

development  of,  123 
cenlrale  carpi,   1  21 1 
coccygis,  24,  32,  33,  125,  120 

development  of,  35 
costale,  38,  39 
coxse,  107,  128-130 

development  of,  13; 
cranii,  52-104 

cerebralis,  52 
t      cruris,  107,  136-138 

development  of,  1  ',9 
cuboideum,  142,  144 
cuneiforme  primum,  141,  142,  14-: 
secundum,  142,  144 
tertium,  17,  142,  144 
ethmoidale,  52,  78 
faciei,  53 
frontale,  52,  74-76 

development  of,  77 
hamatum,  119-121 
hyoideum,  87 
ilium,  19,  124-126 
+       incae,  100 

incisivum,  82,  97 
t       infracoracoideum,  ill 

innominatum,  107,  128-130 

development  of,  131 
interparietale,  100 
ischii,  t  24- 1 26 
lacrimale,  53,  79,  90-92,  95 
longa,  12-15 
lunatum,  119,  120 
magnum,  119-121 
metacarpale  I.,  106,  119 
metacarpalia,  119,  122 

development  of,  123 
metatarsale  I.,  107,  142 
metatarsalia,  142,  145 

development  of,  146,  J47 
multangulum  majus,  119-121 
minus,  119-121 
nasale,  53,  79,  90,  91 
naviculare  manus,  119,  120 

pedis,  142,  144 
occipitale,  52,  54-56 

development  of,  57 
palatinum,  53,  83 
parietale.  19,  52,  72,  73 

development  of,  21 
pisiforme,  1 18-120 
planum,  7S,  91,  92,  94 
plana,   19 
pubis,  124-126 
sacrum,  24,  30-33,  125,  126 

development  of,  35 
sesamoidea  manus,  118 

pedis,  140,  141 
sphenoidale,  52,  58-60 

development  of,  0; 
suprasternalia,  41 
suturarum,  100 
tarsi,  17,  143,  144 
temporale,  52,  62-69 

development  of,  70,  7i 
trigonum,  143 
triquetrum,  119,  120 
zygomaticum,  53,  83 
"  Osseous  corpuscles,"  10 
Ossification,  intracartilaginous,  20 
intramembranous,  21 


INDEX 


160a 


Ossification  of  the  Y-shaped  cartilage  of  the  acetabulum,  131 

Osteology,  7  et  seq. 

Ostium  tympanicum  tubae  auditivee,  66 

P. 

Palate,  hard,  48,  94,  96,  97 
Palatum  durum,  4.S,  94,  96,  97 
Paries  carotica  cavi  tympani,  65,  66 
inferior  orbitas,  93,  98,  99 
jugularis  cavi  tympani,  66 
labyriuthica  cavi  tympani,  65,  66 
lateralis  orbitae,  98 
mastoidea  cavi  tympani,  66 
medialis  orbitae,  98 
superior  orbitae,  92,  98 
tegmentalis  cavi  tympani,  65 
Pars  alveolaris  mandibular,  84-86 

basilaris  ossis  occipitalis,  54-57 
cupularis  recessus  epityinpanici,  64 
horizontalis  ossis  palatini,  83,  90,  91,  97 
lateralis  ossis  occipitalis,  54,  56,  57 

sacn,  30,  31 
mastoidea  ossis  temporalis,  62-64,  70,  71 
nasalis  ossis  frontalis,  74,  77 
orbitalis  ossis  frontalis,  75-77,  94,  98 
perpendicularis  ossis  palatini,  S3,  90,  91,  97,  99 
petrosa  ossis  temporalis,  62-64,  70,  71 
tvmpanica  ossis  temporalis,  62,  64,  65,  71 
Patella,  107,  136 
Pecten  ossis  pubis,  12S 
Pedicle  of  the  neural  arch,  25,  26 
Pelvic  brim  or  inlet,  124,  125,  127 
girdle,  107.  124-126 
outlet,  126,  127 
Pelvis,  124,  127 

axis  of,  127 
diameters  of,  127 
false,  124,  125 
female,  124 
major,  124,  125 
male,  125,  126 
measurements  of,  127 
minor,  124,  125,  127 
t  muliebris,  124 

true,  124,  125,  127 
t  virilis,  125,  126 

Perichondrium,  20 
Periosteum.  11,  20 

Petrosal  ganglion,  depression  for,  62,  65 
Petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone,  62-64,  67,  70,  71 
Phalanges  digitorum  manus,  106,  118,  119,  122 

development  of,  123 
pedis,  107,  140-142,  145 

development  of,  146,  147 
hallucis,  107 
pollicis,  106 
Phalanges  of  the  fingers,  106,  118,  119,  122 

development  of,  123 
of  the  great  toe,  107 
of  the  thumb,  106 
of  the  toes,  107,  140-142,  145 

development  of,  146,  147 
Pit,  olfactory,  102 
Plane,  nuchal,  48,  55,  100 

occipital,  55,  100 
Planum  nuchale,  48,  55,  100 
occipitale,  55,  100 
popliteum,  132 
t  sternale,  36 

temporale,  47,  72 
Plate,  cribriform,  78,  90,  91,  94 

of  the  ethmoid  bone,  orbital,  78,  91,  92,  94 
vertical,  78,  91,  94,  95 
of  the  frontal  bone,  orbital,  75-77,  94,  98 
of  the  palate  bone,  horizontal,  83,  90,  91,  97 
palate,  S3,  90,  91,  97 
vertical,  83,  90,  91,  97,  99 
pterygoid,  external,  5S,  60,  61,  99 

internal,  58,  61 
tympanic,  62,  64,  65,  71 
Ponticulus  promontorii,  67 


Portion,  nasal,  of  the  frontal  bone,  74,  77 
Porus  acusticus  externus,  47,  48,  62 

interims,  63,  65,  68,  70 
Postsphenoid,  61 
Premaxilla,  82,  97 
Presphenoid,  61 
Presternum,  41 
Process  or  processes  : 
accessory,  27 
alar,  78,  94 
articular,  of  the  sacrum,  superior,  30-32 

of  the  vertebrae,  inferior,  25-27,  29 
superior,  25-27,  29 
*  of  the  astragalus,  external,  143 

posterior,  141,  143 
trochlear,  143 
basilar,  of  the  occipital  bone,  54-57,  60 
clinoid,  anterior,  5S-60 
middle,  59,  60 
posterior,  58,  59 
cochleariform,  64-68 
coracoid,  no,  m 
coronoid  (of  the  mandible),  84,  S6 

(of  the  ulna),  114 
costal,  27 
ensiform,  41 
ethmoidal,  79,  90 

of  frontal  bone,  external  angular,  75-77 
humular,  of  the  lachrymal  bone,  79,  9S 

of  the  sphenoid  bone,  58,  60,  95 
intrajugtilar,  of  the  occipital  bone,  63 
of  the  temporal  bone,  56 
jugular,  54,  56,  89 
lachrymal,  79,  90 
of  the  malar  bone,  frontal,  83 

marginal,  S3 
orbital,  83,  98 
temporal,  S3 
mamillary,  27 

mastoid,  48,  62,  64,  67,  71,  88 
maxillary,  of  the  inferior  turbinate  bone,  79  99 
nasal,  of  the  palate  bone,  83,  99 
of  the  maxillary  bone  (inferior),  alveolar,  84-86 
coronoid,  84-86 
(superior),  alveolar,  So,  82,  99 
malar,  80,  82 
nasal.  So,  Si,  91 
palatine,  S0-S2,  90, 
91.  97 
odontoid,  29 

of  the  palate  bone,  orbital,  83,  90-92,  98,  99 
pyramidal,  83,  97,  99 
sphenoidal,  S3,  90,  91 
paratnastoid,  88 
paroccipital,  88 
pterygoid,  48,  58-61,  91,  92 
pterygospinous,  60,  91 
spinous,  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  5S-61,  93 

(of  vertebra;),  25-27 
styloid,  of  the  fibula,  138 
of  the  radius,  1 15 
of  the  temporal  bone,  48,  62,  64 
of  the  third  metacarpal  bone,  122 
of  the  ulna.  114,  115 
transverse,  25,  26,  28 
tympanic,  anterior,  70,  71 

posterior,  70 
unciform,  of  the  unciform  bone,  11S.  121 
uncinate,  78,  90,  94,  95,  99 
ungual,  of  the  phalanges  of  the  fingers,  122 

of  the  toes,  141,  145 
vaginal,  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  58,  59,  61,  90,  91 

of  the  temporal  bone,  64,  70,  71 
xiphoid.  41 
Processus  accessorius,  27 
alaris,  78.  94 

alveolaris  (maxillae),  80,  82,  99 
articularis  inferior  vertebrarum,  25-27,  29 
superior  ossis  sacri,  30-32 

vertebrarum,  25-27,  29 
cliuoideus,  anterior,  58-60 

20a 


160/; 


INDEX 


Processus  clinoideus,  medius,  59,  60 

posterior,  58,  59 
cochleariformis,  65,  66,  68 
condyloideus,  84,  8s 
coracoideus,  1 10,  1 1 1 
coronoideus  mandibulae,  84-86 

ulnse,   114 
costanus,  27 
ethmoidalis,  79,  90 
frontalis,  80,  81,  9] 
frontosphenoidalis,  83 
intrajugularis  ossis  occipitalis,  56 
temporalis,  63 
iugularis,  54,  56,  89 
lacrimalis,  79,  90 
lateralis  tali,  143 

tuberis  calcanei,  141,  143 
mamillaris,  27 
marginalis,  S3 

mastoideus,  48,  62,  64,  67,  71,  88 
maxillaris,  79,  99 

medialis  tuberis  calcanei.  141,  143 
nasalis  ossis  palati,  83,  99 
orbitalis,  83,  90-92,  98,  99 
palatums,  80-82,  90,  91,  97 
parf"»2astoideus,  88 
pospeisor  tali,  141,  143 
pterygoideus,  48,  58-61,  91,  92 
pterygospinosus  [Civinini],  60,  91 
pyramidalis,  83,  97,  99 
sphenoidalis,  83,  90,  91 
spinosus,  25-27 

styloideus  ossis  metacarpalis  III.,  '-- 
temporalis,  48,  62,64 
radii,  T 15 
ulna;,  114,  115 
temporalis,  83 
transversus,  25,  26,  28 
troclilearis,  143 
t  tympauicus,  anterior,  70,  71 

posterior,  70 
t  uncinatus,  78,  90,  94,  95,  99 

vaginalis,  58,  59,  61,  90,  91 
xipboideus,  41 
zygomaticus  maxilla;,  80,  82 

ossis  frontalis,  75-77 

temporalis,  62-64,  7°V  71 
Prominence  of  the  aqueduct  of  Fallopius,  66 

of  the  external  semicircular  canal,  66,  67 
styloid,  64 
Prominentia  canalis  facialis,  66 

semicircularis  lateralis,  66,  67 
styloidea,  64 
Promontorium  (cavi  tympani),  66-68 

(columnar  vertebralis),  24,  124 
Promontory  of  the  tympanum,  66-68 

sacral,  24,  124 
Protovertebra;,  34 
Protuberance,  mental,  84-86 

occipital,  external,  48,  55,  56 

internal,  49,  54,  57,  89 
rrotuberantia  mentalis,  84-86 

occipitalis  externa,  48,  55,  56 

interna,  49,  54,  57,  89 
Pterygoid  plate,    external,  58,  60,  61,  99 

internal,  58,  61 
Pubis,  the,   124-126 
Pyramid  of  the  tympanum,  66,  67,  69 
Pyramis  [pars  petrosa]  ossis  temporalis,  62-64,  7°.  71 


Radius,  13,  106,  115,  116 

development  of,  117 
Radix  arcus  vertebra;,  25,  26 
Ramus,  inferior  ossis  ischii,  128,  130 
pubis,  12S,  130 
of  the  ischium,  inferior,  128,  130 

superior,  128 
mandibulae,  S4-87 


Ramus  of  the  pubis,  ascending,  128 

descending,  128,   13° 
inferior,  128,  130 
superior,  128 
superior  ossis  ischii,  1 28 

pubis,    [28 

Recess,  elliptical,  69 

epitympanic,  64,  69,  70 
sphenoethmoidal,  90,  92 
Recessus  ellipticus,  69 

epitympauicus,  64,  69,  70 
spheno-ethmoidalis,  90,  92 
Ribs,  the,  36-40 

asternal,  36,  development  of,  42 
false,  36 
floating,  36 
sternal,  36 
true,  36 
Ridge  or  ridges  : 

of  the  carpus,  radial,  118 
ulnar,  118 
cruciform,  internal,  54 
gluteal,  132 

for  the  interarticular  costocentral  ligament,  40 
intermediate,  of  the  crest  of  the  ilium,  128,  130 
interosseous,  of  the  fibula,  138 

of  the  tibia,  136-1:18 
intertrochanteric,  132,  133 
mylohyoid.  85 
of  the  neck  of  the  rib,  40 
orbital,  80,  98 
pectoral,  112 
postauricular,  62 
superciliary,  46,  48,  74 
supinator  (of  the  ulna),  114 
transverse,  of  the  sacrum,  30 
of  the  trapezium,  118,  121 
trapezoid,  109 
Ring,  tympanic,  70,  103,  104 
Roof  of  the  skull,  50 

of  the  tympanum,  65 
Rostrum,  sphenoidal,  58-61,  91 

primitive,  61 
Row  of  teeth,  48 

S. 
Sacrum,  the,  24,  30-33,  125,  126 
development  of,  35 
apex  of  the,  30,  31 
Scapula,  the,  106,  108,  no 

development  of,  in 
Sella  turcica,  60,  and  footnote 
Semicanalis  musculi  tensoris  tympani,  64,  66,  67,  "O 

tubaa  auditiva;,  64,  66,  67,  69 
Septa,  interalveolar,  82,  84 

Septum  between  the  canal  for  the  tensor  tympani  muscle 
and  the  Eustachian  canal,  64-68 
canalis  musculotubarii,  64,  66,  67 
of  the  frontal  sinuses,  76,  94 
nasi  osseum,  46,  91-93,  96 
of  the  nose,  bony,  46.  91-93,  96 
sinuum  frontalium,  76,  94 
sphenoidalium,  60,  93 
sphenoidal.  60,  93 
Shaft  of  the  femur,  132,  133 
of  the  fibula,  138 
of  the  humerus,  112 
of  the  radius,  115 
of  the  tibia,  136,  137 
of  the  ulna,  114 
Shafts  of  the  metacarpal  bones,  122 
of  the  metatarsal  bones,  145 
of  the  phalanges  of  the  fingers,  122 

of  the  toes,  145 
of  the  ribs,  40 
Shoulder-girdle,  106,  108 
Sinciput,  47 
t  Sinus  cervicalis,  102 

frontalis,  76,  77,  90,  91,  94,  95 
maxillaris,  80-82,  93-95,  97,  99 
posterior  (cavi  tympani),  64,  66,  67 


INDEX 


160,; 


Sinus  sphenoidalis,  60,  61,  90-93 
tarsi,  140 
tyinpani.  66,  67 
Skeleton,  appendicular,  105-147 
axial,  23-104 

extremitatis  inferioris,  105,  107,  124-147 
superioris,  105,  106,  108-123 
of  the  foot,  140-142 

development  of,  146,  147 
of  the  hand.  1  iS,  119 

development  of,  123 
human,  22 

of  the  lower  limb,  105,  107,  124-127 
t  manus,  1 18,  119 

development  of,  123 
t  pedis,  140-142 

development  of,  146,  147 
trunci,  23-43 
of  the  trunk,  23-43 
of  the  upper  limb,  105,  106,  108-123 
Skull  (see  also  "  Cranium  ") : 
cap,  50 

measurements  of,  101 
views  of: 

base,  external,  48 
internal,  49 
front,  46,  101 
roof,  inner,  50 
side,  47,  101 
top,  101 
Small  wing  of  the  sphenoid,  5S-61 
Space,  interosseous,  of  the  forearm,  106,  1 16 

of  the  leg,  107 
Spaces,  intercostal,  36 
Spatia  intercostalia,  36 

tSpatium  interosseum  antibrachii,  106,  116 
t  cruris,  107 

Sphenoid  bone,  58-60 

development  of,  61 
Spina  vel  spinas: 

angularis,  5S-61,  93 
t  ethmoidalis,  59 

frontalis,  74-77,  90,  91 
iliaca  anterior  inferior,  128,  129 
superior,  128-130 
posterior  inferior,  128,  129 
superior,  128,  129 
ischiadica,  128,  129 
mentalis.  84,  85,  96 
t  musculi  recti  lateralis,  58 

nasalis  anterior,  46,  47,  So,  90,  91,  93,  97 

posterior,  90,  91,  97 
palatinae,  82,  97 
scapula;,  no 
suprameaturn,  62 
trochlearis,  76,  98 
tympanica  major,  64,  71 

minor,  64,  70,  71 
Spine,  ethmoidal,  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  59 
iliac,  antirior  inferior,  128,  129 
superior,  128-130 
posterior  inferior,  128,  129 
superior,  128,  129 
of  the  ischium,  128,  129 
for  the  lower  head  of  the  external  rectus  muscle  of 

the  eyeball,  58 
mental,  84,  85,  96 

nasal,  anterior,  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  46, 
47.  90,  91,  93,  97 
of  the  frontal  bone,  74-77,  90,  91 
posterior,  90,  91,  97 
palatine,  90,  91,  97 
peroneal,  of  the  astragalus,  143 
pharyngeal,  56 
pubic,  130 
of  the  scapula.  1 10 
of  the  sphenoid  bone,  58-61,  93 
suprameatal,  62 
of  the  tibia,  136,  137 
trochlear,  76,  98 


Spine,  tympanic,  anterior,  64,  71 

posterior,  64,  70,  71 
•Spines,  palatine,  82,  97 
Spongy  bone,  sphenoidal,  5S,  59,  61 
Squama  frontalis,  74-77 

occipitalis,  54-57 
temporalis,  62-64,  70,  71 
Squamous  portion  of  the  frontal  bone,  74-77 
of  the  occipital  bone,  54-57 
of  the  temporal  bone,  62-64,  7°.  71 
Sternum,  41 

development  of,  42 
Subiculum  promontorii,  67 
Substance  of  bone,  cortical,  19,  20 
Substantia  compacta,  11-17,  '9 
corticalis,  19,  20 


arteriae  occipitalis,  62,  71 

temporalis  media;,  62 
vertebralis,  29 
arteriosi,  50,  73 
calcanei,  143 

canaliculi  tnastoidei,  62,  65 
caroticus,  58,  59 
carpi,  118 
chiasmatis,  59 
costae,  40 

ethmoidalis,  79,  91 
hamuli  pterygoidei,  58 
infra-orbitalis,  So,  93,  94,  98,  99 
intertubercularis,  112 
lacrimalis  maxillae,  80,  82,  91,  98 
ossis  lacrimalis,  79,  92 
lateral,  49,  54,  56,  63,  64,  73,  88,  89 
longitudinal,  54,  73,  75,  88,  89 
mallei,  70 

malleolaris  (tibia;),  136 

musculi  flexoris  hallucis  longi  (calcanei),  141,  143 
(tali),  141,  143 
peronaei  longi  (calcanei),  143 

(ossis  cuboidei),  140,  141,  144 
mylohyoideus,  85 

nervi  petrosi  superficialis  majoris,  63,  64 
minoris,  63,  64 
radialis,  112 
spinalis,  26 
ulnaris,  112 
obturatorius,  128 
olfactorius,  90 
palatini,  82,  97 
paraglenoidalis,  128 
petrosal,  inferior,  56,  62,  63,  SS 
superior,  63 
t  petrosquamosus,  64 

petrosus  inferior,  88 

ossis  occfpitahs,  56 

temporalis,  62,  63 
superior,  63 
I"  praeauricularis,  128 

promontorii,  67 
t  pterygopalatine  maxillae,  80 

ossis  palatini,  83 

sphenoidalis,  58 
sagittalis  (ossis  frontalis),  75,  88 
(ossis  occipitalis),  54,  89 
(ossis  parietalis),  73 
sigmoideus,  49,  56,  63,  64,  88,  89 
subclavian  40 
tali,  143 
transversus  ossis  occipitalis,  49,  54,  56,  89 

parietalis,  73 
tubae  auditivae,  48 
tympanicus.  64,  66,  69,  70 
venosus,  50 
Supra-occipital  bone,  note  to  p.  57 

portion   of  the  occipital   bone,   54-57,  and 
note,  p.  57 
Surface,  articular,  of  the  astragalus,  superior,  143 

of  the  external  malleolus,  137,  13S 


\60d 


INDEX 


Surface,  articular,  of  the  head  of  the  fibula,  13S 
of  the  internal  malleolus,  137 
of  the  patella    1   ■ 
of  the  radius,  for  the  ulna,   1  [5 

of  the  tibia,  for  the  head  of  the  fibula, 
136-  137 
inferior  or  distal,  137 
superior  or  proximal,  137 
auricular,  of  the  ilium,  128 

of  the  sacrum,  31,  32 
of  the  femur,  anterior,  132,  133 
patellar,  132-134 
popliteal,  132 
postero-external,  132,  133 
postero-internal,  132,  133 
of  the  fibula,  anterior, 

external,  138 
internal,  [38 
posterior,  138 
of  the  foot,  dorsal,  140 
plantar,  141 
of  the  frontal  bone,  anterior,  74 
cerebral,  75 
frontal,  74 
orbital,  76 
posterior,  75 
temporal,  74,  77 
of  the  great  wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  cerebral, 

58,  61 
of  the  great  wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  orbital, 

58-61,  98 
of  the  great  wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  spheno- 
maxillary, 58,  99 
of  the  great  wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  temporal, 

58-61,  and  note,  p.  59 
of  the  hand,  dorsal,  119 

palmar,  118 
of  the  humerus,  antero-external,  112 
antero-internal,  112 
posterior,  112 
of  the  malar  bone,  malar,  83 
orbital,  83 
outer,  83 

temporozygomatic,  83 
patellar  (of  the  femur),  132-134 
of  the  parietal  bone,  cerebral,  73 
external,  72 
internal,  73 
parietal,  72 
temporal,  47,  72 
of  the  petrous    portion    of   the   temporal    bone, 

anterior,  65 
of    the   petrous    portion    of   the    temporal    bone, 

inferior,  65 
of   the  petrous    portion    of   the   temporal   bone, 

posterior,  65 
pophteaJ,  132 

of  the  pubic  symphysis,  128 
of  the  radius,  anterior,  114- 116 
external,  114-116 
posterior,  114-116 
of  the  sacrum,  dorsal,  31,  32 

pelvic,  30,  32,  125 
posterior,  126 
of  the  scapular,  anterior,  no 
posterior,  1 10 
of  the  squamous  portion  of  the  temporal   bone, 

cerebral,  63,  64 
of  the  squamous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone, 

temporal,  62,  63 
of  the  sternum,  anterior,  36 
of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  anterior,  80 
facial,  80 
nasal,  80 
orbital,  80 
zygomatic,  80,  99 
temporozygomatic,  58-61,  and  note,  p.  59 
of  the  tibia,  external,  136-138 
internal,  136,  138 
posterior,  136-138 


Surface,  of  the  ulna,  anterior,  114,  ti6 
internal,  1  14 
posterior,  1 1.) 
of  the  vertical  plate  of  the  palate-bone;  external,  8^ 

internal,  83 
nasal,  83 
zygomatic,  58-61,  and  note,  p.  59 
Sustentaculum  tali,  [40,  141,   1  |  ; 
Sutura  coronalis,  46,  47,  49,  50,  88,  100 

ethmoideoniaxillaris,  98 

frontalis,  77 

fronto-ethmoidalis,  49,  98 

frontolacrinialis,  91,  98 

frontomaxillaris,  46,  98 

incisiva,  48,  82,  07 

infra-orbitalis,  80 

intermaxillaris,  46 

internasalis,  46.  92 

lacrimoconchalis,  90,  95 
t  lacrimo-ethmoidalis,  91,  98 

lacrimomaxillaris,  91,  98 

lambdoidea,  47,  50,  89,  100 
t  mendosa,  55,  57,  104 

nasofrontalis,  46,  90-92,  98 

nasomaxillaris,  46,  47 
t  occipitalis  transversa,  100 

occipitomastoidea,  47-49,  88,  89,  100 

palatina  mediana,  96,  97 

transversa,  90,  91,  96,  97 

palato-ethmoidalis,  99 

palatomaxillaris.  98 

parietomastoidea,  47,  49,  89,  100 

sagittal  is,  50,  SS,  100 

spheno-ethmoidalis,  49,  98,  99 

sphenofrontalis,  47 

spheno-orbitalis,  49,  98 

sphenoparietalis,  46,  47,  S8 

sphenosquamosa,  46-49,  88 

sphneozygomatica,  47,  98 

squamosa,  46,  47,  88 

squamosomastoidea,  62,  70,  71 

zygomaticofrontalis,  46,  47,  92 

zygomaticomaxillaris,  46,  47 

zygomaticotemporalis,  46,  47 
Suture,  coronal,  46,  47,  49,  50,  88,  100 

etlimoidomaxillary,  98 

frontal,  77 

frouto-ethmoidal,  49,  9S 

frontolachrymal,  91,  98 

frontomalar,.46,  47,  92 

frontomaxillary,  46,  98 

frontoparietal,  46,  47,  49,  50,  S8,  joo 

infra-orbital,  80 

intermaxillary.  46 

interparietal,  50,  S8,- 100 

interuasal,  46,  92 

lachrymo-ethmoidal,  91,  9S 

lachrymomaxillary,  91,  98 

lachrymoturbinal,  90,  95 

lambdoid,  47,  50,  .89,  100 

malomaxillary,  46,  47 

mendosa,  55,  57,  104,  and  note  to  p.  57 

metopic,  77 

nasofrontal,  46,  90-92,  98 

nasomaxillary,  46,  67 

occipital,  transverse,  55,  57,  100,  104,  and  note  to 
P-57 

occipitomastoid,  47-49,  88,  89,  100 

occipitoparietal,  47,  50,  89,  too 

palatine,  anterior,  48,  S2,  97 
median,  96,  97 
middle,  96,  97 
posterior,  90,  91,  96,  97 
transverse,  90,  91,  96,  97 

palato-ethmoidal,  99 

palatomaxillary,  98 

parietomastoid,  47,  49,  89,  100 

petrosphenoidal,  48,  49 

premaxillary,  48,  82,  97 

sagittal,  50,  SS,  100 


INDEX 


160 


Suture,  sphenoethmoidal,  49.  98,  99 
sphenofrontal,  47 
sphenomalar,  47,  98 
spheno-orbital,  49,  98 
sphenoparietal,  4(1,  47,  •s<'"' 
sphenosquamous,  46-49.  88 
squamosomastoid,  62,  70,  71 
squamous,  46-  [8 
temporomalar,  46,  47 
Symphysis  ossium  pubis,  125 

pubic,  125 
Synchondrosis  epiphyseos,  20 

interspheuoidalis,  61 
intra-occipitalis,  anterior,  57 
posterior,  57 
occipitosphenoidal,  49 
spheno-occipitalis,  49 
sterualis,  41 


Table,  inner,  of  the  bones  of  the  skull,  19,  50 

of  the  frontal  bone,  75-77 
outer,  of  the  bones  of  the  skull,  19,  50 

of  the  frontal  bone,  75,  76 
Tabular  portion   of  the   occipital   bone,   54-57,    and   note, 

P-  57 
Talus,  17,  142,  143 
Tarsus,  107,  140 

Tegmen  tympani,  64,  65,  69-71,  96 
Thorax,  36,  37 
Tibia,  15,  18,  107,  136,  137 

development  of,  139 
Tissue  of  bone,  cancellous,  n-17,  19 

compact,  11-17,  19 
Toes,  skeleton  of,  140,  141 
Tooth-sockets  of  the  lower  jaw,  84 
of  the  upper  jaw,  S2 
*Torus  occipitalis,  100 
palatinus,  96 
Tractus  spiralis  foraminuleutus,  68 
Trapezium,  the,  119-121 
Trochanter,  great,  132-134 
major,  132-134 
minor,  132,  133 
small,  132,  133 
tertius,  133 
third, 133 
Trochlea  humeri,  112 

phalangis  maims,  las- 

pedis,  145 
tali,  140,  143 
Tuber  calcanei,  140,  141,  143,  147 
cochlea;,  66-68 
frontale,  46,  74,  77,  104 
ischiadicum,  12S-130 
maxillare,  80-82,  99 
parietale,  72,  104 
Tubercle  of  the  atlas,  anterior,  29 
posterior,  29 
carotid,  24 
of  the  cervical  vertebrae,  anterior,  26 

posterior,  26,  29 
conoid,  109 
infragleuoid,  1 10 
of  the  ischium,  128-130 
of  Lisfranc,  40 
mental,  84,  85,  96 
obturator,  anterior,  128 

posterior,  128,  130 
pharyngeal,  56 
of   the    posterior    process    of   the    astragalus, 

external,  143 
of   the    posterior    process    of   the    astragalus, 

internal,  143 
of  the  ribs,  37,  40 
scalene,  40 

of  the  spine  of  the  tibia,  inner,  137 
outer,  137 
supraglenoid,  1  to 


Tubercle  of  the  tibia,  136,  137 

of  the  tuberosity  of  the  calcaueum,  inner,  141,  143 
outer,  141,  143 
Tuberculum  anterius  atlantis,  29 

vertebrarum  cervicalium,  ->6 
articulare,  62 
caroticum,  24 
costse,  37,  40 

intercondyloideum  laterale,  137 
mediale,  137 
jugulare,  54,  56 
t  laterale  tali,  143 

majus,  112 
f  mediale  tali,  143 

mentale,  84,  85,  96 
minus,  112 
obturatorium  anterius,  128 

posterius,  128,  130 
ossis  multanguli  majoris,  118,  121 
navicularis  manus,  118,  120 
pharyngeum,  56 
posterius  atlantis,  29 

vertebrarum  cervicalium,  26,  29 
pubicum,  130 
scaleni  [Lisfranci],  40 
sellae,  59-61 
Tuberositas  coracoidea,  109 
costse  II..  40 
costalis,  109 
deltoidea,  112 
glutsea,  132 
iliaca,  128,  129 
infraglenoidalis,  no 
masseterica,  S4,  86 
ossis  cuboidei,  141,  144 

metacarpalis  V„  122 
metatarsalis  I.,  141,  145 

V.,  140,  141,  145 
navicularis  pedis,  140,  141,  144 
pterygoidea,  S5 
radii,  115,  116 
sacralis,  31 
.  supraglenoidalis,  no 
tibiae,  136,  137 
ulnae,  114 
unguicularis    phalangum    digitorum    (manus), 

122 
unguicularis  phalangum  digitorum  pedis,  141, 
145 
Tuberosity,  costal,  109 

of  the  cuboid  bone,  141,  144 
of  the  femur,  external,  132,  134 
internal,  132,  133 
of  the  fifth  metacarpal  bone,  122 
of  the  first  metatarsal  bone,  141,  145 
of  the  fifth  metatarsal  bone,  140,  141,  145 
of  the  humerus,  great,  112 
small,  112 
of  the  ilium,  128,  129 
masseteric,  84,  86 
of  the  navicular  bone,  140,  141,  144 
of  the  os  calcis,  140.  141,  143,  147 
of  the  palate-bone.  83,  97,  99 
pterygoid,  internal,  85- 
of  the  radius,  115,  116 
of  the  sacrum,  31 
of  the  scaphoid  bone,  11S,  120 
of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  80-S4,  99 
of  the  tibia,  external,  136,  137 
internal,  136,  137 
of  the  trapezium,  11S,  121 
of  the  ulna,  114 
Turbinate  bone,  sphenoidal,  5S,  59,  61 

orbital  border  of  the,  59 
Tympanic  plate,  62,  64,  65,  71 
ring,  70,  103,  104 
sinus,  66,  67 
spine,  anterior,  64,  71 

posterior,  64,  70,  71 
sulcus,  64,  66,  69,  70 


1 60/ 


Ulna,  the,  T3,  106,  114,  116 
development  of,  1 17 


INDEX 


U. 


Vagina!  process  of  the  temporal  bone,  64,  70,  71 

of  tin-  sphenoid  bone,  58,  59,  61,  90,  91 
Vagina  processus  styloidei,  64,  70,  71 
Venter  of  the  scapula,  1  [o 
Vertebra  or  vertebrae: 

cervical,  24,  26,  29 

seventh,  29 
development  of,  34,  55 
dorsal,  24,  25,  28 
first,  28 
eleventh,  28 
twelfth,  28 
lumbar,  24,  27,  28 

fifth,  28,  33 
prominens,  24 
sacral,  24,  30-32 
structure,  16 
thoracales,  24,  25,  2S 
thoracalis      I.,  28 
XL,  28 
XII.,  28 
Vertex,  46,  47 


Vesicle,  optic,  primary,  102 

umbilical,  102 
Vestibulum  labyri    thi,  65,  68,  69 
Vomer,  53,  79,  91,  94,  95 

W. 

Wall  of  the  orbit,  external,  98 

inferior,  93,  98 
internal,  98 
superior,  92,  98 
of  the  tympanum,  carotid,  65,  66 
inner,  65,  66 
jugular,  66 
labyrinthine,  65,  66 
mastoid,  66 
superior  (roof),  65 
Wing  of  the  ilium,  130 

of  the  sphenoid,  great,  58-61 
small,  58-61 


Xiphisternum,  41 


Zygoma,  46  48,  62-64,  7°,  7r>  ' 
Zygomatic  width,'  101 


AN     ATLAS 

OF 

HUMAN  ANATOMY 

FOR    STUDENTS    AND    PHYSICIANS 

BY 

CARL  TOLDT,  M.D. 

ASSISTED    BY 

PROFESSOR  ALOIS  DALLA  ROSA,  M.D. 
goapteo  to  Enolisb  ano  American  an&  Jnternattonal  Zetminology 

BY 

M.  EDEN  PAUL,  M.D.   Brux.,   M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P. 

SECOND    SECTION 

C.     ARTHROLOGY 

(FIGURES  378  TO  489  AND   INDEX) 

REVISED   EDITION 


•>>  CD  & 

9i/oo' 


NEW  YORK 

REBMAN    COMPANY 

141,  143  and  145  WEST  36th  STREET 


Copyright,  1919,  by 
REBMAN  COMPANY 


SYNDESMOLOGIA 
ARTHROLOGY 


THE   ARTICULATIONS    IN    GENERAL 


164 


THE  ARTICULATIONS   IN   GENERAL 


Sutural  Bubstance 


Sagittal  or  interparietal 
suture 

Sutura  sagittalis 


Parietal  bone 

*Os  parietale 


Anterior  or  frontal  border 
'Margo  frontalis 


pIG<  378.— Sutura  Serrata — Serrated  or  Dentated  Suture. 


Squamous  or  temporo-- 
parietal  suture 

Sutura  squamosa 

Parietomastoid  suture     - 
Sutura  parietomastoidea 


External  auditory  aperture 

Porus  acusticus  externus 


-Sutural  substance 

Parietal  bone  (inferior  or 
squamous  border) 

Os  parietale 
(margo  squamosus) 


Squamous  portion  of  the  temporal  bona 
Squama  temporalis 


Zygoma 

Processus  zygomaticus 


7, 
Fig.  379. — Sutura  Squamosa — Squamous  or  Scaly  Suture. 


Frontonasal  suture    _  \  „ 

Sutura  nasofrontalis  YI/S 

Frontomaxillary  suture /     r 

Sutura  frontomaxillaris  '   I  • 

Nasal  process  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone  /     I 

Processus  frontalis  maxillae  J 

Harmonia  (Lachrymomaxillary  suture)...../         / 
Harmonia  (Sutura  lacrimomaxillaris)        k*    '  )  | 
Nasal  bone  "       S  / .  ....■'; 
Os  nasale 


w 


_  Orbital  plate  of  the  frontal  bone 

Os  frontale  (pars  orbitalis) 

Frontolachrymal  suture        1 
'"Sutura  frontolacrimalis  [  Harmonic  sutures 

Lachrymo-ethmoidal  suture  r  Harmonise 
~  Sutura  lacrimo-ethmoidalis  J 
—Lachrymal  bone 

Os  lacrimale 


'A 
Fig.  380.— Harmonia— Harmonic    Suture. 

Synarthrosis,  or  Continuous  Articulation. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   IN   GENERAL 


165 


Cranial  dura  mater 
Dura  mater  encephal 

Dorsum  sellse 

Dorsum  sella? 


Spheno-occipital  synchondrosis 

Synchondrosis  spheno-occipital  is 
Basilar  portion  of  the  occipital  bone 
Pars  basilaris  ossis  occipitalis 


Ala  of  the  vomer 

Ala  vomeris 


— Vertical  plate  of  the  ethmoid  bone 


•Cartilage  of  the  septum  of  the  nose 

Septum  nasi  cartilagineum 

..The  vomer 

Vomer 

— Nasal  crest  of  superior  maxillary  bone 
Crista  nasalis 


Fig.  381.— Synchondrosis.     (The   Spheno-occipital   Synchondrosis  of  a  Girl  at  the 
Age  of  Two  Years;   Median  Sagittal  Section.) 


Periosteum  - 
Periosteum 


Superior  pubic  ligament 

Lig.  pubicum  superius 


"Bie  os  pubis 


Interpubic  disc 

•Lamina  fibrocartilaginea 

interpubica 


The  inferior  pubic  or  subpubic  ligament 

Lig.  arcuatum  pubis 


Fig.  382. — Symphysis.     (The  Pubic  Symphysis;  Frontal  Section,  Posterior  Portion.) 


iUveolus  or  socket  of  the  tooth 
Alveolus  dentis 


Interalveolar  septum 
Septum  interalveolare 


Root  of  the  tooth 

Radix  dentis 


—  Dental  periosteum 

Periosteum  alveolare 
Interalveolar  septum 
Septum  interalveolare 


Fig.  383. — Gomphosis. 
Synarthrosis,  or  Continuous  Articulation. 


166 


THE    Ah'TICULAJJONS    IN    GEM:EAE 


Second  metacarpal  bone- 

(  is  metacarpale  II. 

Point  of  intersection  of  the  axes^ 
of  adduction  and  abduction 

Axis  of  flexion  of  the  metacarpo- 
phalangeal articulation 

Lateral  ligament 
Lig    collaterale 

Proximal  articular  surface  of  - 
the  first  phalanx 


Axis  of  flexion  of  the  proximal 
interphalangeal  articulation 
Lateral  ligament' 
Lig.  collaterale 


Second  phalanx 
Phalanx  II. 


Axis  of  flexion  of  the  distal  inter- 
phalangeal articulation 


Centre  of  the  head  of  the  metacarpal  bone 
(axis  of  flexion  of  the  metacarpophalangeal 
articulation) 


Third  phalanx 
Phalanx  III. 

Distal  interphalangeal 

articulation 
Articulatio  digiti  distalis 


Third  phalanx. 
Phalanx  III. 


Axes  of  flexion  of  the  inter- 
phalangeal articulations 


Fig.  384. — Extension.     Posterior 
Aspect. 


Fig.  385. — Flexion.     Lateral 
Aspect. 


dlarthrosls  (metacarpo-phalangeal  articulation'). — glnglymus,  or  hlnge  joint 
(Articulations  of  the  Fingers). 


External  malleolar  surface 

Facies  malleolaris  lateralis 


Superior  articular  surface  of  the  astragalus 
Facies  superior  trochlese  tali 

Internal  malleolar  surface 

/  Facies  malleolaris  medialis 


Line  completing  the  edge  of- 
the  screw 

Axis  of  the  superior  articular 

surface  of  the  astragalus  ( axis 

of  the  screw  =  axis  of  rotation 

of  the  ankle-joint) 


Fig.  386. — Articulatio  Cochlearis,  Cochleoid  or  Scre  Ginglymus.  (Superior  Articular 
Surface  of  the  Left  Astragalus,  seen  from  Behind,  showing  the  Screw  Form  of  the 
Ankle-Joint. 


Diarthrosis,  or  Discontinuous  Articulation — Articulatio  simplex,  simple  joint. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   IN   GENERAL 


167 


Lateral  ligament 
Lig.  collaterals      i 
Capsule  of  the  joint 

Capsula  articularis    \ 


Axis  of  adduction  and  abduction 


Centre  of  the  head  (axis 
of  flexion  of  the  metacarpo- 
phalangeal articulation  i 


...  Second  metacarpal  bone 
Os  metacar  ale  II. 


flg.  387. — condylarthrosis,  or  condyloid  joint.     (tlie  metacarpophalangeal  articulation 
of  the  Index-Finger;  Lateral  View.) 


Point  of  intersection  of  the  frontal  axes  of  the 
occipital  condyles  (the  axis  of  flexion  and 
extension,  or  nodding  movement,  of  the  head) 


s  Sagittal  axis  of  the  occipito-atlantal  articulation 
(axis  of  lateral  flexion  of  the  head) 


Basilar  portion  of  the  occipital 
bone 

Pars  basilaris  ossis  occipitalis 
Capsule  of  the  joint 
Capsula  articularis 


Occipital  condyle 

Condylus  occipitalis 


...Superior  articular  surface  of  the  atlas 
Fovea  articularis  superior  atlantis 


Lateral  mass  of  the  atlas 
Massa  lateralis  atlantis 


FlG.    388. — CONDYLARTHROSIS,    OR    CONDYLOID    JOINT.       (RlGHT    OCCIPITO-ATLANTAL    ARTICULATION  J 

SEEN    FROM    THE    OUTER    SlDE.) 

The  outer  half  of  the  lateral  mass  of  the  atlas  has  been  removed  by  a  sagittal  section  passing  through 

the  joint. 


Anteroposterior  axis  (axis  of  adduction  and  abduction 


Radio-ulnar  axis  (axis  of  flexion 
and  extension) 


Trapezium 

Os  multangulum  majus 


First  metacarpal  bone^ 
Os  metacarpale  I. 

Fig.  389. — Articulatio  Sellaris — Saddle  Joint.     (Articulatio  Carpometacarpea  Pollicis- 
Carpometacarpal  Joint  of  the  Thumb.) 


Diarthrosis,  or  Discontinuous  Articulation — Articulatio  simplex,  simple  joint. 


168 


THE     i  A'/  rCC/i    i  Z7CWS    /.V   GENER  U. 


Capsule  of  the  joint 
Capsula  arti<  ulai 


Frontal  articular  axis  (axis  of  flexion) 


Sagittal  articular  axis  (axis  of 
adduction  and  abduction) 


Axis  of  the  neck  of  the  humerus— 


The  humerus. 

Humerus 


Axis  of  rotation 
,  Glenoid  ligament 


Axis  of  the  neck  of 
the  humerus 


Articular  cartilage  of 
the  glenoid  fossa 


Fig.  390. — Enarthrosis,1  or  Arthrodia  ;  Ball-and-socket  Joint.  (The  Right  Shoulder-Joint 
seen  from  before,  the  anterior  half  of  the  glenoid  fossa  and  of  the  capsule  of 
the  Joint  having  been  removed.) 


Great  trochanter 
Trochanter  major 


Cotyloid  ligament  l&'L  ^a 

Labrum  gleno.date  J&m^lttP?M 

Capsule  of  the  joint  '        t^^SpS^^jM^^-:' 

Capsula  articularis    \  /-' \AwM}*^t$MM\ 


Frontal  articular  axi 
(axis  of  flexion 


Axis  of  the  neck  of 
the  femur 


Articular  cartilage  of  the 
horseshoe-shaped  articular 
portion  of  the  acetabulum 


Sagittal  articular  axis  (axis 
of  adduction  and  abduction) 

Interarticular  or  round 

ligament 

Lig.  teres  femoris 

Fossa  of  the  acetabulum 

Fossa  acetabuli 


Transverse  ligament 

Lig.  transversum  acetabuli 

(Labrum  glenoidale) 


Fibrous  portion"> 

Pars  fibrosa        |  of  the  capsule  of  the  joint 
Synovial  portion      I  capsula:  articularis 
Lars  synovialis         J 


Axis  of  rotation 


Fig.  391. — Enarthrosis,1  or  Arthrodia;  Ball-and-Socket  Joint.  (The  Right  Hip-Joint  seen 
from  Before,  the  Anterior  Half  of  the  Acetabulum  and  of  the  Capsule  of  the  Joint 
having  been  removed.) 


1  I  have  departed  a  little 
and  the  shoulder  joint  are  cl 
shoulder-joint,  in  which  the 
Gelenk— lit.,  "free  joint  ";  \ 
extent,  is  called  Enakthros 
of  the  hip  and  the  shoulder  jo: 
than  in  the  other  has  not  bee 
the  terms  Enarthrosis  and 


this  page  from  the  author's  terminology,  which  differs  slightly  from  that  in  use  in  England.  Both  the  hip 
rd  by  him  as  examples  of  Articulatio  sphjeroidea,  K-ugelgelenk — lit.,  "  ball  joint ";  one  of  these,  the 
:  articular  surface  is  considerably  less  than  a  hemisphere  in  extent,  is  called  by  him  Arthrodia,  freies 
e  other,  the  hip-joint,  in  which  the  concave  articular  surface  is  considerably  more  than  a  hemisphere  in 
sgelenk—  lit.,  "nut  joint."  English  anatomists  do  not,  as  a  rule,  draw  this  distinction.  The  movements 
dentical  in  character,  and  the  greater  extent  of  the  rigid  portion  of  the  enveloping  surface  in  the  one  case 
dered  a  difference  sufficiently  important  to  warrant  a  separation  into  two  classes.      Hence,    in  England 


applied  indifferently  to  all  ball-and-socket  jo 


I  1 


Diarthrosis,  or  Discontinuous  Articulation— Articulatio  simplex,  simple  joint  ;  articulatio 
sphaeroidea,1   ball-and-socket  joint. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   IN   GENERAL 


The  radius 

Radius 


The  ulna 

Ulna 


169 


The  bones  of  the  carpus  (proximal  row) 

Axis  of  the  transverse 
carpal  articulation 


The  bones  of  the  carpus  (distal  rowi 


Saddle  joint  (carpometacarpal      • 
joint  of  the  thumb)  // 

Articulatio  sellaris  (carpo- 
metacarpea  pollicis) 


Intercarpal  gliding  joints 

Amphiarthroses  intercarpeae 


Axis  of  flexion  of  the  Band 
Axis  of  the  wrist-joint 


,a  Gliding  joints 
Amphiarthroses 


Fig.  392. — Articulatio  Composita,  Compound  Joints  (Articulations  of  the  Hand). — 
Amphiarthrosis  =  Arthrodia  or  Gliding  Joint,  as  seen  in  the  Intercarpal,  Carpo- 
metacarpal, and  Intermetacarpal  Joint. 

Ihe  arrows  show  the  dorsal  emergence  of  the  axes  of  the  wrist  joint  and  of  the  transverse  carpal 

articulation  respectively. 


The  humerus 

Humerus 

Axis  of  the  trochoid  articulation 
or  pivot-joint  (radio-ulnar) 


Internal  condyle 
Epicondyius  mediali 


Internal  lateral  ligament  / 
of  the  elbow-joint        ' 
Lig.  collaterale  ulnare 


The  ulna 
Ulna 


Centre  of  the  capitellum 
of  the  humerus 


Axis  of  the  trochlea  of  the  humerus 
(axis  of  flexion  of  the  elbow  joint) 


Humeroradial  articulation 

Articulatio  humeroradialis 


Annular  or  orbicular  ligament 
Lig.  annulare  radii 


Fig.  393. — Articulatio  Trochoidea,  Trochoid  or  Pivot  Joint. — Ginglymus,   Hinge   Joint. 

(Palmar  Aspect  of  the  Elbow-Joint.) 

The  radial  half  of  the  capitellum  of  the  humerus  has  been  removed  by  a  sagittal  section  passing 

through  its  centre  of  curvature. 

Diarthrosis,  or  Discontinuous  Articulation. 
Amphiarthrosis,  arthrodia  or  gliding  joint — Articulatio  composita,   compound  joint. 


170 


THE   ARTICULATIONS    IN   GENERA1 


Interarticular  fibrocartilage       (interettTug«unent       .^ES^lST"1^ 

I  lisi  us  .11  tii  ill. 11 i  ■ 


S\  ndesmosis 
(lig.  mil  n  laviculare) 


The  clavicle 
Clavicula      ■ 

Syndesmosis  (costo- 
clavicular or  rhomboid 
ligament) 
Syndesmosis  (lig. 
i  o  toclaviculare) 

First  rib  - 
Costa  I. 


Capsule  of  the  joint ' 
Capsula  articularis 


The  two  synovial  cavities  of  the 
sternoclavicular  joint 


Sternal  articular  facet  of 

the  clavicle 

Fades  articularis  sternalis 

claviculas 

Clavicular  notch  of  the 
sternum 

Incisura  clavicularis  sterni 


The  manubrium 

Manubrium  sterni 


Fig.  394. — Syndesmosis. — Interarticular  Fibrocartilage.     (The   Sternoclavicular 

Articulation,  Anterior  Aspect.) 

The  right  articulation  is  divided  through  the  middle  by  a  frontal  secti  n  ;  in  the  left,  .ne  front  portion 
of  the  capsule  has  been  removed,  and  the  clavicle  has  been  drawn  backwards. 


Syndesmosis  (coraco-acromial  ligament) 
Syndesmosis  (lig.  coraco-acromiale) 


The  acromion 

Acromion 


Coracoid  process 

Processus  coracoideus- 


Syndesmosis  (suprascapular  ligament) 

Syndesmosis  (lig.  transversum 

scapulae  superius) 


Neck  of  the  scapula 

Collum  scapulae 


Supraspinous  fossa 

Fossa  supraspinata 


Fig.  395. — Syndesmoses  Scapulae,  Proper  Ligaments  of  the  Scapula  ;  seen  from  Above, 


Syndesmosis,  fibrous  or     gamentous  union — Discus  articularis,  interarticular  fibrocartilage. 


JUNCTUR/E  OSSIUM  TRUNCI 

THE  ARTICULATIONS  OF  THE 

TRUNK 


172 


THE     \RTICULATIONS   Ul<    THE   TRUNK 


Intervertebral  disc 

Fibrocartilago  intervertebralis 


Body  of  the  fourth  lumbar 

vertebra 

Corpus  vertebrae  lumbalis  IV. 


Fig.  396. — Fibrocartilagines  Intervertebrales,  Intervertebral  Discs.     (Second,  Third, 
and  Fourth  Lumbar  Vertebra;  seen  from  Before.) 


Ligamenta  columnse  vertebralis — The  ligaments  of  the  vertebral  column. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   TRUNK 


173 


£jiterior  common  ligament 
£jg.  longitudinale  anterius 


Nucleus  pulposus,  or  central  pulpy 
portion  of  the  intervertebral  disc 


Posterior  common  ligament 
Lig.  longitudinale  posterius 


Superior  articular  process  of 
the  third  lumbar  vertebra 


Capsule  of  the  joint  of  the  articular  -'' 
processes 
Capsula  articulationis  intervertebralis 

Inferior  articular  process  of  the  second 
lumbar  vertebra 

Inferior  articular  process  of  the  third 
lumbar  vertebra 


Annulus  fibrosiis,  or  external 

fibrolaminar  portion  of  the 

intervertebral  disc 


Joint  of  the  articular  pro- 
cesses 

Articulatio  intervertebralis 


Ligamentum  subflavum 
Lig.  flavum 


Spinous  process  of  the  second  lumbar  vertebra 


Interspinous  ligament 
Lig  interspinale 


Supraspinous  ligament 
Lig.  supraspinal 


Fig.  397. — Intervertebral  Disc  between  the   Second   Lumbar  Vertebra  and  the  Third. 
(Lower  Half  of  a  Horizontal  Section.) 


columnae  vertebralis — The  ligaments  of  the  vertebral  column. 


174 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   TRUNK 


Ligamenta  sruonaviK 

Ligg.  flava 


,  Body  of  the  twelfth  dorsal  vertebra 
|  Corpu  .  vertebrae  thoracalis  XII. 


Interspinous  ligamen' 

Lig.  interspinale 


Spinous  process  of  the. 
twelfth  dorsal  vertebra 


Supraspinous  ligament : 

Lig.  supraspinale 


Epiphysis  of  the  spinous  pro- 
cess of  the  first  lumbar 
vertebra 


Joint  of  the  articular  processes  / 

Articulatio  intervertebralis 

Intervertebral  foramen 
Foramen  intervertebrals 


Layer  of  hyaline  cartilage 

Stratum  cartilagineum 


"Epiphysis  of  the  vertebral 
body 

Anterior  common  ligament 

Lig.  longitudinale  anterius 


Nucleus  , 
pulposus 


Annulus 
fibrosus 


of  the  inter- 
vertebral 
disc 


Posterior  common  ligament 

Lig.  longitudinale  posterius 


Intervertebral  disc 

Fibrocartilago  inter- 
vertebralis 


Fig.  398. — Fibrocartilagines  Intervertebrales,  Intervertebral  Discs.  Ligamenta  Flava, 
or  Subflava.  Ligamenta  Interspinalia,  Interspinous  Ligaments.  Ligamentum  Supra- 
spinale, Supraspinous  Ligament.  (Median  Section  through  the  Twelfth  Dorsal 
and  the  First  Lumbar  Vertebrae,  Left  Half,) 


Ligamenta  columnar  vertebralis— The  ligaments  of  the  vertebral  column. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   TRUNK 


175 


Capsule  of  the  joint  of  the  articular  processes 
Capsula  articulationis  intervertebrahs 


Arch  of  the  first  dorsal  vertebra 
Arcus  vertebrae  thoracalis  I. 


Surface  of  the  section  through 
the  pedicle 

Superior  articular  process 

Processus  articularis  superior 

Costotransverse  facet 

Fovea  costalis  transversalis 


Ligamenta  subflava 
Ligg.  flava 


Capsule  of  the  joint  01  the 

articular  processes 

Capsula  articulationis 

intervertebrahs 


Fig.  399. — Ligamenta  Flava,  Ligamenta  Subflava.  Articulationes  Intervertebrales, 
Intervertebral  Articulations.  Of  these  Latter  the  Right  are  unopened,  the 
Left  opened.  (The  Arches  of  the  First  Four  Dorsal  Vertebr.e,  separated  from 
the  Bodies  by  a  Frontal  Section.     Seen  from  Before.) 


Ligamenta  columnae  vertebralis — The  ligaments  of  the  vertebral  column. 


!7S 


THE    ARTIi  Ul    ITIONS   OF   THE   TRUNK 


Pharyngeal  tubercle' 
Tuberculum  pharyngeum 


Anterior  occipito-atlantal  ligament 

Membrana  atlanto -occipitalis  anterior 

First  cervical  vertebra 
Vertebra  cervicalis  I. 


First  dorsal  vertebra 

Vertebra  thoracalis  I. 


Tendon  of  origin  of  the 
longus  colli  muscle 


Divided  anterior  costocentral ) 
or  stellate  ligaments  I 


Eleventh  rib 
Costa  XI. 
Posterior  or  internal  intercostal 
aponeurosis 
Lig.  intercostale  internum 

Costal  portion  of  the  diaphragm 

Pars  costalis  diaphragmatis 

Crura  or  pillars  of  the  diaphragm 
Lumbar  fascia 
Fascia  lumbodorsalis 

Lumbar  fascia 
Fascia  lumbalis 

Transversalis  muscle 

Musculus  uansversus  abdominis 


Iliolumbar  ligament,' 

L.\°.  iliolumbale 


Anterior  common  ligament 
Lig.  longitudinale  anterius 


Anterior  superior  costotransverse 
ligament 

Lig.  costotransversariurn  anterius 

First  lumbar  vertebr? 

Vertebra  lumbalis  I. 


--^Lumbar  fascia 

•""Lig.  lumbocostal 


'-.Iliolumbar  ligament 

Lig.  iliolumbale 


Surface  of  the  section  through  the 
innominate  bone 


Great  sacrosciatic  foramen--' 

Foramen  ischiadicum  majus 
Anterior  or  small  sacrosciatic  ligament. 
Lig.  sacrospinosum 

Small  sacrosciatic  foramen  ' 
Foramen  ischiadicum  minus 
Posterior  or  great  sacrosciatic  ligament 
Lig.  sacrotuberosum 

1  U.S.:   Pharyngeal  spine. 

Fig.  400.— Ligamentum  Longitudinale  Anterius,  the  Anterior  Common  Ligament.     Liga- 

MENTUM       LUMBOCOSTALE,      LUMBOCOSTAL       LIGAMENT.         (THE      VENTRAL      ASPECT      OF      THE 

Vertebral  Column,  the  Anterior  Half  of  the  Base  of  the  Skull  and  the  anterior 
Half  of  the  Pelvis  having  been  removed.) 

Ligamenta  columnar  vertebralis— The  ligaments  of  the  vertebral  column. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   I  HE    1RUNK 


177 


Basi-occipital  and  basi- 

sphenoid 

Corpus  ossis  basilaris 

Anterior  arch  of  the  atlas 
Arcus  anterior  atlantis 

Odontoid  process--" 
Dens  epistrophei 

Spinal  canal 
Canalis  vertebralis- 


First  dorsal  vertebra 
Vertebra  thoracalis  I." 


First  lumbar  vertebra 

Vertebra  lumbalis  I. 


External  occipital 
protuberance 
Protuberantia 

occipitalis  externa 


Liganientum  nuchas 


Spinous  process  of  the 

seventh  cervical  vertebra 

Processus  spinosus 

vertebras  prominentis 


\  Supraspinous  ligament 
ILig.  supraspinale 


u 


WMfi    InterverteDral  foramina 
1\3tNl    \  Foramina  intervertebral 


Interspinous  ligaments 

Ligg.  interspinalia 


_  Occipital  bone 
Us  occipitale 

Posterior  or  long 

occipito-axial  ligament' 

Membrana  tectoria 
—  First  cervical  vertebra 
Vertebra  cervicalis  I. 


First  dorsal  vertebra 
"Vertebra  thoracalis  I. 


Posterior  common 

ligament 

"Lig.  longitudinale 

posterius 


-First  lumbar  vertebra 
Vertebra  lumbalis  I. 


Sacral  promontory 

Promontorium  ^-^jh'4.' 

First  sacral  vertebra 
Vertebra  sacralis  I.  " 


First  coccygeal  verteb  a 
Vertebra  coccygea  I.       — 
Vertical  axis  of  the  vertebral  colu  im 


Sacral  canal 

Canalis  sacralis 


i 


_Sacral  canal 

Canalis  sacralis 


Lateral  sacrococcygeal 
ligament 

cyg 


lU 


Interarticular  sacrococcygeal 
ligament 

Lig.  sacrocuccygellm  articulare 

"Deep  posterior  sacrococcygeal 
ligament 

Lig.  sacrococcygeum  posterius 


Fig.  401. — Intervertebral  Discs,  Interspin- 
ous Ligaments,  Supraspinous  Ligament, 
Ligamentum  Nuch.e.  Spinal  Canal;  Inter- 
vertebral Foramina.  Vertical  Axis  of 
the  Vertebral  Column.  (Median  Section 
through  the  vertebral  column.) 


Fig.  402. — Posterior  Common  Ligament  and 
its  Relation  with  the  Posterior  Occipito- 
axial  and  the  Deep  Posterior  Sacro- 
coccygeal Ligaments.  (The  Vertebral 
Column  with  the  Spinal  Canal  opened  by 
the  Removal  of  the  Neural  Arches; 
seen  from  Behind.) 

1  Macalister  calls  this  ligament  ligamentum  latum  axiale,  the  broad  axial  ligament.— Tr. 


Ligamenta  columnae  vertebralis — The  ligaments  of  the  vertebral  column. 


23 


17S 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF    I  HE    TRUNK 


Anterior  costocentral  or 

stellate  ligaments 
Ligg   i  tpitulorum  radiata 


"nterior  common  ligament 
Lig.  longitudinale  anterius  ""' 


Intervertebral  disc 
Fibrocartilago  intervertebral 


Fourth  dorsal  vertebra 
Vertebra  tlioracalis  IV. 


Costotransverse  facets 

Foveae  costales  transversales 


Anterior  costocentral  or 

stellate  ligaments 

Ligg.  capitulorum  radiata 


Tenth  dorsal  vertebra 
Vertebra  thoracalis  X. 


Fig.  403. — Ligamentum  Longitudinale  Anterius,  the  Anterior  Common  Ligament 
of  the  Vertebral  Column.  (The  Fourth  to  the  Tenth  Dorsal  Vertebrae  ; 
seen  from  Before.) 


Ligamenta  columnae  vertebralis— The  ligaments  of  the  vertebral  column. 


THE  ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   TRUNK 


179 


Fifth  lumbar  vertebra  — 
Vertebra  lumbalis  V. 


a 

First  sacral  nerve wSS 

Nervus  sacralis  I  j     ■  A'/wKa 

Spinal  dura  mater 
Dura  mater  spinalis 

Fifth  sacral  nerve  ___ 

Nervus  sacralis  V.  ,.    Wm    „ 

Coccygeal  nerve    _"*     \'  (\\ 

Nervus  coccygeus  HrlrSv 

filiform  radiations  connecting  the    _  fjLtjL 

spinal  dura  mater  with  the  lateral ~" 
wall  of  the  sacral  canal 


Fourth  posterior  sacral  foramen 
Foramen  sacrale  posterius  IV. 
Filum  terminale  of  the  spinal  dura  mater 
or  central  ligament  of  the  spinal  cord 
Filum  durjL-  matris  spinalis 

Coccygeal  cornu 
Cornu  coccygeum 


_  Posterior  common  ligament 
"  Lig.  longitudinale  posterius 


;,--  Divided  connexions  of  the  posterior  common 
ligament  with  the  3pinal  dura  mater 


Broken  sagittal  fibrous  membranes 

connecting  the  posterior  common 

ligament  with  the  spinal  dura 

mater 


Filiform  connexions  of  the  spinal 

dura  mater  with  the  posterior 

common  ligament 

.  Fibrous  radiations  connecting  the 

"  spinal  dura  mater  with  the  lateral 

wall  of  the  sacral  canal 


Lowermost  filiform  connexions  of  the 

spinal  dura  mater  with  the  posterior 

common  ligament 


Interarticular  sacrococcygeal  ligament 
Lig.  sacrococcygeum  articulare 


--.  Lateral  sacrococcygeal  ligament 
Lig.  sacrococcygeum  laterale 

Lateral  coccygeal  ligament 
Lig,  coccygeum  laterale 
.    Deep  posterior  sacrococcygeal  ligament 
Lig.  sacrococcygeum  posterius  profundum 

Fig.  404.-LUMBAR  and  Sacral  Portions  of  the  Posterior  Common  Ligament  and  the 
Connexions  of  this  Ligament  with  the  Spinal  Dura  Mater  and  with  the  deep 
Posterior  Sacrococcygeal  Ligament.  (The  Sacrum  and  the  Lumbar  Portion  of  the 
Vertebral  Column  with  the  Spinal  Canal  laid  open  from  Behind.) 

The  sacral  portion  of  the  dura  mater  has  been  drawn  to  the  left  side. 


Ligamenta  columns  vertebralis-The  ligaments  of  the  vertebral  column. 


23—2 


180 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   TRUNK 


Fourth  sacral  vertebra . 
Vei  tel "  a  sai  ralis  IV 


Anterior  or  small  sacrosciatic  ligament 

1    i | 3 


Anterior  sacrococcygeal  ligament 

Lig.  sacrococcygeum  anterius 


.  Fourth  anterior  sacral  foramen 

Foramen  sacrale  anterius  IV. 


Sacrococcygeal  symphysis 

Symphysis  sacrococcygea 

Lateral  coccygeal  ligament 
"  Lig.  coccygeum  laterale 

Apertures  in  the  posterior  aponeurosis  of  the 

levatores  ani  muscle  for  the  passage  of  the 

middle  sacral  vessels 


V 

Prolongations  of  the  anterior  sacrococcygeal  ligament 

into  the  tendons  of  the  pubococcygeal  portions  of  the 

levatores  ani  muscles 


Fig.  405. — The  Ligaments  connecting  the  Anterior  Surfaces  of  the  Sacrum  and  Coccyx 
the  Anterior  and  the  Lateral  Sacrococcygeal  Ligaments. 


"Articular  sacral  crests 
1  "Cristae  sacrales  artii  ulares 


"Median  sacral  crest 

*Crista  sacralis  media  , 


Fourth  posterior  sacral  foramen 

Foramen  sacrale  posterius  IV. 


Sacral  cornu 
Cornu  sacrale 


Coccygeal  cornu 
Cornu  coccygeum 


First  coccygeal  vertebra 
Vertebra  coccygea  I. 


Lateral  sacrococcygeal  ligament 
Lig.  sacrococcygeum  laterale 


Interarticular  sacrococcygeal  ligament  — 
Lig.  sacrococcygeum  articulare 


Superficial  posterior  sacrococcygeal  ligament 
Lig.  sacrococcygeum  posterius  superficiale 


Deep  posterior  sacrococcygeal  ligament 
Lig.  sacrococcygeum  posterius  profundum 


Fig.  406. — The  Ligaments  connecting  the  Posterior  Surfaces  of  the  Sacrum  and  Coccyx  : 
the  Superficial  and  Deep  Posterior  Sacrococcygeal  Ligaments,  and  the  Interarticular 
and  Lateral  Sacrococcygeal  Ligaments. 

The  Coccyx  with  the  Two  Last  Sacral  Vertebrae. 
Ligamenta  columnse  vertebralis- — The  ligaments  of  the  vertebral  column. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    TIC'S K 


181 


Parietal  bone  Capsule  of  the  occipito-atlantal  articulation 

\  Capsula  articulatioms  atlanto-occipitalts 


Squamous  or  interparietal 
portion  of  the  occipital 
bone 


External  occipital  protuberance 

Protuberantia  occipitalis  externa 


Posterior  occipito-atlantal  ligament 
Membrana  atlanto-occipitalis  posterior 

Foramen  for  the  passage  of  the  verte 
bral  artery  and  the  suboccipital  nerve 
Posterior  arch  of  the  atlas 
Arcus  posterior  atlantis 


,  jU  p  o  r  ii'l^o— J-Temporal  bone 


Anterior  occipito  atlantal 

ligament 

Membrana  atlanto-occipitalis 

anterior 


Capsule  of  the  atlanto-axial 
articulation 

Capsula  articulationis  atlanto- 
epistrophica; 


Capsules  of  the  joints  of  the 

articular  processes 

Capsulae  articulationum 

intervertebralium 


Anterior  common  ligament 

Lig.  longitudinale  anterius 


Spinous  process  of  the 

seventh  cervical 

vertebra 

Vertebra  prominens 

Supraspinous  ligament 

Li;_;    supraspinal 


Interspinous  ligament 
Lig.  interspinal 

Fig.  407. — I.igamentum  NucH.ii.     (The  Cervical  Portion  of  the  Vertebral  Column  and 
hie    Posterior    Portion    of   the    Cranium  ;    seen    from    the    Right   Side.) 


Ligamenta  columnae  vertebralis — The  ligaments  of  the  vertebral  column. 


182 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OR   THE   TRUNK 


Anterior  common  ligament 
Lig.  longitudinale  anterius 


Anterior  costocentral  or  stellate  ligament 
Lig.  capituli  costae  radiatum 

Costocentral  articulation 

Articulatio  capituli  costae 


Costotransverse  articulation 

Articulatio  costotransversaria 


Posterior  costotransverse  ligament  li 

Lig.  tuberculi  costae  y 

Middle  costotransverse  ligament 

Lig.  colli  costse 


Intervertebral  disc 

Fibrocartilago  intervertebralis 


Anterior  costocentral  or  Btellate  ligament 

Lig.  capituli  costae  radiatum 

Interarticular  costocentral  ligament 
•''Lig.  capituli  costae  interarticulare 

Articular  surface  of  the  head  of  the 

seventh  rib 
Facies  articularis  capituli  costae  VII. 
Ridge  of  the  neck  of  the  rib 
-Crista  colli  costae 


Superior  articular  process 

Processus  articularis  superior 


Posterior  costotransverse  ligament 

Lig.  tuberculi  costae 
Transverse  process 
Processus  transversus 


Middle  costotransverse  ligament 
Lig.  colli  costae 


Fig.  408. — Articulationes  Capitulorum  et  Costotransversaria,  the  Costocentral  and 
Costotransverse  Articulations:  Ligamentum  Capituli  Costa  Interarticulare,  the 
Interarticular  Costocentral  Ligament;  Ligamentum  Colli  Costa  et  Ligamentum 
Tuberculi  Cost.e,  the  Middle  and  Posterior  Costotransverse  Ligaments.  (The 
Seventh  Dorsal  Vertebra  with  the  Vertebral  Extremities  of  the  Seventh  Pair 
of  Ribs;   seen  from  Above.) 

On  the  left  side  the  costocentral  and  costotransverse  articulations  have  been  opened  by  a  horizontal 
section  through  the  rib  and  the  vertebral  body  ;  on  the  right  side  the  section  passes  through  the 
intervertebral  disc  on  a  plane  just  above  the  attachment  of  the  interarticular  costocentral  liga- 
ment to  the  ridge  between  the  two  articular  facets  on  the  vertebral  extremity  of  the  rib. 


Articulationes  costovertebrales— Costovertebral  articulations. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    TRUNK 


183 


Posterior  or  internal  intercostal  aponeurosis 

Lig.  intercostale  internum 


Anterior  superior  costotransverse  ligament 
i  Lig.  costotransversarium  anterius 


Third  dorsal  vertebra 
Vertebra  thoracalis  Hi. 


Costotransverse  foramen'  - 
Foramen  costotrans 
versarium 


Anterior  costocentral  or 

stellate  ligament 

Lig.  capituli  costae 

radiatum 

-Anterior  common  ligament 
Lig.  longitudinale  anterius 


Interarticular  costocentral 

ligament 

Lig.  capituli  costae 

interarticulare 

Intervertebral  disc 
Fibrocartilago 

intervertebralis 


Upper  costal  facet2 
Fovea  costalis  superior 


Lower  costal  facet- 
Fovea  costalis  inferior 


Seventh  dorsal  vertebra 
Vertebra  thoracalis  VII. 


Head  of  the  seventh  nu 
Capitulum  costae  VII. 

1  This  term,  costotransverse  foramen,  is  also  used  by  English  anatomists  to  denote  the  foramina  in  the 
transverse  processes  of  the  cervical  vertebrae  for  the  transmission  of  the  vertebral  artery. — Tr. 

2  These  are  upper  and  lower  costal  facets  respectively  in  relation  to  the  articular  surface  of  the  head  of  the 
rib  :  but.  strictly  speaking,  what  is  here  called  "  upper  costal  facet  "  is  the  lower  costal  facet  of  the  sixth  dorsal 
vertebra;  while  what  is  here  called  "lower  costal  facet  "  is  the  upper  costal  facet  of  the  seventh  dorsal 
vertebra. —Tr. 

Fig.  409. — Costocentral  and  Costotransverse  Articulations  :  Anterior  Costocentral  or 
Stellate  Ligament;  Interarticular  Costocentral  Ligament;  Anterior  Superior 
Costotransverse  Ligament;  and  Costotransverse  Foramina.  Posterior  or  Internal 
Intercostal  Aponeuroses.  (The  Third  to  the  Seventh  Dorsal  Vertebr.e  with  the 
Vertebral  Extremities  of  the  Third  to  the  Seventh  Right  Ribs;  seen  from  the 
Right  and  from  Before.) 

The  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  costocentral  articulations  are  unopened  ;  the  sixth  and  the  seventh  have 
been  opened  from  before.  In  the  sixth  articulation,  by  the  partial  removal  of  the  bodies  of  the 
fifth  and  sixth  dorsal  vertebrae,  the  upper  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  intervertebral  disc  have  been 
exposed,  and  the  attachment  of  the  disc  to  the  ridge  between  the  two  articular  facets  on  the  head 
of  the  rib  has  been  demonstrated. 


Articulationes  costovertebrales — Costovertebral  articulations. 


IS  J 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   TRUNK 


Posterior  or  internal  intercostal 
aponeurosis 
I  .!;■    intercostale  internum 


Sixth  rib f  " 


Posterior  costotrans- 
verse ligament 
:  Lig.  tuberculi  costa: 


]  Superior  articular  processes  of  the  sixth  dorsal  vertebra 


Intertransverse 

ligament 
Lig.  intertrans- 

versarium 
Posterior  superior 
costotransverse 

ligament 
Lig.  costotransver- 
sarium  posterius 

Supraspinous  ligament 
Lig.  supraspinale 


Capsule  of  the  joint  of 
the  articular  processes 

Capsula  articulationis 
intervertebralis 


Tenth  rib        C  ° 


Posterior  or  internal  intercostal 

aponeurosis 

Lig.  intercostale  internum 


Intertransverse 
ligament 
5*         Lig.  intertrans- 
versarium 


Transverse  process 
Processus  transversus 


Spinous  process  of  the  tenth  dorsal 
vertebra 


Inferior  articular  processes 
Processus  articulares  inferiores 

Fig.  410. — Tm:  Ligaments  connecting  the  Dorsal  Vertebrae  with  the  Ribs  posteriorly: 
Posterior  and  Posterior  Superior  Costotransverse  Ligaments;  Intertransverse 
Ligaments;  Posterior  or  Internal  Intercostal  Aponeuroses;  Supraspinous  Liga- 
ment. (Sixth  to  Tenth  Dorsal  Vertebra  with  the  Vertebral  Extremities  of 
the  Sixth  to  Tenth  Ribs.) 


Articulationes  costovertebrales — Costovertebral  articulations. 


J  HE   ARTJCULA1WNS    Ob    THE    TRUNK 


185 


Third  cervical  vertebra 
Vertebra  cervicalis  III. 


Third  dorsal  vertebra 
Vertebra  thoracalis  III. 


Costotransverse  facet 
Fovea  costalis  transversal 


Capsule  of  the  joint  of  the  articular 

processes 

Capsula  articulationis  intervertebralis 


Posterior  costotransverse 

ligament 

Lig.  tuberculi  costal 


Capsule  of  the  joint  of  the 

articular  pro:r3ses 

Capsula  articulationis  iLtervertebralis 

Fig.  411. — Third,  Fourth,  and 
Fifth    Cervical    Vertebra 

SEEN    FROM    THE    RlGHT    'ClVi  . 


Anterior  superior  costotransverse  ligament 
Lig.  coslotransversarium  antertus 


Ir  Particular  costocentral  ligament 


/  •'  Capsule  of  the  costocentral  articulation 

Capsula  anii  ulationis  capituli 
Capsule  of  the  costotransverse  articulation 


Fig.  412. — Third,  Fourth,  and  Fifth  Dorsal  Vertebr.e 

SEEN    FROM    THE    RlGHT    SlDE. 


Superior  articular  facet 
Facies  articularis  superior"- 


Mamillary  process 
Processus  mamillari 


Accessory  process 
Processus  accessorius 


Second  lumbar  vertebra 
Vertebra  lumbalis  II. 


Intervertebral  disc 
Fibrocartilago  intervertebralis 


Capsule  of  the  joint  of  the 
articular  processes 
Capsula  articulationis  intervertebralis 


Fig.   413. — Second,    Third,    and    Fourth    Lumbar    Vertebrae  seen    from    the    Right   and 

1  R<  im  Behind, 
tlif   dlrf.ction  of  the  articular  surfaces  and  the  connexions  of  the  capsules 
of  the  Joints  of  the  Articular  Processes  in  the  Cervical,  Dorsal,  and  Lumbar 
Yertebr.e  respectively. 


The  Synovial  Articulations  of  the  Vertebral  Column. 


24 


186 


THE   ARTICULAI IONS   OF    Till-:   TRUNK 


'Membrane  of  the  sternum 
(U.S.  :  Anterior  intersternal  ligament) 

*  Ml   Till  .1.  Ill    I 


Costoclavicular  or  rhomboid  ligament 
Lig.  costoclavicular^ 


Anterior  sternoclavicular  ligament 
Lig.  sternoclaviculare 


^J"  anterior   chondrosternal 

ligaments 


External  intercostal  muscle 
M.  intercostalis  externus 


Internal  intercostal  muscle 
M.  intercostalis  interims 


Radiating  fibres  of  the 


Ligg.  sternocostalia 
i.uliata 


Anterior  or  external 

intercostal  aponeuroses 

Ligg.  intercostalia 

externa 


Seventh  rib 

Anterior  or  external 

intercostal  aponeuroses 

Ligg.   intercostalia 

externa 


Interchondral  articulations 

Articulationes  interchondrales 


Fig.  414. — *Membrane  of  the  Sternum.  Anterior  Chondrosternal  Ligaments,  Costo- 
xiphoid  Ligaments,  and  Anterior  or  External  Intercostal  Aponeuroses.  The 
Relation  of  these  Latter  to  the  External  Intercostal  Muscles  and  to  the 
Pectoralis  Minor  Muscle.     (Anterior  Wall  of  the  Thorax  seen  from  Before.) 


Articulationes  sternocostales— Chondrosternal  articulations. 


THE  ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    TRUNK 


187 


"Membrane  of  the  sternum 
(U.S.  :  Posterior  intersternal  ligament) 
*Membrana  sterni 
Interclavicular  ligament 
Lig.  interclaviculare 


Posterior  sternoclavicular  ligament 

Lisr.  sternoclavicular 


Triangularis    | 

sterni  muscle  J 

M.  transversusj 

thoracis         v 


Ensiform  or 
xiphoid  process 

Processus  xiphoideus 


Internal  intercostal 
muscles 

Mm.  intercostales 
interni 


1  Posterior  or  inter- 
nal     intercostal 
J      aponeuroses 
Ligg.    intercostalia 
interna 


Transversalis  abdominis  muscle 
M.  transversus  abdominis 

Fig.  415. — Posterior  or  Internal  Intercostal  Aponeuroses,  and  their  Relation  to  the 
Triangularis  Sterni  and  Transversalis  Abdominis  Muscles.  Sternoclavicular 
Articulation.     (Anterior  Wall  of  the  Thorax  seen  from  Behind.) 


Articulationes  sternocostales— Chondrosternal  articulations. 


24—2 


188 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OB    THE    TRUNK 


Costoclavicular  or  rhomboid 

ligament 

Lig.  costoclaviculare 

First  rib 
Costa  I. 


Interarticular  ligament  of 

the  second  chondrosternal 

articulation 

Lig.  sternocostale  inter- 

articulare 


Cartilage  of  the 
seventh  rib 

Cartilago  costalis 
VII. 


Interarticular  fibrocartilage  of 
the  sternoclavicular  joint 


Superior  sternal  synchondrosis 

(manubrio-gladiolal  joint) 
Synchondrosis  sternalis  superior 


Chondrosternal  articulations 

Articulationes  sternocostales 


Fig.  416. — Chondrosternal  Articulations.  Interchondral  Articulations.  Interst;  rnal 
Synchondroses.  Sternoclavicular  Articulation.  (Posterior  Half  of  a  Frontal 
Section  through  the  Sternum,  the  Cartilages  of  the  Ribs,  and  the  Sternal 
Extremities  of  the  Clavicles.) 


Articulationes  sternocostales — Chondrosternal  articulations. 


ARTICULATIONES 
ET  LIGAMENTA  CAPITIS 

THE  ARTICULATIONS 
AND  LIGAMENTS  OF  THE  HEAD 


190 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   AND  LIGAMENTS   UF    THE   HEAD 


Basilar  groove 
IClivus 


Cranial  dura  mater 
Dura  mater  encephali """ 


Anterior  condylar  foramen 
Ii  ddeus 


Posterior  or  lcng  occipito-axi 
ligament1 
Membrana  tectoria 


Posterior  comr,on  ligament 
Lig.  longitudinals  posterius 


Capsule  of  the  occipito-atlantal 
synovial  joint 

Capsula  articulationis  atlanto- 
occipitalis 


__  Capsule  of  the  atlanto-axial  synovial 
joint 
Capsula  articulationis  atlanto- 
epistrophicae 


Third  cervical  vertebra 
Vertebra  cervicalis  III. 


1  See  note  to  p.  jyy. 

Fir,.  417. — Posterior  Occipito-axial  Ligament.  Occipito-atlantal  and  Atlanto-axial 
Synovial  Joints.  (The  Three  Uppermost  Cervical  Vertebrae  and  the  Occipital 
Bone  seen  from  Behind.) 

By  a  frontal  section  behind  the  01  1  ipital  1  ondyles,  the  squamous  portion  of  the  occipital  bone  and 
the  neural  arches  have  been  removed.  The  dura  mater  has  been  cut  transversely  in  the  basilar 
groove,  and  turned  upwards 


Anterior  tubercle 
T  u  berc  u  1  u  m  an terius 


Articular  facet  for  the  odontoid  process 

Fovea  dentis 


Surjerior  articular  facet 
Fovea  articularis  super:' 


Transverse  ligament  of  the  atlas  I 
Lig.  transversum  atlantis 

Fig.  418.— Transverse  Ligament  of  the  Atlas.     (The  Atl^.s  seen  from  Above.) 


Articulationes  atlanto-occipitaiis  et  atlanto-epistrophica— Occipito-atlantal  and  atlanto-axial 

articulations. 


THE  ARTICULATIONS  AND    LIGAMENTS   OF   THE   HEAD 
Basilar  groove— CHvus  I 


191 


Posterior  condylar  foramen 

Canalis  hypogl 
Anterior  condylar  foramen 
Canalis  condyl  lideus 


Lateral  or  alir  odontoid 

or  check  ligament 

Lig    alare 

Transverse  ligament  of  the  atlas 
(Horizontal  portion  of  the  cruci- 
form ligament  of  the  atlas) 
Lig.  transversum  atlantis 

Atlanto-axial  synovial  joint 

Articulatio  atlanto- 

epistrophica 


Cranial  dura  mater 
/"Dura  mater  encephali 

Posterior  or  long  occipito-axial  ligament1 
/'Membrana  tectoria 


Upper  vertical  limb  of  the 

cruciform  ligament  of  the 

atlas 


Capsule  of  the  occipito-atlantal 
articulation 


Accessory  occipito-axial  ligament' 


Cruciform  ligament  of  the  atlas 
Lie.  cruciatum  atlantis 


Lower  vertical  limb  of  the  cruci- 
form ligament  of  the  atlas 


Fig.  419. — Cruciform  Ligament  of  the  Atlas  ;  Lateral  or  Alar  Odontoid  or  Check  Ligaments 

Occipito-atlantal  and  Atlanto-axial  Synovial  Joints,  the  Right  closed,  the  Left  open. 

The  cranial  dura  mater  and  the  posterior  or  long  occipito-axial  ligament1  have  been  cut  transversely 

in  the  basilar  groove  and  turned  upwards. 


1  bee  note  to  p    1 

2  Ac,:  :■■■/;.'.  Tin .  li-aiuent  L  not 
ligament  is  a  bundle  of  fibi  in  the  capsule  of  tit 
inwards  lioni  the  back  of  tbj  occipital  condyle  to  the  body  oft 


d  by  the  author,  though  it  is  well  shown  ir 
ipito-atlantal  joint  .it  its  postero-intemal  angle 

11  (oid  process. — Tk. 


Basilar  groove— Clivus  I 


Posterior  condylar  foramen 
Canalis  hypoglossi 


Occipito-atlantal  synovial  joint 
Articulatio  atlanto-occipitalis 

Transverse  ligament  of  the  atlas 

Lig.  transversum  atlantis 


Atlantoaxial  synovial  joint 

Articulatio  atlanto- 

epistrophica 


Jugular  eminence 

Tuberculum  jugulare 

Middle  odontoid  ligament  or 
suspensory  ligament  of  the  axis 
^  Lig.  apicis  dentis 


Lateral  or  alar  odontoid  or 

check  ligament 

Lie.  alare 


—  3ut  surface  of  the  neural  arch  of  the  axis 


Posterior  articular  facet  of  the  odontoid  process   groove  for  the ' 
transverse  ligament) — Facies  articularis  posterior  dentis 

Fig.  420. — Lateral  or  Alar  Odontoid  or  Check  Ligaments.     Middle  Odontoid  Ligament 
or  Suspensory  Ligament  of  the  Axis. 
The  transverse  ligament  of  the  atlas  has  been  divided  in  the  middle  and  the  parts  have  been  turned 
outwards  ;  the  dura  mater  and  the  posterior  or  long  occipito-axial  ligament  have  been  entirely 
removed. 

The  Atlas  and  the  Axis  with  the  Anterior  Portion  of  the  Occipital  Bone  seen  from  Behind, 
a  Section  having  been  made  similar  to  that  in  the  Preparation  shown  in  Fig.  414. 

Articulationes  atlanto-occipitalis  et  atlanto-epistrophica— Occipito-atlantal  and  atlanto-axial 

articulations. 


[92 


THE   ARTICULATION'S   AND    LIGAMENTS    OF     III!'.    HEAD 


Jugular  eminence 
I  uberculum  jugulan 
Posterior  condylar  foramen 

I      i  ;     i  I  i       I  !      |  II  \ 

Occipito-atlantal  synovial  joint 
Articulatio  atlanto  01  cipitalis 


Basilar  portion  of  the  occipital  bone 


Synovial  cavity  between  the  odon 

toid  process  and  the  transverse 

ligament  of  the  atlas 

Atlanto-axial  synovial  joint 

Articulatio  atlanto-epistrophica 


ii  i  ipitali 
Middle  odontoid  ligament  or 
.suspensory  ligament  of  the  axis 
I>m  is  dentis 


Lateral  or  alar  odontoid 

or  check  ligament 

Lig.  alare 


Lateral  mass  of  the  atlas 
Massa  lateralis  atlantis 


Transverse  ligament  of  the  atlas 
Lig    transversum  atlantis 


Odontoid  process — De.,s  ep.strophei 

Fig.  421. — Occipito-atlantal  and  atlantoaxial  Articulations  in  Frontal  Section. 
Lateral  or  Alar  Odontoid  or  Check  Ligaments  and  Middle  Odontoid  Ligament  or 
Suspensory  Ligament  of  the  Axis. 

The  section  passes  through  the  middle  of  the  posterior  condylar  foramina,  and  divides  the  summit  of 
the  antero-posterior  curve  of  the  occipital  condyles. 

Occipitosphenoidal  synchondrosis—  Synchondrosis  spheno-occipitalis 
Cranial  iura  mater 

mater  encephali 
Transverse  or  basilar  sinus,  or  basilar  plexus 
vus  basila 

Superficial  expansion  of  the  lateral  or  alar  odontoid  or  check  ligaments 
,'Bursa  at  the  summit  of  the  odontoid  process  —Bursa  apicis  dentis 
j     Upper  vertebral  limb  of  the  cruciform  ligament  of  the  axis 

,   ;  Posterior  or  long  occipito-axial  ligament1  —  Membrana  tectoria 
\      '  :  .Vertebral  artery 


Middle  odontoid  ligament  or  sus 

pensory  ligament  of  the  axis 

Lig.  apicis  dentis 

Anterior  occipito-atlantal  ligament 

Membrana  atlanto-occipitalis 

anterior 


Odonto-atlantal  synovial  joint 
Articulatio  atlanto-epistrophica 

Anterior  arch  of  the  atlas 
Arcus  anterior  atlantis 

Anterior  articular  facet  of  odontoid  pro  ,-' 
cess — Facies  articularis  anterior  dentis 
Posterior  articular  facet  of  the  odontoid  y' 
process  (groove  for  the  transverse     ' 

ligament) 
Facies  articularis  posterior  dentis        / 
Lower  vertical  limb  of  the  cruciform ' 
ligament  of  the  atlas 
Insertion  of  the  posterior  or  long  occipito- 
axial  ligament  into  the  body  of  the  axis 

Posterior  common  ligament 
Lig.  longitudinale  posterius 

Fig.  422. — Articulations  and  Ligaments  of  the  Odontoid  Process.  Stratiform  Arrange- 
ment of  the  Cruciform  Ligament  of  the  Atlas,  the  Posterior  or  Long  Occipito- 
axial  Ligament,  and  the  Dura  Mater.  Spheno-occipital  Synchondrosis.  (Median 
Section  through  the  Posterior  Portion  of  the  Base  of  the  Cranium  and  the 
Three  Uppermost  Cervical  Vertebr.e.) 

Articulationes  atlanto-occipitalis  et  atlanto-epistrophica — Occipito-atlantal  and  atlanto-axial 

articulations. 


Squamous  portion  of  the 
occipital  bone 
uama  occipitalis 
Cranial  dura  mater 
Dura  mater  encephali 
Posterior  occipito-atlantal  ligament 
Membrana  atlanto-occipitalis  posterior 
Posterior  arch  of  the  atlas 
An  us  posterior  atlantis 
Posterio-  atlanto-axial  ligament 
Membrane  atlanto-epistrophica 
Transverse  ligament  of  the  atlas 
Lig.  transversum  atlantis 
Spinous  process  of  the  axis 
Processus  spinosus  epistrophei 
Lig.  subfiavum   -Lig    rlavum 
Spinal  dura  mater 
Dura  mater  spinalis 


"HE  ARTICULATIONS   AND   LIGAMENTS   OE   THE   HEAD 


193 


Petrous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone 
Pars  petrosa  ossis  temporalis 


Dorsum  sellae 
Dorsum  sellas 

Pharyngeal  tubercle 
,  Tuberculum  pharyngeum 


Jugular  foramen     yg 
Foramen  jugulare 


Mastoid  process 
Processus  mastoideus 


Posterior  condylar  foramen 
Canalis  hvpoglossi 
Capsule  of  the  occipito  atlantal 
synovial  joint 
Capsula  articulationis  atlanto- 
occipitalis 


Spinous  process  of 
the  sphenoid  bone 

Spina  angularis 
Tympanic  plate 
1'ars  tympanica 


Styloid  process 

Processus  styloideus 


\    Anterior  occipito-atlantal  ligament 
Membrana  atlanto-occipitalis  anterior 


Fig.    423. — Antep  or    Occipito-atlantal    Ligament    and    Petrobasilar    Synchondrosis.      (The 
Atlas  with  the  Posterior  Portion  of  the  Base  of  the  Skull,   seen  from  Before.) 


External  occipital  protuberance 

Piotuberantia  occipitalis  externa 


Posterior  arch  of  the  atlas 
Arcus  posterior  atlantis 


Mi 

nvW Squamous  portion  of 

[Jar  *ne  occipital  bone 


External  occipital  crest 
Crista  occipitalis  externa 


Capsule  of  the  occipito-atlantal 

synovial  joint 
Capsula  articulationis  atlanto- 
occipitalis 

Foramen  for  the  passage  of  the 

vertebral  artery  and  the 

suboccipital  nerve 


V   Posterior  occipito-atlantal  ligament 
Membrana  atlanto-occipitalis  posterior 


Fig.  424. — Posterior  Occipito-atlantal  Ligament.     (The  Atlas  with  the  Occipital  Bone, 

seen  from  Behind.) 


Articulatio  atlanto-occipitalis     Occipito-atlantal  articulation. 


*5 


UM 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   AND   LIGAMENTS   OF   THE    HEAD 


Zygoma 

Processus  zygomaticus  ossis  temporalis  ( 

External  lateral  ligament 
Lig.  temporomandibular!  ;\ 


Capsule  of  the  joint 
Capsula  articularis 

External  auditory  aperture 

Porus  acusticus  externus      \ 

Mastoid  process    < 

Proc.  mastoideus  '•.  •  i 


Capsule  of  the  joint 

Capsula  articularis 


Coronoid  process 
Proc.  coronoideus 


Ramus  of  the  jaw 

Ramus  mandibulae 


Tympanic  plate 
1  'ars  tympanica        / 
Styloid  process 
Proc.  styloideus 
Stylohyoid  ligament 
Lig  stylohyoideum 
Stylomandibular  or  stylomaxillary  ligament 
Lig.  stylomandibulare 

Angle  of  the  jaw 
Angulus  mandibular 


Fig.  425. — Articulatio  Mandibularis,  Temporomandibular  or  Temporomaxillary  Articulation: 
llgamenta  temporomandibulare  et  stylomandibulare,  external  lateral  and  stylo- 
MANDIBULAR or  Stylomaxillary  Ligaments.  Ligamentum  Stylohyoideum,  Stylohyoid 
Ligament.  (Right  Temporomandibular  or  Temporomaxillary  Articulation,  seen  from 
the  Outer  Side.) 


Articulatio  mandibularis — Temooromandibular  or  temporomaxillarv  articulation. 


THE  ARTICULATIONS   AND   LIGAMENTS   OF   THE   HEAD 


195 


Pterygospinous  foramen 
Foramen  pterygospinosum 


Sphenoidal  sinus 

Sinus  sphenoidalis 


r        External 
Pterygoid      pterygoid  plate 

process      J  Lamina  lateralis  " 
Processus    J         Internal 
pterygoideus    pterygoid  plate 
VLaminamedialis 


Lingula  of  the  inferior 

maxillary  bone 

Lingula  mandibular 

Internal  pterygoid  muscle 

M.  pterygoideus  internus  " 


Styloglossus  muscle 
M.  styloglossus 

Internal  oblique  line,  or 

mylohyoid  ridge 

Linea  mylohyoidea 

Body  of  the  inferior  maxillary 

bone 

Corpus  mandibulas 


Middle  lacerate  foramen 

Foramen  lacerum 

Pterygospinous  ligament 
/Lig.  pterygospinosum 
/  Spinous  process  of  the  sphenoid  bone 

/  I  Spina  angularis 

Carotid  canal — Canalis  caroticus 
Internal  auditory  aperture 

Porus  acusticus  internus 


'Styloid  process — Proc.  styloideus 
Sphenomandibular  or  internal 
lateral  ligament 
Lig.  sphenomandibulare 
Stylomandibular  or  stylomaxillary  liga 

ment—  Lig   stylomandibulare 

Radiations   of  the   stylomandibular  or 

stylomaxillary   ligament    in    the   deep 

cervical  fascia  on  the   surface  of  the 

internal  pterygoid  muscle 

Angle  of  the  jaw 

"    Angulus  mandibular 

Stylohyoid  ligament 
Lig.  stylohyoideum 

Great  cornu 
Cornu  majus 


Body  of  the  hyoid  bone 

Corpus  ossis  hyoidei 


Synchondrosis  of  the  great  cornu 
with  the  body  of  the  hyoid  bone 


Small  cornu 

Cornu  minus 
Synovial  articulation  between  the  small 
cornu  and  the  body  of  the  hyoid  bone 


Fig.  426. — Articulatio  Mandibulars,  Temporomandibular  or  Temporomaxillary  Articulation: 
llgamenta  sphenomandibulare  et  s'fylom  andibulare,  sphenomandibular  or  internal 
Lateral  and  Stylomandibular  or  Stylomaxillary  Ligament.  Relations  of  the  Stylo- 
mandibular or  Stylomaxillary  Ligament  to  Styloglossus  and  Internal  Pterygoid 
Muscles.  Ligamentum  Pterygospinosum,  Pterygospinous  Ligament.  (The  Posterior 
Part  of  the  Facial  Portion  of  the  Skull  with  the  Adjoining  Portion  of  the  Base  of 
the  Skull,  divided  sagitally  somewhat  to  the  Left  of  the  Median  Plane.) 

The  basilar  and  condylar  portions  of  the  occipital  bone  have  been  removed. 


Articu-.atio  mandibularis  — Temporomandibular  or  temporomaxillary  articulation. 

25—2 


196 


THE      IR1  ICULATIONS   AND    LIGAMENTS    <>/     THE    HEAD 


Infratemporal  crest     I  rista  infratemporalis 
Capsule  of  the  joint 
Capsula  artii  ularis   ; 
Articular  eminence— Till ii 'iv nl ii 1 11  articulare 
Articular  portion  of  the  glenoid  fossa 


Interartlcular  disc  or  meniscus 

.  .u  lii  ul.iri:. 

External  auditory  meatus  -  Mi  ternus 

Mastoid  cells 
Cellular  mastoidear  ^U* 


Superior  head  l  of  the  external 

!•     pterygoid 
Inferior  head  J        muscle 


Coronoid  process 
:.  coronoideus 


Sigmoid  notch 
Incisura  mandibular 


Tympanic  plate 

Pars  tympanica 

Capsule  of  the  joint 

Capsula  articularis 

Condyle  of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone 

Capitulum  mandibula 

Neck  of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone/ 
Collum  mandibular 

Styloid  process 
Processus  styloideus 

Stylomandibular  or  stylomaxillary  ligament/ 
Lig.  stylomandibulare 

Ramus  of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone 
Ramus  mandibular 

Angle  of  the  jaw 
Angulus  mandibular 


Body  of  the  inferior 
maxillary  bone 

Corpus  mandibular 


Fig.  427. — Articulatio  Mandibulars,  Temporomandibular  or  Temporomaxillary  Articulation: 
I  users  Articularis,  Interarticular  Disc  or  Meniscus,  and  Ligamentum  Stylomandibulare, 
Stylomandibular  or  Stylomaxillary  Ligament.  Relations  of  the  Superior  Head  of  the 
External  Pterygoid  Muscle  to  the  Anterior  Wall  of  the  Capsular  Ligament  and  to 
the  Interarticular  Disc  or  Meniscus.  (Right  Temporomandibular  or  Temporomaxillary 
Articulation,  divided  in  a  Plane  nearly  approaching  the  Sagittal;  the  Internal  Portion- 
being  figured.) 

The  section  runs  somewhat  obliquely  forwards  and  inwards. 


External  pterygoid  plate 

1, .1111111. 1  lateralis  processus  pterygoid 

Pterygospinous  ligament 

Lig.  ptcrygospinosnm 


Fibrocartilage  of  the  foramen 
lacerum  medium 
Fibroi  artilago  basalis 
Petrosphenoidal 
synchondrosis 
Synchondrosis  sphen 

Spinous  process  of  the 
sphenoid  bone 
Spina  annularis 
Petrous  portion  of  the 
temporal  bone 
Pyramis 
Carotid  canal 
Canalis  caroticus 
Jugular  or  posterior  - 
lacerate  foramen 
Foramen  jugulare 

Jugular  process 

Processus  jugularis 


Middle  lacerate  foramen 

Foramen  lacerum 

Petrosphenoidal  fissure 
'    Fissura  sphenopetrosa 

Petrous  portion  of  the 

temporal  bone 

Pyramis 

Petrobasilar  fissure 
.-''  Fissura  petro-occipitalis 


Occipitosphenoidal 
synchondrosis 


--.-^  Petrobasilar  synchondrosis 
Synchondrosis 
petro-occipitalis 

Fig.  428. — Fibrocartilago  Basalis  ;  Fibrocartilage  of  the  Foramen  Lacerum  Medium  : 
Synchondroses  Sphenopetrosa,  Petro-occipitalis.  et  Spheno-occipitalis;  Petrosphenoidal, 
Petrobasilar,  and  Occipitosphenoidal  Synchondroses  :  Ligamentum  Pterygospinosum  ; 
Pterygospinous  Ligament.  (The  Middle  Portion  of  the  Base  of  the  Skull,  seen  from 
Below.) 

Articulatio  mandibuiaris,  temporomandibular  or  temporomaxillary  articulation — Synchondroses 
et  ligamenta  baseos  cranii,  synchondroses  and  ligaments  of  the  base  of  the  skull. 


JUNCTURE  OSSIUM 
EXTREMITATUM. 

SUPERIORIS  ET   INFERIORS 

THE   ARTICULATIONS 
OF  THE   SUPERIOR  AND   INFERIOR 

EXTREMITIES 


198 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OB    THE    UPPER   LIMB 


Anterior  sternoclavicular  ligament, 
Lig.  sternoi  la\  ii  ulare 


Sternal  articular  facet  of  the  clavicle 

,i  ncularis  sternalis  claviculae 


Costoclavicular 
or  rhomboid  ligament, 
Lig.  costoclaviculare 


Capsule  of  the  joint  / 

Capsula  articularis 


v  Interarticular  fibrocartilage 

Discus  articularis 


Fig.    429. 


First  costal  cartilage 
Cartilago  costalis  I. 


Manubrium,  or  presternum 

-Articulatio    Sternoclaviculakis 


Clavicular  notch  of  the  sternum 
Incisura  clavicularis  sterni 


Sternoclavicular  Articulation:  Capsula 
Articularis,  Capsule  of  the  Joint;  Discus  Articularis,  Interarticular  Fibro- 
cartilage ;  Ligamenta  Interclaviculare  et  Costoclaviculare,  Interclavicular  and 
Costoclavicular  or  Rhomboid  Ligaments. 

The  left  sternoclavicular  articulation  has  been  opened  by  the  removal  of  the  anterior  wall  of  the  capsular  ligament. 


Interarticular  fibrocartilage 
Discus  articularis 


Interarticular  fibrocartilage 
Discus  articularis 


The  clavicle  . 

Clavicula 


Costoclavicular 

or  rhomboid   ligament 

Lig.  costoclaviculare 

First  rib- 
Costa  I. 


Capsule  of  the  joint  - 
Capsula  articularis 


Sternal  articular  facet  of 

the  clavicle 

Faciee  articularis  sternalis 

clavicular 

Clavicular  notch  of  the 
sternum 

Incisura  clavicularis  sterni 


Synovial  cavities'  ' 
Cavum  articulare 


Manubrium,  or  presternum 
Manubrium  sterni 


1  The  interarticular  fibrocartilage  is  occasionally  defective  in  the  centre,  and  in  rare  cases  even  entirely  wanting  ; 
there  is  then  only  one  synovial  cavity. — Tr. 

Fig.  430. — Articulatio  Sternoclaviculars,  Sternoclavicular  Articulation:  Discus  et 
Capsula  Articularis,  Interarticular  Fibrocartilage  and  Capsular  Ligament; 
Cavum  Articulare,  Synovial  Cavity  or  Cavities;  Ligamenta  Interclaviculare  et 
Costoclaviculare,  Interclavicular  and  Costoclavicular  or  Rhomboid  Ligaments. 

The  right  sternoclavicular  articulation  has  been  divided  by  a  frontal  section  ;  in  the  left,  the  capsule 
has  been  removed  and  the  clavicle  has  been  drawn  backwards. 

Sternoclavicular  Articulation,  seen  from  Before. 


Articulationes  et  ligamenta  cinguli  extremitatis  superioris— Articulations  and  ligaments 

of  the  shoulder-girdle, 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    UPPER    LfMB 


199 


Coracohumeral  ligament 
Lig.  coracohumerale 


Coracoia  process 


Coraco-acromial  ligament 
Lig.  coraco-aeromiale 


5>^  Great  tuberosity 


Tuberculum  majus 


Capsular    ligament  of 
the  shoulder-joint 
SB    Capsula  articulationis 
humeri 


Superior  acromio- 
clavicular ligament 
Lig.  acromio- 
claviculare 


Capsular   ligament   of 

the  shoulder  joint 

Capsula  articulationis 

humeri 

Surgical  neck  of  the  scapula 

Collum  scapulas 


Acromial  extremity  of 
the  clavicle 


Conoid  ligament  (Posterointernal  portion 
of  the  coracoclavicular  ligament) 
Lig.  conoideum 


Coracoscapular  or  suprascapular  ligament 
Lig.  transversum  scapulas  superius 

Suprascapular  notch 
Incisura  scapula; 

Superior  angle  of  the  scapula 

Angulus  medialis  scapulae 


Supraspinous  fossa 


f—  Spine  of  the  scapula 

Infraspinous  fossa 

Fossa  infraspinata 

^t  *&Zr&SW  /i 

Inferior  angle  of  the  scapula 
Angulus  inferior  scapulae 

flg.  43l llgamenta  acromioclaviculare  et  coracoclaviculare,  superior  acromioclavicular 

Ligament  and  Coracoclavicular  Ligament  (Conoid  Portion);  Ligamenta  Coraco-acromiale 
et  Transversum  Scapul.e  Superius,  Coraco-acromial  and  Suprascapular  Ligaments. 
(The  Right  Scapula  with  the  Acromial  Half  of  the  Clavicle  and  the  Shoulder-Joint, 
seen  from  Above.) 


Artlculationes  et  ligamenta  c;nguli  extremitatis  superioris— Articulations  and  ligaments 

of  the  shoulder-girdle. 


200 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    UPPER  LIMB 


Suprascapular  notch 
Incisura  scapula; 

Supraspinous  fossa 


Spine  of  the  scapula 


Infraspinous  fossa 


Coracoscapularor  supra 
scapular  ligament 
Lig.  transversum 
il  i   superius 


Coracoid  process 
Processus  i  orai  oideu 

Coraco-acromial  ligament 
!Lig.  coraco-acromiale 

Coracohumeral  ligamejrt 
(Lig.  coracohumerale 


Great  tuberosity 

Tuberculum 

majus 


Shaft  of  the  humerus 


'Pliz.  432. — Articulatio  Humeri,  Shoulder-Joint:  Capsula  Articularis,  Capsular  Ligament; 
llgamentum  coracohumerale,  coracohumeral  ligament  ;  llgamentum  transversum 
Scapul.e  Superius  et  Ligamentum  Transversum  Scapul.e  Inferius,  Coracoscapular  or 
suprascapular  llgament  and  spinoglenoid  llgament.  (the  rlght  shoulder-joint,  seen 
from  Behind.) 

The  acromion  has  been  sawn  off,  and  the  coracoid  extremity  of  the  coraco-acromial  ligament  has 

been  turned  upwards. 


Articulatio  humeri — Shoulder-joint. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    UPPER   LIMB 


201 


Glenoid  ligament 
Labrum  glenoidalc 


Clavicular  facet  of  the  acromion 

Fades  articularis  acromii 

Capsular  ligament 
Capsula  articularis 
Tendon  of  the  long  head  of  the 
biceps  muscle 


Head  of  the  humerus 
Epiphysial  disc  j[ 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 

Great  tuberosity 
Tuberculum  majus 


Synovial  sheath 
of  the  bicipital  groove 

Vagina  mucosa 
intertubercularis 


Long  head  of  the  biceps  muscle  -  — 


Spine  of  the  scapula 


Glenoid  fossa  of  the  scapula 

Cavitas  glenoidalis  scapula? 


Glenoid  ligament 

Labrum  glenoidale 
Fibrous  portion  i 

-  Pars  fibrosa  t  of  the  capsule  of  the  joint 

Synovial  portion  j  Capsular  articularis 

Pars  synovial  J 


Shaft  of  the  humerus 

Corpus  humeri 


Fig.  433. — Articulatio  Humeri,  Shoulder-Joint  :  Labrum  Glenoidale,  Glenoid  Ligament  ; 
Relations  of  the  Tendon  of  the  Long  Head  of  the  Biceps  Muscle  and  of  the 
Epiphysial  Disc  to  the  Synovial  Cavity  of  the  Articulation.  (The  Right  Shoulder- 
Joint  in  Frontal  Section  ;  Posterior  Half.) 

Superior  acromioclavicular  ligament 

Lig.  acromioclaviculare 


Acromial  facet  of  the  clavicle 
Facies  articularis  acromialis 


-  Acromial  extremity  of  the  clavicle 
Extremitas  acromialis  claviculae 


Acromion^ 

Acromion 


Cut  surface  of  the  acromion 

Interarticular  fibrocartilage 
Discus  articularis 

Capsule  of  the  acromioclavicular  joint 

Capsula  articularis 

Fig.  434.— Articulatio  Acromioclavicular^,  Acromioclavicular  Joint:  Discus  Articularis, 
Interarticular  Fibrocartilage;  Ligamentum  Acromioclaviculare,  Superior  Acromio- 
clavicular Ligament.  (The  Right  Acromioclavicular  Articulation  in  Frontal 
Section  ;  Posterior  Portion.) 


Articulatio  humeri — Shoulder-joint.     Articulatio  acromioclavicularis — Acromioclavicular 

articulation. 

26 


202 


THE    ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    UPPER    LIMB 


Coracoclavicular 
ligament 
Lig.  coraoi  laviculi 

Lig.  traj 
Coraco-acromial  ligament-  Lig  coraco-aa 
Acromioclavicular  articulation 

Articulatio  acromiuclavicul.ins 

Acromion 

Acromion 


Subdeltoid  or  subacromial 
bursa 

Bursa  subdeltoidea 


The  clavicle 

(   l.tvicula 
r         Conoid  ligament 
(postero-internal  portion) 

i I 

Trapezoid  ligament 
(antero  external  portion 


Synovial  sheath  of  the 
bicipital  groove 

Vagina  mucosa 
intertubercularis 


Long  head  of  the  biceps  muscle  _ 


Coracoscapular 
or  suprascapular  ligament 

Lig.  transversum  scapulae 
superius 
_  Coracoid  process 

Proc.  coracoideus 
■—  Bursa  of  the  subscapularis 
muscle 
Bursa  m.  subscapularis 
Subscapularis  muscle 
M.  subscapularis 

Capsular  ligament 
of  the  shoulder-joint 

Capsula  articularis 


Shaft  of  the  humerus 
Corpus  humeri 


Fig.  435. — Articulationes  Humeri  et  Acromioclavicularis,  the  Shoulder-Joint  and  the 
Sternoclavicular  Articulation  :  Bursa  Musculi  Subscapularis  et  Bursa  Sub- 
deltoidea, Bursa  of  the  Subscapularis*  Muscle  and  Subdeltoid  or  Subacromial 
Bursa  ;  Vagina  Muscosa  Intertubercularis,  Synovial  Sheath  of  the  Bicipital 
Groove  ;  Ligamenta  Coracoclaviculare,  Coraco-acromiale,  et  Transversum  Scapula 
Superius  ;  the  Coracoclavicular  (Conoid  and  Trapezoid),  Coraco-acromial,  and 
Coracoscapular  or  Suprascapular  Ligament.  (Right  Shoulder-Joint,  injected  with 
Tallow;  the  Acromial  Extremity  of  the  Clavicle  has  been  drawn  upwards.  Seen 
from  Before.) 


Articulatio  humeri — Shoulder-joint. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   UPPER   LIMB 


203 


Shaft  of  the  humerus 


Subdeltoid  or  subacromial  bursa 
Bursa  subdeltoidea 
Tendon  of  the  supraspinatus  muscle 


Tendon  of  the  infraspinatus  muscle 


Synovial  membrane 

Pars  synovialis  capsular 

articularis 


Glenoid  ligament 
Labrum  glenoidale 


Infraglenoid  tubercle 

Tuberositas  infraglenoidalis 


Long  head  of  the  triceps  muscle 


Teres  minor  muscle 


Head  of  the  humerus 


Tendon  of  the  long  head  of  the  biceps  muscle 


Coracoid  process 
Proc.  coracoideus 


Aperture  by  which  the  bursa  of  the 
subscapularis  muscle  communicates 
with  the  shoulder  joint 
Glenoid  fossa  of  the  scapula 
Cavitas  glenoidalis  scapulae 

Glenoid  ligament 

"'"Labrum  glenoidale 


Superior  angle  of  the  scapula 

Angulus  medialis  scapulae 


Capsular  ligament 

Capsula  articularis 


Subscapularis  muscle 


Fig.  436. — Articulatio  Humeri,  Shoulder-Joint:  Intracapsular  Portion  of  the  Tendon 
ok  the  Long  Head  of  the  Biceps  Muscle;  Labrum  Glenoidale,  Glenoid  Ligament; 
Aperture  of  Communication  of  the  Bursa  of  the  Subscapularis  Muscle  with  the 
Shoulder-Joint;  Relations  of  the  Tendons  of  the  Scapular  Muscles  with  the 
Capsule  of  the  Shoulder-Joint.     (Right  Shoulder-Joint  from  the  Outer  Side) 

After  tallow  had  been  injected  into  the  joint  and  allowed  to  harden,  the  capsular  ligament  and  the 
surrounding  scapular  muscles  were  divided  by  a  circular  incision  midway  between  their  attach- 
ments to  the  scapula  and  the  humerus,  a  strip  of  the  capsule,  however,  being  left  undivided, 
where  the  tendon  of  the  long  head  of  the  biceps  muscle  passes  through  the  joint.  The  humerus 
with  the  distal  half  of  the  capsule  has  been  turned  upwards. 


Articulatio  humeri — Shoulder-joint. 


26 — 2 


204 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    UPPER   LIMB 


The  humerus 
Humerus 


Capsule  of  the  elbow-joint 
(anterior  ligament) 
Capsula  articularis 

External  condyle 

Epicondylus  lateralis  - 

Prominence  of  the  capsule  over  the 
capitellum  of  the  humerus 

External  lateral  ligament 
Lig.  collaterale  radiale 
Annular  or  orbicular  ligament 
of  the  radius 
Lig.  annulare  radii 

*Recessus  sacciformis1  " 


Neck  of  the  radius 

Collum  radii 


Tuberosity  of  the  radius 

Tuberositas  radii 


|g\      Internal  condyle 

"Epicondylus  medians 

-Region  of  the  trochlea 

Internal  lateral  ligament 

Lig   collaterale  ulnare 

Coronoid  process 
Proc.  coronoideus 


Tuberosity  of  the  ulna 

Tuberositas  ulna; 


1  Projection  of  the  synovial  membrane  of  the  elbow-joint,  which  membrane,  after  passing  downwards 
between  the  vertical  articular  surface  of  the  head  of  the  radius  and  the  inner  surface  of  the  orbicular  ligament, 
forms  a  circular  pouch  or  sac  below  this  ligament  around  the  neck  cf  the  radius. — Tr. 

Fig.  437. — Articulatio  Cubiti,  Elbow-Joint:  Capsula  Articularis,  Capsule  of  the  Joint; 
llgamenta  collateralia,  lateral  ligaments  ;  llgamentum  annulare  radii,  annular 
or  Orbicular  Ligament  of  the  Radius  ;  *Recessus  Sacciformis  {see  note  above).  (Right 
Elbow-Joint,  unopened;  Anterior  or  Palmar  Aspect.) 

The  *recessus  sacciformis  has  been  injected  with  tallow. 


Articulatio  cubiti — Elbow-joint. 


THE  ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    UPPER   LIMB 


205 


Humerus 

Humerus 


Capsule  of  the  elbow-joint 

(anterior  ligament,  divided) 

Capsula  articularis 


Radial  fossa 
Fossa  radialis 


External  condyle 
Epicondylus  lateralis 

Capitellum  of  the  humerus 

Capitulum  humeri  i 

External  lateral  ligament V 

Lig.  collaterale  radiale 

Annular  or  orbicular  ligament  of 

the  radius 

Lig.  annulare  radii 

Neck  of  the  radius 

Collum  radii 


Coronoid  fossa 

"  Fossa  coronoidea 
Internal  condyle 
Epicondylus  medialis 

Trochlea 
"  Trochlea 

Internal  lateral  ligament 
Lig.  collaterale  ulnare 

Coronoid  process 

Proc.  coronoideus 

Capsule  of  the  joint  (anterior 
ligament,  divided) 
Capsula  articularis 


Tuberosity  of  the  ulna 
Tuberositas  UfjWf 


Tuberosity  of  the  radius  / 

Tuberositas  radii  -_■.   3 


Fig.  438. — Articulatio  Cubiti,  Elbow-Joint  ;  Attachment  of  the  Capsule  to  the  Anterior 
Surfaces  of  the  Humerus  and  the  Ulna  (Anterior  Ligament);  Ligamenta  Collateralia, 
Lateral  Ligaments;  Ligamentum  Annulare  Radii,  Annular  or  Orbicular  Ligament 
of  the  Radius.     (Right  Elbow-Joint  ;  Anterior  or  Palmar  Aspect.) 

The  capsule  has  been  divided  above  and  below,  close  to  its  attachment  to  the  bones,  and  between 
the  lateral  ligaments  (i.e.,  the  greater  portion  of  the  anterior  ligament  has  been  removed) ;  the  cut 
ends  of  the  anterior  ligament  have  been  folded  back  against  the  bones.  The  *recessus  sacciformis 
■ — see  note  on  previous  page     has  be  in  removed. 


Articulatio  cubiti  —  Elbow-ioint. 


206 


THE  ARTICULATIONS  OF  THE  UPPER  LIMB 


The  humerus 

Humerus 


The  internal  condyle  I 

Epicondylus  medialis  t 


Capsule  of  the  elbow-joint 
Capsula  articularis 

Internal  lateral  ligament      _t.;;'] 
Lig.  collaterale  ulnare 


The  radius 

Radius 


Olecranon  fossa 

Fossa  olecrani 

Capsule  of  the  elbow-joinj 
(posterior  ligament) 

Capsula  articularis 

External  condyle 

Epicondylus  lateralis 

Olecranon 

Olecranon 


Posterior  border  of  the  ulaa 
Margo  dorsalis  ulnae 


Fig.  439. — Articulatio  Cubiti,  Elbow-Joint:  Capsula  Articularis,  Capsule  of  the  Joint; 
llgamentum  collaterale  ulnare,  internal  lateral  ligament.  (r'ght  elbow-  joint  ; 
postero-internal  aspect.") 


Articulatio  cubiti — Elbow-joint. 


THE  ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    UPPER  LIMB 


207 


The  humerus 
Humerus 


Olecranon  fossa 

Fossa  olecrani 


Capsule  of  the  elbow  joint  (posterior  ligament) 
Capsula  articularis 

Internal  condyle 

Epicondylus  medialis 

Olecranon 

Olecranon 


Capsule  of  the  elbow-joint 
(posterior  ligament) 
Capsula  articularis 


External  condyle 
Epicondylus  lateralis 

Capsule  of  the  elbow-joint 
Capsula  articularis 

External  lateral  ligament 
Lig.  collaterale  radiale 


Annular  or  orbicular  ligament  of  the  radius 
Lig.  annulare  radii 


"Recessus  sacciformis1 


Neck  of  the  radius 
Collum  radii 


Tuberosity  of  the  radius 

Tuberositas  radii 


1  See  note  to  p    204. 

Fig.  440. — Articulatio  Cubiti,  Elbow-Joint:  Capsula  Articularis,  Capsule  of  the  Joint; 
llgamentum  collaterale  radiale,  external  lateral  llgament  j  llgamentum 
Annulare  Radii,  Annular  or  Orbicular  Ligament  of  the  Radius  ;  *Recessus 
Sacciformis.     (Right  Elbow-Joint;  Postero-External  Aspect.) 

The  *recessus  sacciformis  has  been  injected  with  tallow. 


Articulatio  cubiti  —  Elbow-joinT. 


208 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    UPPER  LIMB 


Shaft  of  the  humerus 
Corpus  humeri 


Small  pad  of  fat  between  the  anterior 

ligament  and  the  synovial  membrane, 

projecting  into  the  coronoid  fossa 

[    Fibrous  portion 
Capsule  of  the      <    pars  fibrosa 
elbow  joint         .  Synovial  portion 
Capsula  articulans  (,/ars  synovlalls 

Trochlea 

Trochlea 


Coronoid  process 
Proc.  coronoideus 

Annular  or  orbicular  ligament  of  the  radius 
Lag.  annulare  radii 

Neck  of  the  radius 

Collum  radii 


Large  pad  of  fat  between  the  posterior 

ligament  and  the  synovial  membrane, 

projecting  into  the  olecranon  fossa 


Fibrous  portion 
Pars  fibrosa 

Synovial  portion 
Pars  synovialis 

Olecranon 

Olecranon 


of  the  capsule  of 

the  elbow-joint 

Capsulae 

articularis 


Great  sigmoid  cavity  of  the  ulna 

Incisura  semilunaris  ulnae 


Fig.  441. — Articulatio  Humero-ulnaris,  Humero-ulnar  Articulation.    (Sagittal  Section 
of  the  Right  Elbow-Joint  ;  the  Radial  Half  is  figured.) 

The  section  passes  through  the  trochlea  and  the  great  sigmoid  cavity  of  the  ulna,  in  a  plane  vertical 
to  the  axis  of  the  trochlea. 


Articulatio  cubiti— Elbow-joint. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS    OF   THE    UPPER   LIMB 


209 


Coronoid  process 

Proc.  coronoideus 


Head  of  the  radius 

Capitulum  radii 

Annular  or  orbicular  ligament  of  the  radius 

Lig.  annulare  radii 


Tuberosity  of  the  radius . 

Tuberositas  radii 


Interosseous  membrane  or  ligament  of  the 
forearm 

Membrana  interossea  antibrachii 


Styloid  process  of  the  radius 
Proc.  styloideus  radii 


Great  sigmoid  cavity 
Incisura  semilunaris 


Tuberosity  of  the  ulna 
Tuberositas  ulnas 

Oblique  ligament 

Chorda  obliqua 


Capsule  of  the  inferior  radio-ulnar  articulation 

""Capsula  articulationis  radio-ulnaris  distalis 

Styloid  process  of  the  ulna 

Proc.  stvloideus  ulnae 


Fig.  442. — Articulationes  Radio-ulnares,  Proximalis  et  Distalis;  Radio-ulnar  Articulations, 
Superior  and  Inferior:  Ligamentum  Annulare  Radii,  Annular  or  Orbicular  Ligament 
of  the  Radius;  Membrana  Interossea  Antibrachii,  Interosseous  Membrane  or  Ligament 
of  the  Forearm.  (The  Bones  of  the  Right  Forearm  with  the  Radioulnar  Ligaments; 
Anterior  or  Palmar  Aspect.) 


Articulations  of  the   Bones  of  the  Forearm. 


n 


210 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    UPPER   LIMB 


Interosseous  membrane  or  ligament 
of  the  forearm 

M>  inlu.in.i  interossea  antibrachii 


The  ulna 

Capsule  of  the  inferior  radio-ulnar 
articulation 
< '  i])  11  l,i  an  irul.it  urn  is  radio  ulnaris  distal 
Styloid  process  of  the  ulna 
Proc.  styloideus  ulna? 
Internal  lateral  ligament  of  the  wrist-joint 

Pyramidal  or  cuneiform  bone  — Os  triquetrum  _ 
Posterior  or  dorsal  ligament  of  the  transverse 
carpal  articulation—  Lig.  intercarpeum  dorsale- 

Unciform  bone .. 

Os  hamatum 
Posterior  or  dorsal  carpometacarpal  ligament  - 
Lig   carpometacarpeum  dorsale 


Posterior  or  dorsal  proximal 

intermetacarpal  ligaments 

Ligg.  basium  dursalia 


Capsule  of  the  metacarpophalangeal 
articulation  of  the  little  finger 
Capsula  articulationis  metacarpo- 
phalangeal digiti  V. 
Lateral  ligaments  of  the  metacarpo- 
phalangeal articulation  of  the 
middle  finger 
Ligamenta  collateralia  articulationis 

metararpo-phalangeae  digiti  III. 

Sapsule  of  the  proximal  interphalan- 

geal  articulation  of  the  little  finger 

Capsula  articulationis  proximalis 

digiti  V. 


Capsule  of  the  distal  interphalangeal 
articulation  of  the  little  finger 
Capsula  articulationis  distalis 
digiti  V. 


Lateral  ligaments  of  the  interphalangeal 

articulations  of  the  middle  finger 

Ligg.  collateralia  articulationum 

digiti  III. 


Posterior  or  dorsal  ligament  of  the  wrist  joint 
Lig,  radiocarpeum  dorsale 
Styloid  process  of  the  radius 
■Proc.  styloideus  radii 
Scaphoid  bone — Os  naviculare 
External  lateral  ligament  of  the  wrist-joint 
"aterale  carpi  radiale 

Trapezoid  bone 

Os  multangulum  minus 

Capsule  of  the  carpometacarpal  joint  of  the 
thumb 

C.i[r.ul.i  :nti<  ul.ilit  ins  i  nrpunietacarpea:  pollicis 

Posterior  or  dorsal  carpometacarpal 

ligament 

Lig    carpometacarpeum 

dorsale 


Lateral  ligament — Lig.  collaterale 


Arli,  ul.i 


,,,,.., ,1k 


Sesamoid  bone 

Os  sesamoideum 

.Capsule  of  metacarpophalangeal 

articulation  of  the  index  finger 
Capsula  articulationis  metacarpo- 
phalangeal digiti  II. 
Interphalangeal  articulation  of  the 
thumb 
Articulatio  pollicis 


Capsule  of  the  proximal  \ 
interphalangeal 
articulation 
Capsula  articulationi 

proximalis 

Capsule  of  the  distal 

interphalangeal 

articulation 

Capsula  articulationis 

distalis 


of  the  index  finger 
digiti  II. 


Fig.  443.— The  Posterior  or  Dorsal  Ligaments  of  the  Wrist  and  Hand:  Ligamenta 
Collateralia  Carpi,  Lateral  Ligaments  of  the  Wrist  and  the  Carpus;  Superficial 
Posterior  or  Dorsal  Ligaments  of  Carpus  and  Metacarpus.  The  Capsules  and  the 
Lateral  Ligaments  of  the  Metacarpophalangeal  and  Interphalangeal  Articu- 
lations. 

In  the  articulations  of  the  index  finger  the  posterior  wall  of  the  capsule  has  been  divided  transversely 
across  the  middle  of  the  joint,  and  the  ends  have  been  turned  upwards  and  downwards  ;  in  the 
articulations  of  the  thumb  and  the  middle  finger  the  capsule  has  been  divided  only  between 
the  lateral  ligaments,  leaving  these  intact  ;  in  the  articulations  of  the  ring  and  little  fingers  the 
capsule  has  not  been  opened. 

Articulationes  manus  et  digitorum— Articulations  of  the  hand  and  fingers. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    UPPER   LIMP 


211 


Anterior  or  palmar  ligament  of  the  wrist-joint 
Lig.  radibcarpeum  volare 

Tendon  of  the  flexor  carpi  radialis  muscle 

Anterior  annular  ligament  of  the  wrist 
Lig.  carpi  transversutn 

Ridge  or  tuberosity  of  the  trapezium 


Capsuleof  the  carpometacarpal  jointof  the  thumb       , 

raea:  pollicis  ./' 


Tendon  of  the  flexor  carpi  radialis  muscle 


Anterior  or  palmar  proximal 

intermetacarpal  ligament 

Lis;   basium  volare 


Sesamoid  bones  J   "f 

Ossa  sesamoidea\  ;-.-_    M 


Interphalangeal  articulation 

of  the  thumb 

Articulatio  pollicis 


Anterior  or  palmar  metacarpo- 
phalangeal ligaments1 

Proximal  interphalangeal  articulation 
of  the  index  finger 
Articulatio  proximalis  digiti  II. 
Lateral  ligaments ) 
Ligg   collateralia  / 


Interosseous  membrane  or  ligament 
of  the  forearm 

Membrana  interossea  antibrachii 


The  ulna 

Capsule  of  the  inferior  radio-ulnar 
articulation— Capsula  articulationis 

radio-ulnaris  distalis 
Tendon  of  the  flexor  carpi  ulnaris  muscle 

Internal  lateral  ligament  of  the  wrist-joint 
laterale  carpi  ulnare 


Pisiform  bone 

Os  pisiforme 

Pisi-uncinate  ligament— Lig.  pis 

Pisimetacarpal  ligament 


Unciform  bone    Os  hamatum 
Anterior  or  palmar  carpometacarpal 
ligament-bit;,  carpnmetacarpeum  volare 

Anterior  or  palmar  proximal  intermeta- 
carpal ligament 
Lig.  basium  volare 


Capsuleof  themetacarpo-phalanger.l 
articulation  of  the  little  finger 

Capsula  articulationis 
metacarpo-phalangeae  digiti  V. 

Sesamoid  bone 
Os  sesamoideum 

Transverse  metacarpal  ligament 

(Anterior  or  palmar  distal 

intermetacarpal  ligaments) 

Ligg.  capitulorum  transversa 


Internal  lateral  ligaments 

of  the  interphalangeal 

articulations  of  the  little 

finger 
Ligg.  collateralia  ulnaria 
ai  ticulationum  digiti  V. 


Distal  interphalangeal  articulation 

of  the  index  finger 

Articulatio  distalis  digiti  II. 

Capsule  of  the  distal  interphalangeal  • 

articulation  of  the  middle  finger 
Capsula  articulationis  distalis  digiti  III 

i  These  are  fibrous  plates  rather  than  ligaments  properly  so  called,  and,  being  thickened  into  fibroi  arlilageal  . a.  I     id.- .done  1 1, r it  attach- 
the  lateral  metacarpo-phalangeal  lig  rooved  on  th.   palmat    urfao     for  thi   flexor  tendon. 

■  ligaments.     It  is  in  the  lateral  fibrocartilaginous  portions  of  these  plates  that 
the  thumb,  and  occasionally  of  some  of  the  nther  fingers,  arc  developed.— Tr. 


amoid  bones  ..l  th.-  tnetacarp  i-pbalangeal  joint  of 


Fig.  444.— The  Anterior  or  Palmar  Ligaments  of  the  Wrist  and  Hand:  the  Superficial  Lh;aments 

OF  THE    CARPI'S     AND    THE     METACARPUS;    THE    CAPSULES    AND    LIGAMENTS    OF  THE    Ml    I   \<    Ml'"    PHALANGEAL 

and  the    Interphalangeal  Articulations.     Ligamentum    Carpi   Transversum,   Anterior    Annular 

LIGAMENT    OF    THE    WRIST  ;    CANALIS    CARPI,    CANAL    OF  THE    CARPUS    BENEATH    Till     ANTERIOR    ANNULAR 

Ligament  ("for  the  Transmission  of  the  Flexor  Tendons).  Relations  of  the  Tendons  of  the 
Flexor  Carpi  Ulnaris  and  Flexor  Carpi  Radialis  Muscle  to  the  Anterior  or  Palmar  Carpal 
and  Metacarpai  Ligaments.  Ligamf.nta  Accessoria  Volaria,  Anterior  or  I'm  map  Metacarpo- 
phalangeal Ligaments;  Ligamenta  Capitulorum  Transversa,  Transverse  Metacarpal  Ligament 
(Anterior  op  Palmar  Distal  Intermetacarpal  Ligaments).    Ossa  Sesamoidea,  sesamoid  Hones. 

In  the  interphalangeal  articulations  of  the  index  fineer  the  anterior  portions  of  the  capsules  between  the  lateral  ligaments 
have  been  entirely  cut  away  ;  in  those  of  the  middle  finger  the  capsules  have  been  divided  transversely  across  the  middle 
of  the  joint  and  the  divided'halves  of  the  anterior  ligament  turned  upwards  and  downwards  ;  in  the  interphalangeal  articu- 
lation of  the  thum'.  the  anterior  portiOT  of  the  capsule  has  been  divided  along  its  attachment  to  the  distal  phalanx  and 
the  lateral  ligaments,  and.  together  with  the  sesamoid  bones  embedded  in  it  on  each  side,  has  been  turned  upwards  ;  .n 
the  remaining  joints  the  capsule  has  been  left  intact. 

Articulationes  manus  et  digitorum — Articulations  of  the  hand  and  fingers. 

27 — 2 


212 


THE   AUTICULATIONS   OF   THE    UPPER   LIMB 


Anterior  or  palmar  ligament  of  the  wrist  joint 
Lig   radiocarpeum  volare 


Tendon  of  the  flexor  carpi  radialis  muscle- 
Radial  attachment  of  the  anterior  annular 
ligament  of  the  wrist 
Ridge  or  tuberosity  of  the  trapezium 
Capsule  of  the  carpometacarpal 

joint  of  the  thumb 
Capsula  articulationis  carp 
melacarpea;  pollicis 


Palmar  or  radiate  ligament;. 
of  the  carpus 

Lig.  carpi  radiatum 


Capsule  of  the  inferior  radio- 
ulnar articulation 
Capsula  articulationis 
radio  ulnaris  distalis 

Lunar  (or  semilunar)  bone 
Os  lunatum 

Internal  lateral  ligament  of  the  wrlst- 

joint     Lig.  collateral  carpi  ulnare 

.-.     Pisiform  bone-  Ospisifo 

Tendon  of  the  flexor  carpi  ulnaris  muscle 

Pisi-uncinate  ligament 

Lig.  pisohamatum 

Pisimetacarpal  ligament 

Lig.  pisometacarpeum 

Hook  of  the  unciform  bone 

Hamulus  ossis  hamati 

Os  magnum  or  capitate  bone 

Os  capitatum 


Radiations  of  the  tendons  of  the  flexor  carpi 

radialis  and  the  flexor  carpi  ulnaris  muscles 

to  the  base  of  the  third  metacarpal  bone 


Fig.  445. — The  Anterior  or  Palmar  Ligaments  of  the  Right  Carpus,  shown  by  the  Removal  oi  im. 
Anterior  Annular  Ligament  of  the  Wrist:  Ligamentum  Radiocarpeum  Volare,  Anterior  or 
Palmar  Ligament  of  the  Wrist-Joint  ;  Ligamentum  Carpi  Radiatum,  Anterior  or  Radiate 
Ligament  of  the  Carpus. 


The  radius. 


Sigmoid  cavity  of  the  radius 

Incisura  ulnaris 


liunar  (or  semilunar)  bone 

Os  lunatum 
Anterior  ligament  of  the  wrist  joint 
Lig.  radiocarpeum  volare 

Scaphoid  bone — Os  naviculare 

Tuberosity  of  the  scaphoid  bone 
Tuberculum  ossis  navicularis 
External  lateral  ligament  of  the 
transverse  carpal  articulation  (1) 
Groove  of  the  trapezium  ,.- 

Capsule  of  carpometacarpal  joint  of  thumb  (  ) 

Os  magnum,  or  capitate  bone  (3) 

Palmar  or  radiat3  ligament  of  carpus  (4) 

Carpometacarpal  articulation 

of  the  thumb 

Articulatio  carpometacarpea  pollicis 

Anterior  or  palmar  carpometacarpal 

ligaments 

Ligg.  carpometacarpea  volaria 


• 


Capsule  of  the  inferior  radio-ulnar  articulation 

A  Capsula  articulationis  radio-ulnaris  distalis 

Head  of  the  ulna 

..-  Capitulum  ulnae 

The  ulna 

Triangular  fibrocartilage 

Dis,cus  articularis 

Styloid  process  of  the  ulna 

Proc.  styloideus  ulnae 

Internal  lateral  ligament  of  the  wrist-joint  (5) 
Communication  between  the  radiocarpal  and 

the  pisipyramidal  articulation 
Pyramidal  or  cuneiform  bone    1  Is  triquetrum 
Capsule  of  the  pisipyramidal  articulation  (6) 
Pisiform  bone-Os  pisiforme 

Pisi-uncinate  ligament— Lig.  pisohamatum 
Pisimetacarpal  ligament— Lig.  pisometacarpeum 

HOOk  Of  the  unciform  bone-  Hamulus  ossis  hamati 

Anterior  or  palmar  carpometacarpal  ligament 
Lig.  carpometacarpeum  volare 
Second  intermetacarpal  articulation 
Articulatio  intermetacarpea  II. 


(r)  Lig.  intercarpeu 
(2)  Capsula  articulationis  carpo- 
metacarpea; pollicis 


\   i    /     interior  or  palmar  proximal  intermetacarpal  ligaments 
I  ,igg    basium  volaria 

volare.      [Connecting  the  tuberosities  of  ihe  scaphoid  bone  and  the  trapezium. — Tr.] 

(3)  Os  capitatum  (4)  Lig.  carpi  radiatum  (6)  Capsula   articulationis  ossis 

(5)  Lig.  collateral  carpi  ulnare  pisiformis 

Pig.  446.— The  Anterior  or  Palmar  Ligaments  of  the  Intercarpal  (Transverse  Carpal)  and  Carpo- 
metacarpal Articulations,  after  the  Anterior  Annular  Ligament  of  the  Wrist  and  the 
Tendons  of  the  Flexor  Carpi  Radialis  and  Flexor  Carpi  L'lnaris  have  been  entirely  removed. 

The  radiocarpal  and  distal  radioulnar  articulations  have  been  opened,  the  triangular  fibrocartilage  and  the  internal  lateral 
ligament  of  the  wrist-joint  being  left  intact  ;  the  bones  of  the  forearm  have  been  separated  from  one  another  and  from 
the  carpus  ;  the  pisipyramidal  articulation,  the  carpometacarpal  articulations  of  the  thumb  and  the  ring  finger,  and  the 
second  intermetacarpal  articulation,  have  been  partially  opened. 


Articulatio  manus— Articulations  of  the  hand. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    UPPER   LIMB 


213 


The  ulna 
Head  of  the  ulna 

Capitulum  ulna'    ' 


Triangular  fibrocartilage 
1  >is<  us  articularis 

Styloid  process  of  the  ulna 
Proc.  styloideus  ulnae 

Lunar,  or  semilunar,  bone 
Os  lunatum 
Posterior  or  dorsal  intercarpal  ligaments 
Ligg.  intercarpea  dorsalia 

Pyramidal  or  cuneiform  bone 
IK  triquetrum 
Os  magnum  or  capitate  bone 

Posterior  or  dorsal  intercarpal  ligaments  — 

L.gg.  inte.curpca  dorsalia 


Posterior  or  dorsal  carpometacarpal . 

ligaments 

Ligg.  carpometacarpea  dorsalia 

Fifth  metacarpal  bone 
Os  metacarpale  V. 


Carpal  articular  surface 

Facies  articularis  carpea 


Scaphoid  bone 
Os  naviculare 

External  lateral  ligament  of  the  wrist-joint 

Lig.  collaterale  carpi  radiale 

Trapezoid  bone 
Os  multangulum  minus 
Trapezium-Os  multangulum  majus 
Posterior  or  dorsal  intercarpal  ligaments 

•-     I  igg.  int. narpea  dorsalia 


Capsule  of  the  carpometacarpal  joint 
of  the  thumb 
Capsula  articulationis  carpo- 
metacarpal pollicis 
First  metacarpal  bone 
Os  metacarpale  I. 


j     Posterior  or  dorsal  proximal  intermetacarpal  ligaments 
Ligg.  basium  dorsalia 

Fig.  447. — The  Short  Posterior  or  Dorsal  Ligaments  of  the  Transverse  Carpal 
Articulation,  and  of  the  Carpometacarpal  and  Intermetacarpal  Articulations. 
(The  Right  Carpus  with  the  Distal  Extremities  of  the  Bones  of  the  Forearm 
and  the  Proximal  Extremities  of  the  Metacarpal  Bones.) 

The  distal  radioulnar  articulation  and  the  radiocarpal  and  transverse  carpal  articulations  have  been 
opened  by  the  removal  of  the  posterior  ligaments,  and  the  bones  of  the  forearm  have  been  drawn 
a  little  upwards  and  away  from  the  carpus. 


Pyramidal  or  cuneiform  bone 


Lunar,  o:-  semilunar,  bone— Os  1 
Interosseous  intercarpal  ligament 


Scaphoid  bone— o-.  na, 
Capsule  of  the  radiocarpal  articulation 
(anterior  or  palmar  ligament  of 
the  wrist-joint) 
Capsula  articulationis  ra 
Canal  of  the  carpus— C 

Tendon  of  the  flexor  carpi 
radialis  muscle 

Capsule  of  the  carpometa 

carpal  joint  of  the  thumb 

Capsula  articulationis 
carpometacarpea:  pollicis 


First  metacarpal  bone 


Fold  of  the  synovial  membrane — Plica  synoviahs 
Triangular  fibrocartilage— Discus" articnlaris 

CapsuJe  of  the  radiocarpal  articulation  post. 
/  or  dorsal  ligament  of  the  wrist-joint) 

Carpal  articular  surface 


Communication  between 

the  radiocarpal  and  the 

pisipyramidal  articulation 


The  ulna 


Pisiform  bone 
Os  pisi  forme 
Fifth  metacarpal  bone 


Ridge  or  tuberosity  of  the  trapezium  ' 
Blberculum  ossis  multanguli  majoris 

Anterior  annular  ligament  of  the  wrist 

Tig.  44S. — The  Articular  Surfaces  and  the  Attachments  of  the  Capsule  of  the 
Radiocarpal  Articulation  or  Wrist-Joint;  Canalis  Carpi,  the  Canal  of  the  Carpus. 
(The  Right  Carpus  with  the  Metacarpal  Bones  ;   Antero-superior  Aspect.) 

The  distal  extremities  of  the  bones  of  the  forearm  have  been  turned  to  the  ulnar  side,  after  division  of 
the  capsule  of  the  wrist-joint  with  the  exception  of  the  internal  lateral  ligament. 


Articulatio  manus — Articulations  of  the  hand. 


214 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OB    THE    UPPER    LIMB 


The  ulna 

Ulna 


Vertical  pouch  of  the  synovial  membrane 

of  the  distal  radio  ulnar  articulation 

•  Ki  . ,  isus  sai  •  iforrais  articulatii  mis 

radio-ulnaris  distalis 

Triangular  fibrocartilage  _ 
Discus  articularis 
Lunar,  or  semilunar,  bone     ( >s  lunatum  _ 
Interosseous  intercarpal  ligament 
Lig.  imercarpeum  interosseum 
Internal  lateral  ligament  of  the  wrist-joint   - 

I   ,■■     ,  .  .1  l.il.  I  .il  ■  .    ,r|,i   11I11.1I1: 

Pyramidal  or  cuneiform  bone    ( Is  triquetrum 
Capsule  of  the  transverse  carpal  articulation 

Unciform  bone  -Os  hamatum  — 
Os  magnum  or  capitate  bone  -Os  capitatum  — 

Carpometacarpal  articulations  of  the  ring  and  little  fingers  (1}  " 

Interosseous  carpometacarpal  ligament  (-•) 
Intermetacarpal  articulations 


Interosseous  intermetacarpal  ligaments 
Ligg.  basium  interi  issea 
Metacarpo-phalangeal  articulation 

of  the  little  finger 

Articulatio  metacarpo-phalangea 

digiti  V. 


MM 


Lateral  ligaments 
Ligg.  collateralia 


Proximal  interphalangeal  articula- 
tion of  the  little  finger 
Articulatio  proximalis  digiti  V. 


Lateral  ligaments  ^S_ 

Ligg.  collateralia 


Distal  interphalangeal  articulation 

of  the  little  finger 

Articulatio  distalis  digiti  V, 

Lateral  ligaments 
Ligg.  collateralia 


(1)  Articulatio  carpometacarpea  dij 

(2)  Lig.  carpomelacarpeum  interosseum 


The  radius 
Radiu  i 


The  radiocarpal  articulation  or  wrist-joint 
Articulatio  radii »  arpea 
.Interosseous  intercarpal  ligament  (  0 
Scaphoid  bone-O*  naviculare 
External  lateral  ligament  of  the  wrist-joint  (4) 
..  Transverse  carpal  articulation 


Trapezium-  ()s  multangulum  majus 

Carpometacaipal  articulation  of  thumb  (5) 
Interosseous  intercarpal  ligament  11) 
Carpometacarpal  articulations  of  the 
index  and  middle  fingers  (7) 


'  ~e&: 


Trapezoid  bone 

Os  multangulum  minus 

Interosseous  intermetacarpal 

ligament 

Lig.  basium  interosseum 


Intermetacarpal  articulation 

Articulatio  intermetacarpea 

Metacarpo-phalangeal 

■    articulation  of  the  thumb 

Articulatio  metacarpo- 

phalangea  pollicis 

v  Sesamoid  bone 
Os  sesamoideum 

Interpialangeal  articulation 
of  the  thumb 

Articulatio  pollicis 


(3)  Lig.  intercarpeun 

(4)  Lig.  coilaterale  carpi  radiale 

(5)  Articulatio  carpometacarpea  pollicis 
(t>)  Lig.  intercarpeum  interosseurn 
(7)  Articulatio  carpometacarpea  digiti  II.  ( 


Fig.  449.— Articulatio  Radio-ulnaris  Distalis,  Distal  Radioulnar  Articulation.  Articu- 
latio Manus,  Articulations  of  the  Hand:  Articulationes  Radiocarpea  et  Intercarpea, 
Radiocarpal  Articulation  or  Wrist-Joint  and  Transverse  Carpal  Articulation.  Articu- 
lationes Carpometacarpea,  Carpometacarpal  Articulations;  Articulationes  Inter- 
metacarpea, Intermetacarpal  Articulations.  Articulationes  Metacarpo-phalangea, 
Metacarpo-phalangeal  Articulations  ;  Articulationes  Digitorum  Manus,  Interphalan- 
geal Articulations  of  the  Fingers.  (The  Skeleton  of  the  Right  Hand  with  the 
Distal  Extremities  of  the  Bones  of  the  Forearm  ;  Posterior  or  Dorsal  Aspect.) 

The  articulations  are  all  opened  by  a  section  in  the  frontal  plane  :  and  whereas  in  the  fingers  this  plane 
passes  through  the  joints  from  side  to  side,  dividing  the  lateral  ligaments  ;  in  the  thumb,  owing  to  the 
op  losition  of  this  member,  the  plane  of  section  passes  through  the  joints  in  a  dorsopalmar  direction, 
and  divides  the  dorsal  and  palmar  ligaments. 

Articulationes  manus  et  digitorum — Articulations  of  the  hand  and  fingers. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    UPPER   LIMB 


215 


Shaft  of  the  radius 
Diaphysis  radii 


Radiocarpal  articulation 

Articulatio  radiocarpea 

Lunar,  or  semilunar,  bone 

Os  lunatum 
Transverse  carpal  articulation 
Articulatio  intercarpea 


Carpometacarpal  articulation^ 
Articulatio  carpometacarpea 


Anterior  or  palmar  metacarpophalangeal  ligament1 
Lig.  accessorium  volare 


Metacarpophalangeal  articulation 

Articulatio  metacarpo-phalangea 


Ungual  phalanx' 
1'halanx  III. 


Epiphysial  disc 
Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 

Distal  epiphysis  of  the  radius 
Epiphysis  distalis  radii 


Os  magnum,  or  capitate  boas 
Os  capitatum 


Third  metacarpal  bone 

Os  metacarpale  III. 


|  Epiphysial  discr, 

/  Synchondrosis  epiphyseal". 


Proximal  phalanx 
Phalanx  I. 


'  Interphalangeal  articulation!, 
Articulationes  digiti 


See  note  on  p.  211. 


Fig.  450. — The  Articulations  of  the  Hand,  seen  in  Sagittal  ok  Dorsopai  mar  Section, 
showing  their  relations  to  the  epiphysial  dlscs.  (the  radial  portion  of  the 
Divided  Right  Hand  of  a  Youth  aged  Seventeen  Years.) 

Tin    section  traverses  the  distal  extremity  of  the  radius,  the  carpus,  and  the  metacarpal  bone  an 
phalanges  of  the  middle  finger. 


Articulationes  manus  et  digitorum-  Articulations  of  the  hand  and  fingers. 


216 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF    THE   LOWER    LIMB 


Anterior  common  ligament. 
ill'  mgitudinale  anteriu  •  V- 

Middle  layer  of  the  lumbar  fascia  or  . 
aponeurosis  (lowermost  fibres) 

Iliolumbar  ligament 
Lig.  iliolumbale 


Fourth  lumbar  vertebra 
Vi  rtebra  lumbalis  IV. 

Iliolumbar  ligament 
/Lig.  iliolumbale 

'Preauricular  groove 
*Sul(  us  paraglenoidalis 
(praauricularis) 


Anterior  sacro-iliac  ligament 
Ligg.  sacro-iliaca  anteriora 


Great  sacrosciatic  foramen 
Foramen  ischiadicum  majus 


Small  sacrosciatic  foramen 

Foramen  ischiadicum  minus 


Sacral  promontory 

Promontorium 


Sacro-iliac  articulation 

Articulatio  sacro-iliaca 


Anterior  or  small  sacro- 
sciatic ligament 
Lig.  sacrospinosum 


Spine  of  the  ischium 

Spina  ischiadica 

Posterior  or  great  sacro 

sciatic  ligament 

Lig.  sacrotuberosum 


Tuberosity  of  the  ischium 

Tuber  ischiadicum 


Sacrococcygeal  symphysis1  / 
Symphysis  sacrococcygea    ' 


Anterior  sacrococcygeal  ligament 
Lig.  sacrococcygeum  anterius 


1  Intervertebral  disc  of  the  sacrococcygeal  articulation. — Tr. 

Fig.  451. — Articulatio  Sacro-iliaca,  Sacro-iliac  Articulation  :  Ligamenta  Sacro-iliaca 
Anteriora,  Anterior  Sacro-iliac  Ligament;  Ligamentum  Iliolumbale,  ■  Iliolumbar 
Ligament.  Ligamenta  Sacrospinosum  et  Sacrotuberosum,  Small  or  Anterior  and 
Great  or  Posterior  Sacrosciatic  Ligaments.  Foramina  Ischiadica  Majus  et  Minus, 
Great  and  Small  Sacrosciatic  Foramina.  (The  Pelvis  with  the  Fourth  and  Fifth 
Lumbar  Vertebrae,  in  Frontal  Section  ;    Posterior  Half,  seen  from  Before.) 

The  ligaments  of  the  rrght  sacroiliac  articulation  are  intact  ;  those  of  the  left  articulation  have  been 

removed. 


Articulationes  et  ligamenta   cinguli    extremitatis    interioris — Articulations  and    ligaments    of   the 

pe  vie  girdle. 


THE  ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE  LOWER   LIMB 


217 


Fourth  lumbar  vertebra 
Vertebra  lumbalis  IV, 


Sacral  promontory 
Promontonum 


Anterior  sacro-iliac  ligament 
Ligg.  sacro-iliaca  anteriora 


Brim  of  the  pelvis 
Linea  terminalis 


Obturator  canal 

Canalis  obturatorius 


Spine  of  the  pubis 

Tuberculum  pubicum 


Interpubic  disc  ( 

Lamina  fibrocaxtilaginea  interpubica' 

Inferior  pubic  or  subpubic  ligament  /' 

Lig.  arcuatum  pubis 

Obturator  membrane,  or  ligamen, 
Membrana  obturatoria 


Intervertebral  foramen 
Foramen  intervertebrale 


Sacral  canal 

,--'  Canalis  sacralis 


Great  sacrosciatic  foramen 

Foramen  ischiadicum 
majus 

Anterior  or  small  sacro- 
__         sciatic  ligament 
Lig.  sacrospinosum 

Sacrococcygeal  symphysis' 
—    Symphysis  sacrococcygea 

Small  sacrosciatic  ligament 

Foramen  ischiadicum 


>  Posterior  or  great  sacrosciatic  ligament 
'«■        Lig.  sacrotuberosum 
Tuberosity  of  the  ischium 
Tuber  ischiadicum 
Falciform  process  of  the  great  sacrosciatic  ligament 
Proc.  falciformis  ligamenti  sacrotuberosi 


See  note  on  p.  216. 


Fig.  452. — Ligamenta  Sacrotuberosum  et  Sacrospinosum,  Posterior  or  Great  and 
Anterior  or  Small  Sacrosciatic  Ligaments  ;  Foramina  Ischiadic*,  Sacrosciatic 
Foramina.  Membrana  Obturatoria,  Obturator  Membrane  or  Ligament  ;  Canalis 
Obturatorius,  Obturator  (anal.  Articulatio  Sacro-iliaca,  Sacro-iliac  Articulation. 
(The  Right  Half  of  a  Pelvis  divided  in  the  Median  Plane;  seen  from  the  Inner 
Side.) 


Articulationes  et  ligamenta  cinguli  extremitatis  inferioris — Articulations  and  ligaments 

of  the  pelvic  girdle. 

28 


218 


THE    AR1 ICULATIONS   OF    THE   LOWER   LIMB 


Costal  process  of  the  fifth  lumbar  vertebra 

Iliolumbar  ligament  JxW: 

Lig    iliolumbale        ■,      \<$F§R  "" 
Posterior  or  great  sacro 
sciatic  ligament 
Lig.  sacrotuberosum 


Supraspinous  ligament 

1  ':-'■    supraspinal  Middle  layer  of  the  lumbar  fascia 

(lowermost  fibres} 


Long  or  oblique  (po3 
terior)  sacro-iliac 

ligament 
Lig.  sacro-iliacum 
posterius  longum 


Posterior  or  great  sacrosciatic 

ligament 

Lig.  sacrotuberosum 


Tuberosity  of  the  ischium 

Tuber  ischiadicum 


Posterior  sacro- 
iliac ligament' 
Ligg.sacro-iliacainti  rossea 
Icsteiior  layer  of  the 
lumbar  tascia  or 
aponeurosis 


Great  sacrosciatic  foramen 


Superficial  posterior  sacrococcygeal  ligament  / 
Lig.  sacrococcygeum  posterius  superficiale     '  / 

Pubic  symphysis 

Symphysis  ossium  pubis 


Macalister  and 


>me  other  Engli-h   anatomists  agree  with   TuMt 
applied,  s  nee  the  fibres  of  the  ligament  do  I 


lly  found  connecting  < 


'■  Obturator  membrane,  or 

Membrana  obturatoria 
Anterior  or  small  sacrosciatic 
Lig.  sacrospinosum 
Inferior  pubic  or  subpubic  ligament 
Lig.  arcuatum  pubis 

naming  this  lignm-nt  lite  /»//,-'"v.v  <n<>    s.ur..-ili 
t  two  closely  adjacent  parallel  articular  su 


Small  sacrosciatic  foramen 

Foramen  ischiadicum 
minus 


ligament 
ligament 


sponding  parts  of  the  auricular  surfaces  >>l  the 


Fig.  453. — Posterior  Ligaments  of  the  Pelvic  Girdle  :  Ligamentum  Sacrotuberosum, 
Posterior  or  Great  Sacrosciatic  Ligament,  and  its  Relation  to  the  Posterior 
Layer  of  •  the  Lumbar  Aponeurosis.  Foramina  Ischiadica,  Sacrosciatic  Foramina. 
Ligamentum  Sacro-iliacum  Posterius  Longum,  Long  or  Oblique  (Posterior)  Sacro- 
iliac Ligament;  Ligamenta  Sacro-iliac  Interossea,  Posterior  Sacro-iliac  Ligament 
(see  note  above);  Ligamentum  Iliolumbale,  Iliolumbar  Ligament.  (The  Pelvis  with 
the  Fourth  and  Fifth  Lumbar  Vertebr.e  ;   seen  from  Behind.) 

On  the  right  side,  the  posterior  layer  of  the  lumbar  aponeurosis  has  been  divided  close  to  its 
continuation  into  the  posterior  or  great  sacrosciatic  ligament,  and  turned  outwards  ;  on  the  left 
side,  this  superficial  portion  of  the  posterior  or  great  sacrosciatic  li  ament  has  been  cut  across, 
and  the  divided  ends  have  been  turned  upwards  and  downwards.  The  lowermost  fibres  of 
the  middle  layer  of  the  lumbar  aponeurosis  have  on  the  right  side  been  left  intact,  but  on  the 
left  side  entirely  removed. 


Articulationes  et  ligamenta  cinguli  extremitatis  inferioris — Articulations  and  ligaments 

of  the  pelvic  girdle. 


■HE   ARTICLE. ITIONS   OF   THE   LOWER   LIMB 


219 


Fourth  lumbar  vertebra 
Vertebra  lumbalis  IV. 


Sacral  promontory 
Promontorium 

Fosterior  (short)  sacro-iliac  ligament1^ 
Lig.  sacro-iliacum  posterius  breve 


|^^  Posterior  sacro-iliac  ligament  (superficial 
layer)- 
Ligg.  sacro-iliaca  interossea 


Long  or  oblique  (posterior)  sacro  iliac 

ligament 
Lig    sacro-iliacum  posterius  longum 


Anterior  or  small  sacrosciatic  ligament 
Lig.  sacrospinosum 


Posterior  or  great  sacrosciatic  ligament 
Lig.  sacrotuberosum 


Fig.  454. — Deep  Posterior  Ligaments  of  the  Sacro-iliac  Articulation  :  Ligamenta  Sacro- 
iliaca  Interossea,  Posterior  Sacro-iliac  Ligaments  ;  Ligamentum  Sacro-iliacum  Posterius 
Breve,  Posterior  (Short)  Sacro-iliac  Ligament.  (The  Right  Half  of  a  Pelvis  divided 
in  the  Median  Plane  ;  Posterointernal  Aspect.) 

The  upper  portion  of  the  posterior  or  great  sacrosciatic  ligament  has  been  removed  ;  the  long  or 
oblique-  (posterior)  sacroiliac  ligament  has  been  divided  transversely  in  the  middle,  and  the 
ends  have  been  turned  upwards  and  downwards. 

'External  sacral  crest 
Sacral  canal  "Crista  sacralis  lateralis 

•Median  sacral  crest 
'Crista  sacralis 

media  1 


Tuberosity  of  the  ilium 

Tuberositas  iliaca 


Auricular  surface 

Facies  auricularis" 


Anterior  sacro-iliac  ligament  ■ 
Ligg.  sacro-iliaca  anteriora 

First  sacral  vertebra— Vertebra  sacralis  I 


Sacro-iliac  articulation 

Articulatio  sacro-iliaca 


Deep  layer  \  of  the  posterior  sacro-iliac 
Superficial  layer  I  ligament- 


Fig.  455.— Horizontal   Section    through   the    Sacro-iliac   Articulation;    Upper   Surface   of 
Lower  Segment:  Superficial  and  Deep  Layers  of  the  Posterior  Sacro-iliac  Ligament. 

The  section  was  made  in  a  plane  at  right  angles  to  the  long  axis  of  the  pelvis,  and  passes  through 

the  middle  of  the  body  of  the  first  sacral  vertebra. 

1  This  forms  part  of  the  posterior  sacro-iliac  ligament  of  English  anatomists.     See  note  on  p.  218.— Tr.     '-  See  note  on  p.  21S. 

Articulationes  et  ligamenta  cinguli  extremitatis  inferioris— Articulations  and  ligaments 

of  the  pelvic  girdle. 


220 


THE      IRTICULATIONS   OF   THE    LOWER    LIMB 


Superior  pubic  ligament  —  Lig.  pubii  um    u 


Rectus  abdominis  muscle 

_-M    rectus  abdominis 


Spine  of  the  pubis 
Tuberculum  pubicum 


Interlacing  of  the  fibres  of 
the  tendons  of  origin  of  the 
rectus  abdominis  muscles' 


Tendon  of  origin  of  the  rectus  abdomi- 
muscle  attached  to  the  inferior  or 
descending  ramus  of  the  pubis 


Ligament  of  Henle 
Falx  inguinalis 


Superior  or  ascending 

ramus  of  the  pubis 

Ramus  superior  ossis  pubis 

Inferior  pubic  or  subpubic 

ligament 

Lig.  arcuatum  pubis 


Foramen  for  the  passage  of  the  dorsal 
artery  and  nerve  of  the  penis 


Inferior  or  descending  ramus 

of  the  pubis 

Ramus  inferior  ossis  pubis 


foramen  for  the  passage  of  the  dorsal  vein  of  the  penis  Transverse  ligament  of  the  pelvis'2— Lig.  transversum  pelvis 

Fig.  456.— Symphysis  Ossium  Pubis,  Pubic  Symphysis:  Ligamentum  Pubicus  Superius,  Superior 
Pubic  Ligament;  Ligamentum  Arcuatum  Pubis,  Inferior  Pubic  or  Subpubic  Ligament; 
Ligamentum  Transversum  Pelvis,  Transverse  Ligament  of  the  Pelvis.  The  Origin  of 
the  Tendons  of  the  Rectus  Abdominis  Muscles  from  the  Pubis,  and  the  Relation  of 
these  Tendons  to  the  Pubic  Symphysis.    (The  Anterior  Aspect  of  the  Pubic  Symphysis.) 

The  lower  extremities  of  the  rectus  abdominis  muscles  have  been  pulled  a  little  apart. 

Fissure  of  the  interpubic  disc  Interpubic  disc 

'      Lamina  fibrocartilaginea  interpubica 


Pubis 

Os  pubis' 


Interlacing  tendons1 

1  The  anterioi  pubii  ligament  is  n<>t  mentioned  by  the  author.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  a  superficial  and  a  deep.  The  deep  part,  which 
is  not  shown  in  any  of  the  figures,  is  made  up  of  fibres  passing  transversely  from  bone  to  bone  in  front  of  the  interpubic  disc;  the  fibres  of  the 
superficial  pari  are  oblique,  interlace  freely,  and  are  mainly  derived  from  the  tendons  of  the  external  oblique  and  rectus  muscles  of  the 
abdomen,  as  well  as  from  those  of  the  superficial  adductors  of  the  thigh.  These  interlacing  tendinous  fibres  of  the  superficial  part  of  the 
anterior  pubic  ligament  are  shown  in  both  the  figures  on  this  page.  -Tr. 

•  This  ligament  is  a  portion  of  the  deep  perineal  fascia  or  triangular  ligament  of  the  urethra.  The  name  of  transverse  ligament  of  the 
petvis,  which  is  rarely  used  in  England,  was  given  to  it  by  Henle.— Tr. 

Fig.  457. — Horizontal  Section  through  the  Pubic  Symphysis  of  a  Nulliparous  Woman  aged 
Twenty-One  Years;  Upper  Surface  of  Lower  Segment:  Lamina  Fibrocartilaginea 
Interpubica,  Interpubic  Disc  ;  Fissure  in  the  Interpubic  Disc.  Re-inforcement  of  the 
Interpubic  Articulation  by  the  Interlacing  on  its  Anterior  Surface  of  the  Fibres 
of  the  Tendons  of  Origin  of  the  Rectus  Abdominis  Muscles  and  the  Tendons  of 
Insertion  of  the  External  Oblique  Muscles. 

The  plane  of  section  lies  in  the  upper  half  of  the  symphysis. 
Symphysis  ossium  pubis — Pubic  symphysis. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS    OF    THE    LOWER    LIMB 

Superior  pubic  ligament— Lig.  pubicum  superiusl 


**  osterior  prominence  o" 

the  interpubic  disc1 

"Torus  pubicus 


Foramen  for  the  passage  of  the  _ 
dorsal  vein  of  the  penis 

Inferior  or  descending   __ 
ramus  of  the  pubis 
Ramus  inferior  ossis 
pubis 


The  slight  po! 
See  note  -  on  | 


221 


Pubic  ligament  of  Astley 

Cooper,  or  Cooper's 

ligament 


Superior  or  ascending 

ramus  of  the  pubis 

Ramus  superior  ossis 

pubis 


Obturator  fascia 
Fascia  obturatoria 


l  of  the  interpubic  disc  has  i  name  from  English  anatomists.     A  feu 

n,  forming  the  posterior pubic  ligament,  which  is  not  mentioned  hy  Toldt. — Tr. 


Fig.  458. — Symphysis  Ossium  Pubis,  Pubic  Symphysis  :  Torus  Pubicus,  Posterior  Prominence 
of  the  Interpubic  Disc;  Ligamentum  Transversum  Pelvis,  Transverse  Ligament  of  the 
Pelvis  {see note2 above),  with  the  Venous  Foramina;  Connexions  of  the  Transverse  Ligament 
of  the  Pelvis  with  the  Obturator  Fascia.     (The  Pubic  Symphysis  seen  from  Behind.) 


Superior  pubic  ligament — Lig.  pubicum  superius 


The  pubis 


Interpubic  disc 

Lamina  fibrocartilaginea 
interpubica 


i  Inferior  pubic  or  subpubic  ligament— Lig.  arcuatum  pubis 

Fig.  459.— Symphysis  Ossium  Pubis,  Pubic  Symphysis:  Lamina  Fibrocartilaginea  Interpubica, 
Interpubic  Disc;  Ligamentum  Pubicum  Superius,  Superior  Pubic  Ligament;  Ligamentum 
Arcuatum  Pubis,  Inferior  Pubic  ok  Subpubic  Ligament.  (Tiih  Pubic  Symphysis  in 
Frontal  Section-.  Anterior  Si  ri  \<  1    01    Posterior  Segment.) 


Symphysis  ossium   pubis— Pubic   symphysis 


222 


THE    ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   LOW!,:-:   LIMB 


Crest  of  the  ilium 
Crista  iliaca 


Anterior  superior  iliac  spine 
Spina  iliaca  anterior  superior 


.  Anterior  inferior  iliac  spine 
Spina  iliaca  anterior  inferior 


Capsular  ligament 

Capsula  articularis 

Iliofemoral  ligament,  or  Y 
ligament  of  Bigelow 
Lie.  iliofem. 


Capsular  ligament 
Capsula  articularis 


Great  trochanter 
Trochanter  maj 


Anterior  intertrochan 

teric  line 
Linea  intertrochan- 
t-rica 


Pubofemoral  ligament 
Lig   pubocapsulare 

Spine  of  the  pubis 

Tuberculum 

pubicum 

Obturator  canal 
Canalis  obturatorius 


Obturator  membrane,  or 
ligament 

Membrana  obturatoria 


Tuberosity  of  the  ischium 

Tuber  ischiadicum 


Ischiocapsular  ligament 

Lig.  ischiocapsulare 


Shaft  of  the  femur 
Corpus  femoris 


r'iG.  4bo. — Articulatio  Cox.e,  the  Hip-Joint:  Ligamentum  Iliofemorale,  Iliofemoral 
Ligament,  or  Y  Ligament  of  Bigelow;  Ligamentum  Pubocapsulare,  Pubofemoral 
Ligament,  and  its  Relations  to  the  Obturator  Membrane.  (The  Right  Hip-Joint, 
seen  from  Before.) 


Articulatio  cox:e — The  hip-jomi 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   O^   THE    LOWER   LIMB 


223 


Cotyloid  ligament — Labrum  glenoidale 

Head  of  the  femur 
Epiphysial  disc — Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 
Zona  orbicularis — Zona  orbicularis  — 

Digital  fossa 

Fossa  trochanterica 


Epiphysis  of  the  great 
trochanter 

Neck  of  the  femur 


Hip-bone 


Fossa  of  the  interarticular  ligament 
---Fovea  capitis  femoris 

Pad  of  fat  in  the  fossa  of  Via  ac stabulum 

— Interarticular  or  round  ligament 
Lig,  teres  femoris 

Cotyloid  notch 
Incisura  acetabuli 

Transverse  ligament  of  the  acetabulum 

Lig.  transversum  acetabuli 


Tuberosity  of  the  ischium 

Tuber  isclnadicum 


Epiphysis  of  the  small  trochanter 


Shaft  of  the  femur 
Corpus  femoris 


Fig.  461.— Articulatio  Coxje,  hii  Hip-Joint:  Capsula  Articularis,  Capsular  Ligament; 
Zona  Orbicularis,  the  Circularly  Disposed  Fibres  of  the  Capsular  Ligament, 
forming  a  Band  round  the  Neck  of  the  Femur,  which  is  most  distinct  Behind  and 
Below.  Relation  of  the  Epiphysial  Disc  of  the  Head  of  the  Femur  to  the  Hip- 
joint.  (The  Right  Hip-Joint  in  Frontal  Section;  Anterior  Surface  of  Posterior 
Segment.) 

The  section  passes  through  the  middle  of  the  cotyloid  notch  and  of  the  fossa  of  the  interarticular  ligament. 


Articulatio  coxae — The  hip-joint. 


THE  ART/COLA  IJDNH    UP    n-ih   LOWER   LIMB 


Iliolumbar  ligament 

l  i      iliolumbale  Fifth  lumbar  vertebra 

Vertebra  iumbalis  V. 


Anterior  sacroiliac  ligament  „ 
.LAgg.  sacro-iliaca  anteriora 


Anterior  inferior  iliac  spine 
Spina  iliaca  anterior  inferior 
Facies  lunata 


f Fibrous  portion         

Capsular  ligament  J  Pars  fibrosa 
Capsula  articularis  I  Synovial  portion 

I  Pars  synovialis 
Zona  orbicularis — Zona  orbicularis  , 

Breat  trochanter   . __-£ 

.trochanter  major 


Cotyloid  ligament 
Labrum  glenoidale 

Fossa  of  the  acetabulum— Fossa  aLStabuli 
Interarticular  or  round  ligament 
-  Lig.  teres  femoris 

Cotyloid  notch  — Incisura  acetabuli 

Obturator  canal — Canalis  obturatorius 
Pubic  ligament  of  Astley  Cooper,  or 
Cooper's  ligament 
Spine  of  the  pubis 

Tuberculum  pubicum 


Pubofemoral  ligament 
Iliofemoral  ligament,  b  ffi*$M     K~     "US  aSfcf^"  Lig.  pubocapsulare 

°rof/Bifelo1wnt  /  MP        *4*  \/^^^^^^^   Obturator  membrane,  or  ligament 

T       ;r   i  „      i  /  ''■\W///!M-  -i'"w'  \     ^^nSnv81^  Membrana obturatoria 

Lig.  lliotemorale 

Zona  orbicularis— Zona  orbicularis 
'  Synovial  membrane  covering  the  neck  of  the  femur 
Small  trochanter 
Trochanter  minor 


Fig.  462. — Articulatio  Cox^e,  the  Hip-Joint;  Ligamentum  Teres  Femoris,  Interarticular 
or  Round  Ligament  of  the  Hip-Joint1;  Labrum  Glenoidale,  Cotyloid  Ligament; 
Capsula  Articularis,  Capsular  Ligament  of  the  Hip-Joint;  Reflection  of  the 
Synovial  Membrane  of  the  Hip-Toint  from  the  Inner  Surface  of  the  Capsular 
Ligament  on  to  the  Neck  of  the  Femur;  zona  Orbicularis,  Circular  Band  of  the 
Capsular  Ligament  round  the  Neck  of  the  Femur.2  (The  Right  Hip-Joint  seen 
from  Before.) 

The  anterior  wall  of  the  capsular  ligament  has  been  removed,  except  for  a  narrow  band  at  its  distal 
attachment,  which  lias  been  turned  outwards.  The  head  of  the  femur  has  been  slightly  withdrawn 
from  its  socket  in  a  downward  and  outward  direction. 

1  Perhaps  most  frequently  known  in  England  by  its  Latin  name,  ligamentum  teres, 
-  Also  frequently  known  in  England  by  its  Latin  name,  zona  orbicularis, 


•tt-rticuiatio  coxae — The  hip-join*. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE  LOWER  LIMB 


225 


The  ilium 


Cotyloid  ligament 
Labrum  glenoidale 


Horseshoe-shaped  articular 
surface  of  the  acetabulum 


Tuberosity  of  the  ischium 
Tuber  ischiadicum 


V    \-  ft    E 


Anterior  superior  spine  of  the  ilium 

Spina  iliaca  anterior  superior 


Iliopectineal  eminence 

Eminentia  iliopectinea 


u  b  is-         The  pubis 


Fossa  acetabuli 


...  Transverse  ligament  of  the  acetabulum 

Lig.  transversum  acetabuli 
Cotyloid  notch 
Incisura  acetabuli 


Interarticular  or  round  ligament 

*  ig.  teres  femoris 


Fig.  463. — Akticl-latio  Cox.e,  the  Hip-Joint:  the  Acetabulum;  Labrum  Glenoidale  et 
llgamentum  transversum  acetabuli,  the  cotyloid  ligament  and  the  transverse 
Ligament  of  the  Acetabulum.  Ligamentum  Teres  Femoris,  the  Interarticular  or 
Round  Ligament.     (View  of  the  Interior  of  the  Socket  of  the  Right  Hip-Joint.) 

The  interarticular  or  round  ligament  has  been  divided  close  to  its  attachment  to  the  head  of  the  femur. 


Articulatio  coxae — The  hip-joint. 


226 


THE    AKllCULATIuy.S    Of    THE    LOWER    LIMU 


Inferior  ramus  of  the  ischium 
Ramus  inferior  ossis  ischii 
Obturator  membrane,  or  ligament, 
Membrana  obturatoria 
Inferior  or  descending  ramus  of  the  pubis  i 
Ramus  inferii  >r  ossis  pubis 


Obturator  canal 
Canalis  obturatorius 


Thin  portion  of  the  capsule  between  the  pubofemoral 
/  and  the  ischiocapsular  ligament 


Tuberosity  of  the  ischium 
Tuber  ischiadicum 


Spine  of  the  pubis  \ 

Tuberculum  pubicum  '^ifiu^ 


Pubofemoral  ligament 

Lig.  pubocapsulare 

Iliopectineal  eminence 
Eminentia  iliopectinea 


Thin  portion  of  the  capsule  between  the  pubo 
femoral  and  the  iliofemoral  ligament 

Zona  orbicularis 

Zona  orbicularis 


Distal  attachment  of  the  iliofemoral  ligament 


Ischiocap?ula'-  ligament 

Lig.  ischiocapsulare 
Thin    portion    of    the    capsule 
between  the  ischiocapsular  and 
the  iliofemoral  ligament 


Zona  orbicularis 

Zona  orbicularis 


Great  trochanter 

Trochanter  major 


S^PF. 


Posterior  intertrochan- 
teric ridge  or  line 
Crista  intertrochanterica 

\Neck  of  the  femur 
Collum  femoris 


\  Thin  portion  of  the  capsule  external 
to  the  zona  orbicularis 

'•Jmall  trochanter 
Tro<  banter  minor 


Fig.  464. — articulatio  Cox.e.  the  Hip-Joint:  Capsula  Articularis,  the  Capsular  Liga- 
ment; Zona  Orbicularis  {see  p.  223),  and  its  Relations  to  the  Pubofemoral  and 
Ischiocapsular  Ligaments.  Membrana  Obturatoria  et  Canalis  Obturatorius, 
Obturator  Membrane  or  Ligament  and  Obturator  Canal.  (The  Postero-internal 
Side  of  the  Right  Hip-Joint  seen  from  Below.) 

The  articular  cavity  has  been  injected  with  tallow. 


Articulatio  coxae — The  hip-joint. 


THE  ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE  LOWER   LIMB 


227 


Thin  portion  of  the  capsule  between  the  pubo 
femoral  and  the  ischiocapsular  ligament 
Transverse  ligament  of  the  acetabulum  , 
Lig.  transversum  acetabuli  \ 

Fossa  acetabuli — Fossa  acetabuli  \ 
Interartlcular  or  round  ligament-l.ig.  teres  femoris\ 
Horseshoe-shaped  articular  surface  of 
the  acetabulum -F.nics  lunata 
Spine  of  the  ischium  /  --.  __^«5S*fc35! 

Spina  ischiadica 

Sciatic,  or  small  sciatic,  ($ 
notch  q 

Jncisura  ischiadica      " 
minor 

Tuberosity  of  the  ischium 

Tuber  ischiadicum 


Horseshoe-shaped  articular 
surface  of  the  acetabulum 
,  Facies  lunata 

,  Pubofemoral  ligament— Lig.  pubocapsulare 
Thin  portion  of  the  capsule 

Communication  between  the  synovial  cavity 
t>         and  the  bursa  beneath  the  tendon  of 
the  iliopsoas  muscle 

Hiofemoral  ligament  -Lig.  ilio- 


Cotyloid  ligament 
Labrum  glenoidale 


Cotyloid  ligament     ' 
Labrum  glenoidale 
Capsular  ligament 
Capsular  articularis 

Ischiocapsular  ligament/ 
Lig.  ischiocapsulare        ( 


Digital  fossa 
Fossa  trochanterica 


Thin  portion  of  the  capsule 
between  the  iliofemoral  and 
the  ischiocapsular  ligament 

Zona  orbicularis 

Zona  orbicularis 

Capsular  ligament 
Capsula  articularis 


Great  trochanter 
Trochanter  major 


Great  trochanter 
Trochanter  major 

Cut  surface  of  the  neck  of  the  femur 


'. ■'  Femoral  attachment  of  the 
iliofemoral  ligament 

Thin  portion  of  the  capsule  external 
to  the  zona  orbicularis 


Fig.  465.— Articulatio  Cox.e,  the  Hip-Joint:  Zona  Orbicularis  {see  p.  223),  and  its 
Relations  to  the  Iliofemoral,  Pubofemoral,  and  Ischiocapsular  Ligaments;  the 
Thin  Portions  of  the  Capsule,  and  the  Communication  between  the  Synovial 
Canity  and  the  Bursa  beneath  the  Tendon  of  the  Iliopsoas  Muscle;  the 
Acetabulum,  with  the  Transverse  Ligament  of  the  Acetabulum,  and  the  Inter- 
articular  or  Round  Ligament. 

After  the  capsule  of  the  right  hip-joint  had  been  prepared  from  without,  the  joint  was  fully  flexed;  the 
capsule  was  then  divided  by  a  section  in  the  direction  of  a  line  passing  from  the  middle  of  the 
upper  border  of  the  great  troi  hanter  to  the  inner  border  of  the  iliopei  tineal  eminence;  the  ilium 
was  cut  away  except  for  that  portion  of  the  bone  which  contributes  to  the  formation  of  the 
acetabulum,  and  the  neck  of  the  femur  was  sawn  across  just  internal  to  the  distal  attachment  of 
the  capsule  ;  the  interartlcular  ligament  was  divided  close  to  the  head  of  the  femur,  and  this 
latter,  together  with  the  intracapsular  portion  of  the  neck,  was  removed ;  the  acetabulum  and  the 
remaining  proximal  portion  of  the  femur  were  divided  in  two  by  a  continuation  of  the  section 
already  made  through  the  upper  wall  of  the  capsule  ;  the  two  halves  of  the  acetabulum  and  the 
head  and  neck  of  the  femur  were  then  opened  out  till  the  cut  surfaces  met  at  a  very  obtuse  angle  • 
so  that  the  capsule  and  the  cotyloid  ligament  were  fully  exposed  from  within.  The  synovial 
membrane  was  dissected  oft,  and  the  inner  surface  of  the  capsule  cleaned  from  fat  and  cellular 


Articulatio  coxae — The  hip-joint. 


29 — 2 


228 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   LOWER    LIMB 


Subcrureus  muscle 

M    articularis  ^enu 


Bursa  beneath  the 
suprapatellar  tendon 

1-iursa  suprapatellaris 


Vastus  externu3  muscle 

M.  vastus  lateralis 


External  lateral  patellar  ligament— 
Ketinaculum  patellae  laterale 

Capsular  ligament  — 
Capsula  articularis 

External  lateral  ligament 

of  the  knee-joint 

Lig.  collateral  nbulare 

Anterior  superior 
tibiofibular  ligament ~- 
Ligg.  capituli  fibula- 


The  fibula 

Fibula 

Interosseous  membrane, 

or  ligament,  of  the  leg  . 

Membrana  interossea 

cruris 


Tendon  of  the  rectus  femoris  muscle 

Sehne  des  M.  rectus  femoris 


Vastus  internus  muscle 

M.  vastus  medialis 


The  patella 
Patella 


Internal  lateral  patellar  ligamen  i 
Retinaculum  patellae  mediale 


Internal  lateral  ligament 

of  the  knee-joint 

Lig.  collaterale  tibiale 

Patellar  ligament,  or 

infrapatellar  tendon 

Lig.  patella? 


Tubercle  of  the  tibia 

Tuberositas  tibiae 


Fig.  466.— Articulatio  Genu,  the  Knee-Joint:  Ligamentum  Patell 
or    Infrapatellar    Tendon  ;    Retinacula    Patellje,    Lateral 
Ligamenta    Collateralia,    Lateral    Ligaments    of   the    Knee 
patellaris,  the  bursa  beneath  the  suprapatellar  tendon  ; 

UNUSUALLY  LARGE  SUBCRUREUS  MUSCLE  TO  THE  CAPSULE  OF  THE  Kn 
TlBIOFIBULARIS,      SUPERIOR     TIBIOFIBULAR     ARTICULATION:      LlGAME 

Anterior  Superior  Tibiofibular  Ligament.     (The  Right  Knee 
The  synovial  cavity  has  been  injected  with  tallow 


m.,  Patellar  Ligament, 
Patellar  Ligaments ; 
-Joint.  Bursa  Supra- 
the  Relation  of  the 
ee-Joint.  Articulatio 
nta  Capituli  Fibulae, 
-Joint  from  Before.) 


Articulatio  genu— The  knee-joint. 


THE    ARTICULATIONS   OF    THE   LOWER   LIMB 


229 


External  condyle 

Condylus  lateralis 


External  semilunar  fibrocartilage 
Meniscus  lateralis 

External  lateral  ligament  of  the 

knee-joint 

Lig.  collaterale  fibulare 


Anterior  superior  tibiofibular 

ligament 

Ligg.  capituli  fibulae 


The  fibula 

Fibula 


Interosseous  membrane,  or  ligament, 
of  the  leg 

Membrana  interossea  cruris 


The  tibia 
Tibia 


The  femur 


Patellar  surface 

'Fades  patellaris 


Posterior  or  internal  crucial  ligament 
Lig.  cruciatum  posterius 


Anterior  or  external  crucial  ligament 
Lig.  cruciatum  anterius 

Internal  semilunar  fibrocartilage 
Meniscus  medialis 


Transverse  ligament  of  the  seniilunai 
fibrocartilages 

Lig.  transversum  genu 

Internal  lateral  ligament  of  the 

knee-joint 

Lig.  collaterale  tibiale 


Patellar  ligament,  or  infra- 
patellar tendon 
Lig.  patellae 


Articular  surface  of  the  patella 
Facies  articulans  patellae 


Suprapatellar    tendon,     or    common 

tendon  of  the  quadriceps   extensor 

cruris   muscle 


Fig.  467. — Articulatio  Genu,  the  Knee-Joint  :  Ligamenta  Collaterals,  Lateral  Liga- 
ments of  the  Knee-Joint;  Ligamenta  Cruciata,  Crucial  Ligaments;  Ligamentum 
Patell.e,  Patellar  Ligament,  or  Infrapatellar  Tendon.  Articulatio  Tibiofibulakis. 
Superior  Tibiofibular  Articulation:  Ligamenta  Capituli  Fibul.e,  Anterior  Superior 
Tibiofibular  Ligament.     (The  Right  Knee-Joint  seen  from  Before  and  Without.) 

The  capsular  ligament  has  been  removed  from  the  front  of  the  joint  between  the  two  lateral  ligaments, 
and  the  patellar  ligament  has  been  turned  downwards. 


Articulatio  genu  — The  knee-joint. 


230 


THE    Ah  I  lCCL.lt 'TONS   OF   THE    COWER   LIMB 


Subcrureus  muscle 
M.  articul  i 


Vastus  interims  muscle 

M-  vastus  medialis 


The  patella 

Patella 


Capsular  ligament 

Capsula  arhcularis' 


Patellar  ligament,  or  infra 

patellar  tendon 

Lig.  patella- 


_The  femur 
Femur 


Bursa  beneath  the  suprapatellar 

tendon 

Bursa  suprapatellaris 


Distal  epiphysial  disc  of  the  femur 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 

Internal  condyle 
Epicondylus  medialis 
Inner  head  of  the  gastroc 
nemius  muscle 
Caput  mediale  musculi 
trocnemii 
Internal  lateral  patellar 
ligament 
Retinaculum  patella; 
mediale 
Tendon  of  the  semimem- 
branosus muscle 

Internal  lateral  ligament 

of  the  knee-joint 

Lie.  collaterale  tibiale 


Proximal  epiphysial  disc  of  the  tibia 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 


Tubercle  of  the  tibia 
Tuberositas  tibiae 


Fig.  468. — Articulatio  Genu,  the  Knee-Joint:  Capsula  Articularis,  Capsular  Ligament, 
and  the  Relations  of  the  Subcrureus  Muscle  to  this  Ligament;  Bursa  Supra- 
patellaris, the  Bursa  beneath  the  Suprapatellar  Tendon.  Ligamentum  Collaterale 
Tibiae,  Internal  Lateral  Ligament  of  the  Knee-Joint  ;  Ligamentum  Patellae  et 
Retinaculum  Patella  Mediale,  Patellar  Ligament,  or  Infrapatellar  Tendon,  and 
Internal  Lateral  Patellar  Ligament.  Relations  of  the  Epiphysial  Discs  to  the 
Articulation. 

The  same  preparation  as  that  of  Fig.  466,  seen  from  within. 


Articulatio  genu — The  knee-joint. 


THE  ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE  LOWER  LIMB 


231 


o  ■   .  p  P  $       Quadriceps  extensor 

f  "  U  a  d  r  i  '  cruris  muscle 


Subcrureus  muscle 
M   articularis  genu 


Plantaris  muscle 
M    plantaris 


Outer  head  of  the 
gastrocnemius 

muscle 
Caput  laterale 

musculi 
gastrocnemius 

External  condyle  of  \ 

the  femur 

Condylus  lateralis 

femoris 


External  lateral  ligament 
of  the  knee  joint 


■  .11.1 


Short  external  lateral 

(Quain).  or  direct  portion  of 

posterior  external  lateral 

ligament  (Macalister)  (i) 

Popliteus  muscle  (?) 

Tendon  of  the  biceps  flexor 

cruris  muscle 

Anterior  superior  tibiofibular  liga 

ment — Ligg.  capituli  fibulae 

Proximal  epiphysial  discs  of 

the  tibia  and  the  fibula 
Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 


The  fibula 
Fibula 

Interosseous  membrane,  or  ligament,  of 
the  leg  — Membrana  interossea  cruris 


Bursa  beneath  the  supra- 
patellar tendon 
Bursa  suprapatellaris 

Capsular  ligament 


|  External  latera.  patellar 
ligament 

Retinaculum  patellar 
laterale 


The  patella 

Patella 


Patellar  ligament,  or 
infrapatellar  tendon 

Lig.  patellae 

-Bursa  beneath  the  patellar  ligament 
Bursa  infrapatellaris  profunda 


(il  Retinaculum  ligamenii  arcuati  (?)  M.  popliteus 

Fig.  469. — Articulatio  Genu,  the  Knee-Joint:  Capsola  Articularis,  Capsular  Ligament; 
Bursa  Suprapatellaris,  and  the  Relations  of  the  Quadriceps  Extensor  Cruris  Muscle 
to  the  Same.  Ligamentum  Collaterale  Fibulare,  External  Lateral  Ligament  of  the 
Knee-Joint.  Ligamentum  Patellae  et  Retinaculum  Patellae  Laterale,  Patellar  Liga- 
ment, or  Infrapatellar  Tendon,  and  External  Lateral  Patellar  Ligament;  the 
Relations  of  the  Latter  to  the  Plantaris  Muscle  and  to  the  Outer  Head  of  the 
Gastrocnemius  Muscle.  Bursa  Infrapatellaris  Profunda,  Bursa  beneath  the  Patellar 
Ligament.  Articulatio  Tibiofibularis,  Superior  Tibiofibular  Articulation.  Ligamenta 
Capituli  Fibul.e.  Anterior  Superior  Tibiofibular  Ligament.  Relations  of  the 
Epiphysial  Discs  to  Both  the  Joints. 

The  same  preparation  as  that  of  Figs.  466  and  468,  seen  from  the  outer  side.  The  synovial  cavity  of 
the  knee-joint  has  been  opened  behind  the  external  lateral  ligament  of  the  knee-joint,  and  the 
bursa  beneath  the  patellar  ligament  has  also  been  opened. 


Articulatio  genu — The  knee-joint 


232 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   LOWER   LIMB 


Capsular  ligament 

Capsula  articulans 


Semimemoranosus  muscls 
M    semimembranosus 

Bursa  between  the  tendon  of  the 
semimembranosus  muscle  and 
the  tendon  of  the  inner  head 
of  the  gastrocnemius  muscle 


Bui 


dialis 

Tendon  of  the  inner  head  of 
the  gastrocnemius  muscle 


Posterior  ligament  of  the  knee-joint 
Lig.  popliteum  obliquum 


Internal  lateral  ligament  of — 
the  knee-joint 
Lig.  collaterale  tibiale 

Divided  edge  of  the  aponeurosis 
covering  the  popliteus  muscle 


The  tendon  of  the  outer  head  of 

the  gastrocnemius  muscle 


Sesamoid  bone  (var.) 
'  Os  sesamoideum  (var. 


Arcuate  portion  of  the  pos- 
terior external  'a'.eral 
--^r     ligament  (Macalister) 
Lig.  popliteum  arcuatum 

External  lateral  ligament  of 
the  knee-joint 

Lig.  collaterale  fibulare 

Short  external  lateral  ligament 

(Quain),  or  direct  portion  of  the 

posterior  external  lateral 

ligament  (Macalister)  (0 

Synovial  sheath  of  the  tendon 

of  the  popliteus  muscle 

Bursa  m   poplitei 

Head  of  the  fibula 

Capitulum  fibulae 


Oblique  line  of  the  tibia 
Linea  poplitea  (tibia?) 


Popliteus  muscle 

M.  popliteus 


Interosseous  membrane,  or 
ligament,  of  the  leg 

Membrana  interossea 


(i)  Retinaculum  ligamenti  arcuati 


Fig.  470.— Articul.vtio  Genu,  the  Knee-Joint  :  Capsula  Articularis,  Capsular  Ligament;  Ligamentum  Popli- 
teum Obliquum,  Posterior  Ligament  of  the  Knee-Joint  ;  Relations  of  this  Ligament  to  the  Tendon 
of  the  Semimembranosus  Muscle  and  to  the  Outer  Head  of  the  Gastrocnemius  Muscle;  Ligamentum 
Popliteum  Arcuatum  et  Retinaculum  Ligamenti  Arcuati,  Arcuate  Portion  of  the  Posterior  External 
Lateral  Ligament  (Macalister),  and  Short  External  Lateral  Ligament  (Ouain),  or  Direct  Portion  of 
the  Posterior  External  Lateral  Ligament  (Macalister).  Bursa  Musculi  Gastrocnemii  Medialis,  Bursa 
between  the  Tendon  of  the  Semimembranosus  Muscle  and  the  Tendon  of  the  Inner  Head  of  the 
Gastrocnemius  Muscle,  communicating  with  the  Knee-Joint  and  having  a  Common  Cavity  with  the 
Bursa  between  the  Tendon  of  the  Semimembranosus  Muscle  and  the  Knee-Joint.  Bursa  Musculi 
Poplitei,  Synovial  Sheath  of  the  Tendon  of  the  Popliteus  Muscle.  (The  Right  Knee-Joint,  seen  from 
Behind.) 

Articulatio  genu — The  knee-joint. 


THE  ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   LOWER   LIMB 


233 


Popliteal  surface  of  tne  femur 
Planum  popliteum  femoris 


Capsular  ligament  „, 

Capsula  articularis 


Internal  condyle  of  the  femur 

Condylus  medialis  femoris       --^ 

Posterior  or  ascending  band  of  the 

external  semilunar  fibrocartilage 

(Ellis I,   or  ligament   of   Wrisberg 

(Macalister) 

Lig.  menisci  lateralis  (Roberti)    

Internal  lateral  ligament  of  the 

knee  joint  

Lig.  collaterale  tibiale 

Internal  semilunar  fibrocartilage 
Meniscus  medialis 

Posterior  border  of  the  superior 

articular  surface  of  the  tibia 
Margo  infraglenoidalis  tibiae 

Capsular  ligament 
Capsula  articulari; 


Posterior  or  internal  crucial  ligament 
Lig.  cruciatum  posterms 


Capsular  ligament 
/  Capsula  articularis 


Anterior  or  external  crucial  ligament 
Lig   cruciatum  anterius 


External  lateral  ligament  of  the 
knee-joint 

._ Lig.  collaterale  fibulare 

External  semilunar  fibrocartilage 

Meniscus  lateralis 

Synovial  sheath  of  the  tendon  of 

the  popliteus  musclo 

Bursa  m.  poplitei 


Popliteus  muscle 

M.  popliteus 


Communication  between  the  synovial 
cavity  of  the  superior  tibiofibular 
articulation  and  the  synovial  sheath 
of  the  tendon  of  the  popliteus  muscle 


Oblique  line  of  the  tibia 
Linea  poplitea  (tibiae) 
Interosseous  membrane,  or  ligament, 
of  the  leg 

Membrana  interossea  cruris 


The  fibula 

Fibula 


Fig.  471.— Articulatio  Genu,  the  Knee-Joint:  Ligamenta  Cruciata,  Crucial  Ligaments,  and  Ligamentum 
Menisci  Lateralis,  Posterior  or  Ascending  Band  of  the  External  Semilunar  Fibrocartilage  (Ellis) 
or  Ligament  of  Wriseerg  (Macalister),  (Variety1).  Communication  of  the  Synovial  Sheath  of  the 
Tendon  of  the  Popliteus  Muscle  with  the  Synovial  Cavities  of  the  Knee-Joint  and  of  the  Superior 
Tibiofibular  Articulation.    (The  Right  Knee-Joint,  seen  from  Behind.) 

The  posterior  portion  of  the  capsular  ligament,  between  the  external  and  internal  lateral  ligaments,  has  been  removed, 
except  for  a  strip  left  above  close  to  the  femoral  attachment,  which  has  been  turned  upwards;  the  synovial  sheath 
of  the  tendon  of  the  popliteus  muscle  has  been  opened  at  its  inner  side,  and  its  posterior  wall  has  been  turned  out- 
wards with  the  tendon  and  the  proximal  portion  of  the  popliieus  muscle. 

1  Though  this  band  is  called  a  variety  by  Toldt.  it  is.  in  fad,  usually  present,  but  its  situation  varies ;  inasmuch  as  it  pasties,  some- 
times behind  (as he,"),  and  sometimes  before,  and  sometimes  as  a  double  band  behind  and  before,  the  posterior  or  internal  crucial  ligament. 
Its  strength  and  thickness  varies  much,  but  it  is  seldom  entirely  wanting. — Tr. 


Articulatio  genu — The  knee-joint. 


30 


2M 


THE    ARTICULATIONS    OF   THE    LOWER  LIMB 


Bursa  beneath  the  suprapatellar 
tendon 
1  lursa  suprapat 


Synovial  membrane 

i  ■  ■     : .  i  I  I  ■ 

capsula  articularis 


Tendon  of  the  popliteus  muscle 
External  lateral  ligament  of 
the  knee-joint 
Lig.  collateral  fibulare 


Anterior  superior  tibio 

fibular  ligament 

Ligg.  capituli  fibulae 


Synovial  membrane 
Pars  synovialis 

capsula:  articularis 


Patellar  surface 
Facies  patellaris 


The  tibia 
Tibia 

The  interosseous  membrane,  or 

ligament,  of  the  leg 

Membrana  interossea  cruris 


Internal  condyle  of  the  femur 

Condylus  medialis  femoris 

Mucous  ligament 

Plica  synovialis  patellaris 


(  Alar  ligaments 
(  Plicae  alares 


Articular  surface  of  the  patella 
Facies  articularis  patella- 


Bursa  beneath  the  supra- 
patellar tendon 
Bursa  suprapatellaris 


Quadriceps  extensor 
cruris  muscle 


Fig.  472. — Articulatio  Genu,  the  Knee-Joint:  Pars  Synovialis  Capsul/E  Articularis,  Synovial  Membrane 
of  the  Knee-Joint;  Plica  Synovialis  Patellaris,  Mucous  Ligament;  Plicb  Alares,  Alar  Ligaments; 
Bursa  Suprapatellaris,  Bursa  beneath  the  Suprapatellar  Tendon.  (The  Right  Knee-Joint,  seen 
from  Before  and  Without.) 

The  joint  was  first  injected,  and  the  injected  material  allowed  to  solidify ;  the  capsule  of  the  joint  was  then  prepared  from 
without,  the  quadriceps  extensor  cruris  muscle  being  left  intact,  subsequently  the  joint  was  opened  by  a  section 
passing  through  the  quadriceps  muscle  and  the  upper  part  of  the  front  of  the  capsule  from  one  lateral  ligament  to 
the  other  close  to  the  attachment  of  the  capsule  to  the  femur,  and  the  anterior  wall  of  the  joint  together  with  the 
distal  portion  of  the  quadriceps  extensor  muscle  was  turned  down.  The  quadriceps  was  divided  at  a  somewhat 
higher  level  than  the  capsule,  and  the  bursa  beneath  the  suprapatellar  tendon  divided  is  the  frontal  plane,  to  show 
the  communication  of  this  bursa  with  the  joint. 


Articulatio  genu — The  knee-joint. 


THE    ARTICULATIONS   OF    THE    LOWER   LIMB 

Quadriceps  extensor  cruris  muscle         Mu  v 

&e£"  a  ,7      ■ 

B^te^  '*   «   r  1  f?   n    r,    . 

f o  m  o 


235 


— —   i  Subcrureus  mupcle 
'  M    articularis  genu 


Bursa  beneath  the  suprapatellar 

tendon 

Bursa  suprapatellaris 


Synovial  membrane' 


Alar  ligament 
Plica  alaris 


Anterior  or  external  crucial  liga- 
ment— Lig.  cruciatum  anterius 
Posterior  or  internal 
crucial  ligament  (■) 

Internal  lateral  ligament  of 
the  knee-joint  la) 
Internal  semilunar  nbrocartilage  (3)  -- 

Synovial  membrane  — 

Ligament  of  Wrisberg  ( arising 

in  this  specimen  from  the 

internal  semilunar 

fibrocartilaga) 


Tendon  of  the  semimem- 
branosus muscle 


Posterior  ligament  of 

the  knee-joint 

Lig   popliteum 

obliquum 

Popliteus  muscle 


Fig.  473. — Articulatio  Genu,  the  Knee-Joint:  Thi    Semilunar  Fibrocartilages,  the  Alar  Ligaments, 
and  the  Mucous  Ligament;  thi    [nsej  i  ion  in  ro  the  Synovial  Membrane  of  the  Subcrureus  Muscle; 

thi;  Exti  nsion  of  the  Synovial  Mi  mbrai he  Knee-Joint  to  form  the  Synovial  Sheath  of  the 

Tendon  of  the  Popliteus  Muscle  and  tiii  !  Si  i  \  between  that  Muscle  and  the  Posterior  Surface 
of  the  Outer  Tuberosity  of  the  Tibia,  and  tiii  Ri  I  moN  of  the  Synovial  Sheath  of  the  Tendon 
to  the  External  Lateral  Ligament  of  the  Knee-Joint.  (The  Proximal  Extremities  of  the  Bones 
of  the  Leg  with  the  Anterior  Wai  l  or   im.  Capsule  of  the  Knee-Joint  si  i  n  i  rom  Bi  hind.) 

After  the  joint  had  been  injected,  and  the  injected  material  allowed  to  solidify,  the  capsule  of  the  joint  was  prepared 
from  without,  the  quadrici-ps  <  muscle  being  left  intact  ;  the  lateial  ligaments  and  the  tendon  of  the 

popliteus  muscle  were  (hen  divided,  and  th  pened  behind  and  on  either  side  at  a  higher  level  than 

the  semilunar  cartilages,  and  was  divided  in  front  along  the  line  of  its  reflection  on  to  the  anterior  surlace  of  the 
femur ;  after  division  of  the  crnci  .i  li^am  nls,  the  femui  was  removed. 


Synovial  membrane 


Articular  surface  of  the  patella 

i  ai  ie    articularis  patellae 


Alar  ligament 
Plica  alaris 


Mucous  ligament 

"Piica  synovialis  patellaris 

_.Tendon  of  the  popliteus  muscle 

External  lateral  ligament  of 

the  knee-joint 

Lig.  collaterale  fibulare 


,   Synovial  sheath  of  the  tendon 

of  the  popliteus  muscle 

Bursa  m.  poplitei 


External  semilunar  fibrocartilage 
^Meniscus  lateralis 
Downward  prolongation  of  the  synovial 
sheath  of  the  tendon  of  the  popliteus  muse"  e 
—between  that  muscle  and  the  back  of  the 
outer  tuberosity  of  the  tibia 
Bursa  m.  poplitei 
-  Head  of  the  fibula 
Capitulum  fibula? 


Articulatio  genu — The  knee-joint. 


30- 


236 


////       Ihl  ICULATIONS   OF   THE   LOWER   LIMB 


Posterior  or  ascending  band  of 

the  external  semilunar  fibro 

cartilage  (Ellis),  or  ligament  of 

Wrisberg  (Macalister) 
Lig.  menisci  lateralis  (Roberti) 


External  condyle 
of  the  femur 

Condylus  lateralis 
femoris 

Anterior  or  external 

crucial  ligament 

Lig.  cruciatum 

anterius 

Anterior  attachment  of 

the  external  semilunar 

fibrocartilage 

Capsular  ligament, 

Capsula  articularis 


Patellar  ligament,  or 

infrapatellar  tendon 

Lig.  patellae 


5£2ss£ 

^Internal  condyle  of 
the  femur 
Condylus  medialis 
femoris 
Posterior  or  internal  crucial 
ligament 
Lig.  cruciatum  posterius 

Internal  semilunar  fibrocartilage 

""Meniscus  medialis 

"""Bursa  beneath  the  internal  lateral 
ligament  of  the  knee-joint 
Bursa  ligament!  collaterals  tibialis 
Internal  lateral  ligament  of  the  knee-joint 

Lig.  collaterale  tibiale 


Tendon  of  the 

quadriceps  extensor 

cruris  muscle 


The  fibula 

Fibula 


The  tibia 

Tibia 


Fig.  474. Articulatio  Genu,  the  Knee-Joint  :  Crucial  Ligaments  and  Ligament  of  Wrisberg  ; 

Bursa  beneath  the  Internal  Lateral  Ligament  of  the  Knee-Joint.     (The  Right  Knee- 
Joint    SEEN    FROM    THE    INNER    SlDE.) 

The  capsule  was  removed,  the  patellar  ligament  and  the  internal  lateral  ligament  were  turned  down 
wards  :  the  femur  was  divided  sagittally  through  the  middle  of  the  intercondylar  fossa,  and  the 
external  condyle  placed  in  the  position  it  occupies  during  extension  of  the  knee-joint,  while  the 
internal  condyle  was  turned  backwards  and  rotated  on  its  median  axis  to  the  extent  of  1800. 


Articulatio  genu — The  knee-joint. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   LOWER   LIMB 


237 


Transverse  ligament  of  the  semilunar 

fibrocartilages 

Lig.  transversum  genu 


Anterior  attachment  of  the  internal 
semilunar  fibrocartilage 


External  tubercle  of  the 

spine  of  ihe  tibia 

Tuberculum  intercondyloideum 

laterale 

Capsular  ligamert, 

Capsula  articulans 

External 
semilunar  fibrocartilage  '" 
Meniscus  lateralis 

Synovial  sheath  of  the  tendon 
of  the  popliteus  muscle 

Bursa  in    poplitei 

Anterior  superior  tibiofibular  - 

ligament 

Ligg.  capituli  fibula; 

Styloid  process  of  the  fibula  " 
Apex  capituli  fibula; 


Communication  between  the  synovial  cavity  of  the  super 
tibiofibular  articulation  and  the  synovial  sheath  oi  I 
tendon  of  the  popliteus  muscle. 


Anterior  or  external 

crucial  ligament 

Lig.  cruciatum  anterius 


Internal  semilunar 
-      fibrocartilage 

Meniscus  medialis 


Posterior  or  internal  crucial  ligament 
Lig.  cruciatum  postenus 


Ligament  of  Wrisberg' 

Lig.  menisci  lateralis  ^ioberti) 


1  See  note  to  p.  233. 

Fig.  475. — The  Distal  Articular  Surfaces  of  the  Knee-Joint:  The  Interarticular  Semi- 
lunar  Fibrocartilages,  and  the  Extension  of  the' Anterior  Extremities  of  these  in  the 
Transverse  Ligament  of  the  Semilunar  Fibrocartilages.  The  Communication  between 
the  Superior  Tibiofibular  Articulation  and  the  Synovial  Sheath  of  the  Tendon  of 
the  Popliteus  Muscle.  (The  Proximal  Extremity  of  the  Left  Tibia  with  the  Semi- 
lunar Fibrocartilages  and  the  Head  of  the   Fibula,  seen  from  Above.) 

The  capsule  was  divided  above  (proximal   to)  the  semilunar  fibrocartilages,  the  crucial  ligaments 
were  cut  across,  and  the  femur  was  remove  I. 


Posterior  or  internal  crucial  ligament 
Lig.  cruciatum  posterius 


/  Anterior  or  external  crucial  ligament 
'    Lig.  cruciatum  anterius 


External  condyle 

Condylus  lateralis " 


Intercondylar  fossa 
Fossa  intercondyloidea 


External  tuberosity 
Epicondylus  lateralis 


"Internal  condyle 
Condylus  medialis 


-  Internal  tuberosity 
Epicondylus  medialis 


Patellar  surface — Fades  patellaris 


Fig.    476. — The    Proximal    Articular    Surfaces    of    the    Knee-Joint,    and    the    Femoral 
Attachments  of  the  Crucial  Ligaments. 

The  distal  extremity  of  the  femur  removed  from  the  preparation  shown  in  Fig.  475,  seen  from  below. 
Articulatio  genu — The  knee-joint. 


238 


THE   ARTIt  !  /    ITIONS    OF    THE   LOWER   LIMB 


Anterior  superior  tibiofibular  ligament  _. 
I  r      ,  apituli  fibulae 


External  surface. 
Fai  ies  lateralis 


Tubercle  of  the  tibia 
Tuberositas  tibia? 


Interosseous  membrane,  or  ligament,  of  the  leg- 
Merubrana  interossea  cruris 


Anterior  border  - 

Crista  anterior 


Interosseous  ridge 
Crista  interossea 


Internal  surface 
Facies  medialis 


Anterior  inferior  tibiofibular  ligament  - 
Lig.  malleoli  lateralis  anterius 


Internal  malleolus 
Malleolus  medialis 


Fig.  477. — Articulatio  Tibiofibularis  et  Syndesmosis  Tibiofibularis,  the  Tibiofibular  Articu- 
lations. The  Interosseous  Membrane,  or  Ligament,  of  the  Right  Leg  ;  the  Anterior 
Superior  and  Anterior  Inferior  Tibiofibular  Ligaments.     (Seen  from  Before.) 


The  Tibiofibular  Articulations. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   LOWER   LIMB 


239 


Shaft  (diaphysis)  of  the  tibia 
Diaphysis  tibia? 


Epiphysial  disc 
Synchondrosis  epiphyseos' 


The  ankle-joint 

Articulatio  talocrurali 


Internal  malleolus 
Malleolus  medialis 


Body  of  the  astragalus 

Trochlea  tali 

Calcaneotibial  portion  of  the  internal  lateral, 

or  deltoid,  ligament  of  the  ankle-joint 

Lig.  calcaneotibiale 

Interosseous  astragalocalcaneal  ligament 
Lig.  talocalcaneum  interosseum 


Sustentaculum  tal 
Sustentaculum  tali 


Astragalocalcaneal  articulation 
Articulatio  talocalcanea 


Interosseous  membrane,  or  ligament, 

of  the  leg 

Membrana  interossea  cruris 

Shaft  (diaphysis)  of  the  fibula 
Diaphysis  fibulae 


The  inferior  tibiofibular  articulation, 

showing  the  interosseous  ligament 

in  frontal  section 

Syndesmosis  tibiofibularis 

Epiphysial  disc 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 

External  malleolus 
Malleolus  lateralis 

■Si\  Posterior  band,  or  posterior  astragalofibular 
'     portion,  of  the  external  lateral  ligament 
ot  the  ankle-joint 
Lig.  talofibulare  posterius 
Middle  band,  or  calcaneoflbular  portion, 
of  the  external  lateral  ligament  of 
the  ankle-joint 

LiK.  i.alc.i.n.-.ilibularj 


Capsular  ligament 
Capsula  articularis 


Calcaneum,  or  os  calcis 

Fig.  478. — Articulationes  Talocruralis  et  Talocalcanea,  the  Ankle-Joint  and  the 
Astragalocalcaneal  Articulation;  Syndesmosis  Tibiofibularis,  Inferior  Tibiofibular 
Articulation,  showing  the  Interosseous  Ligament.  The  Relations  of  the  Distal 
Epiphysial  Discs  of  the  Tibia  and  the  Fibula  to  the  Ankle-Joint.  (The  Ankle- 
Joint  and  the  Astragalocalcaneal  Articulation  of  the  Right  Leg,  divided  in  a 
Vertical  Plane  closely  approximating  the  Frontal  Plane;  Posterior  Surfaci:  of 
the  Anterior  Segment.) 

The  plane  of  section  passes  through  the  lowermost  parts  of  the  lateral  portions  of  the  superior 
articular  surface  of  the  astragalus. 


Articulationes  pedis — The  articulations  of  the  foot. 


^40 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF    THE    LOWER    LIMB 


Shaft  or  body  of  the  tibia 


Epiphysial  disc 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 
Distal  epiphysis  of  the  tibia 
Epiphysis  distalis  tibia? 
Groove  of  the  tendon  of  the  tibialis 
posticus  muscle  (i) 

Internal  malleolus 

Malleolus  medialis 

Capsular  ligament  (posterior  ligament 

of  the  ankle-joint) 
Posterior  astragalotibial  portion  of  the 
internal  lateral,  or  deltoid,  ligament 
of  the  ankle-joint  (-■) 
Calcaneotibial  portion  of  the  internal  lateral, 
or  deltoid,  ligament  of  the  ankle-joint  (3) 
Inner  tubercle  of  the  posterior  process  of  - 
the  astragalus  (4) 
Groove  of  the  tendon  of  the  flexor  longus ..--"" 
hallucis  muscle  (5) 

Sustentaculum  tali 
Sustentaculum  tali 
Capsular  ligament  of  the  astragalocalcanealx 
articulation 
Capsula  articulationis  talocalcaneae 


(1)  Sulcus  malleolaris 

(2)  Lig.  talotibial  posterius 

(3)  Lig.  calcaneotibiale 

(4)  Tuberculum  mediale  processus  posterioris  tal 
(O  Sulcus  m.  rlexoris  hallucis  longi 
(6)  Lig.  calcaneofibulare 


1    v Shaft  or  body  of  the  fibula 


Interosseous  membrane,  or  ligament, 
of  the  leg 

Membrana  interossea  cruris 


Posterior  inferior  tibiofibular  ligament 

-'Lig.  malleoli  lateralis  posterius 

Epiphysial  disc 
.-''Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 

Distal  epiphysis  of  the  fibula 

..-  Epiphysis  distalis  fibulae 

Groove  of  the  tendons  of  the  peroneus 
longus  and  peroneus  brevis  muscles 
External  malleolus  — Malleolus  lateralis 
Outer  tubercle  of  the  posterior  process 
of  the  astragalus 

Tuberculum  latera'e  processus  posterioris  tali 

.-Middle  band,  or  calcaneofibular  portion, 
of  the  external  lateral  ligament 
of  the  ankle-joint  (6) 
—Posterior  astragalocalcaneal  ligament 

Lig.  talocalcaneum  posterius 

Epiphysial  disc 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 

Epiphysis  of  the  posterior  extremity 
of  the  os  calcis 

Epiphysis  tuberis  calcanei 

4/s 


Fig.  479. — The  Capsular  Ligaments  and  the  Superficial  Posterior  Ligaments  of  the 
Ankle-Joint  and  of  the  Astragalocalcaneal  Articulation.  The  Relations  of  the 
Distal  Epiphysial  Discs  of  the  Tibia  and  Fibula  to  the  Ankle-Joint.  The  Posterior 
Portions  of  the  Lateral  Ligaments  of  the  Ankle-Joint  :  Ligamentum  Talotibiale 
Posterius,  the  Posterior  Astragalotibial  Portion  of  the  Internal  Lateral,  or 
Deltoid,  Ligament  of  the  Ankle-Joint;  Ligamentum  Calcaneotibiale,  the  Calcaneo- 
tibial Portion  of  the  Internal  Lateral,  or  Deltoid,  Ligament  of  the  Ankle-Joint; 
Ligamentum  Calcaneofibulare,  the  Middle  Band,  or  Calcaneofibular  Portion,  of 
the  External  Lateral  Ligament  of  the  Ankle-Joint.  Ligamentum  Talocalcaneum 
Posterius,  the  Posterior  Astragalocalcaneal  Ligament. — Syndesmosis  Tibiofibularis: 
Ligamentum  Malleoli  Lateralis  Posterius,  the  Posterior  Inferior  Tibiofibular 
Ligament.  (The  Ankle-Joint  and  the  Astragalocalcaneal  Articulation  of  the 
Right  Leg,  seen  from  Behind.) 


Articulationes  pedis— The  articulations  of  the  foot. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   LOWER   LIMB 


241 


Groove  for  the  tendon  of  the 
tibialis  posticus  muscle 
Sulcus  malleolaris 
Internal  malleolus 
Malleolus  medialis   ~~~- 
Superior  articular  surface 

of  the  astragalus  

Facies  superior  trochlea?  tali 

Posterior  astragalotibial  portion  of  the  interna] 

lateral,  or  deltoid,  ligament  of  the  ankle-joint  { i ) 

Calcaneotibial  portion  of  the  internal  lateral, 

or  deltoid,  ligament  of  the  ankle-joint  (2) 

Inner  tubercle  of  the  posterior  process 

of  the  astragalus  (3) 
Groove  cf  the  tendon  of  the  flexor  1S. 

longus  hallucis  muscle 
Sulcus  m.  flexoris  hallucis  longi 

Sustentaculum  tali-- 
Sustentaculum  tali 


Interosseous  membrane,  or  ligament, 
of  the  leg 

Membrana  interossea  cruris 


Posterior  inferior  tibiofibular  ligament 
Lig.  malleoli  lateralis  posterius 

Posterior  band,  or  astragalofibular 

portion,  of  the  external  lateral 

ligament  of  the  ankle  joint 

Lig.  talofibulare  posterius 

Groove  for  the  tendons  of  the  peroneus 

longus  and  peroneus  brevis  muscles 
.- — External  malleolus — Malleolus  lateralis 
Middle  band,  or  calcaneofibular 
portion,  of  the  external  lateral 

ligament  of  the  ankle-joint 

Lig.  calcaneonbulare 

^Astragalocalcaneal  articulation 
Articulatio  talocalcanea 
""  Capsular  ligament 
Capsula  articularis 


Tuberosity  of  the  os  calci 
Tuber  calcanei 

(1)  Lig.  talotibial  posterius 

(2)  Lig.  calcaneotibial 

(3)  Tuberculum  mediale  processus  posteri 

Fig.  480. — Articulationes  Talocruralis  et  Talocalcanea,  the  Ankle-Joint  and  the  Astraga- 
localcaneal  articulation;  syndesmosis  tlbiofibularis,  the  inferior  tibiofibular 
Articulation:  Ligamentum  Malleoli  Lateralis  Posterius,  the  Posterior  Inferior 
Tibiofibular  Ligament.  The  Posterior  Portions  of  the  Lateral  Ligaments: 
Ligamentum  Talotibiale  Posterius.  the  Posterior  Astragalotibial  Portion  of  the 
Internal  Lateral,  or  Deltoid,  Ligament  of  the  Ankle-Joint;  Ligamentum  Calcaneo- 
tibiale,  the  Calcaneotibial  Portion  of  the  Internal  Lateral,  or  Deltoid,  Ligament 
of  the  Ankle-Joint  ;  Ligamentum  Talofibulare  Posterius,  the  Posterior  Band,  or 
Astragalofibular  Portion,  of  the  External  Lateral  Ligament  of  the  Ankle-Joint; 
Ligamentum  Calcaneofibulare,  the  Middle  Band,  or  Calcaneofibular  Portion,  of  the 
External  Lateral  Ligament  of  the  Ankle-Joint.  (The  Ankle-Joint  and  the  Astragalo- 
calcaneai.  articulation  of  the  rlght  leg,  seen  from  behind.) 

The  thin  posterior  portion  of  the  capsule  of  the  ankle-joint  has  been  removed  The  posterior  portion 
of  the  capsule  of  the  astragalocalcaneal  articulation  has  been  separated  from  its  attachment  to 
the  astragalus  external  to  its  attachment  to  the  posterior  process  of  that  bone,  and  turned  back- 
wards on  to  the  os  calcis. 


Articulationes  pedis — The  articulations  of  the  foot. 


3i 


242 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   Oi      111,     LOWER   LIMB 


,  The  shaft  of  the  tibia 

iiiiili 


Capsular  ligament  of  the  ankle-joint 

(anterior  ligament)  \ 

Capsula  articulationis  talocruralis     '; 

Tibionavicular  portion  of  the  internal  lateral, 
or  deltoid,  ligament  of  the  ankle-joint 

Lis,',  tibionaviculare 
Neck  of  the  astragalus — Collum  tali 
Capsule  of  the  astragalonavicular  articulation 
Capsula  articulationis  talonavicularis 
Astragalonavicular  ligament — Lig.  talonaviculare  (dorsale) 
Superior  portion  of  the  internal  calcaneonavicular  /'A 

ligament— Lie 
Dorsal  naviculocuneiforn^x 
ligaments 
Ligg.  navicularicunei 
formia  dorsalia 
Dorsal  tarsometatarsal 
ligament 
Lig.  tarsometa 
tarseum 
01  -I  sale 


Internal  or  first  cuneiform  / 
bone -—  Os  cuneiforme  I.  / 

Tuberosity  of  the  navicular  bone  (i)  / 

Tuberosity  of  the  cuboid  bone  (2 
Superficial  portion  of  the  inferior  calcaneo- 
cuboid ligament  (long  plantar  ligament)  (3) 


Epiphysial  disc 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 

Internal  malleolus 

^.Malleolus  medialis 

Deltoid  ligament,  or  internal 
lateral  ligament  of  ankle-joint 

Calcaneotibial  portion  of  the 
internal  lateral,  or  deltoid,  liga- 
'    ment  of  the  ankle-joint  (4) 

Outer  tubercle  of  the  posterior 
.   process  of  the  astragalus  (5) 
'     Inner  tubercle  of  the  posterior 
process  of  the  astragalus  (6) 
Groove  of  the  tendon  of  the 
—    flexor  longus  hallucis  (7) 
Sv       1    Posterior  astragalo- 
v\*§t    '  calcaneal  ligament  (3) 


Calcaneum,  01 
os  calcis 


'  Sustentaculum  tali -Sustentaculum  tal 
Groove  of  the  tendon  of  the  flexor 
longus  hallucis  muscle  (9) 
Fibrocartilaginous  middle  portion  of  the  internal 
calcaneonavicular  ligament' — Fibrocartilagd  navicularis 
Inferior  portion  of  the  internal  calcaneonavicular  ligament  (10) 


(1)  Tuberositas  ossis  navicularis 
(    )  Tul"-r..Mlas  ussi^  .  nK>iiU'i 
(3)  Li      1  alcaneocuboideum  plantare 
(li  Lig.  calcaneotibial^ 


(5)  Tuberculum  la 

poM 


(6)  Tub. 


lum  mediate  proce 
ioris  tali 

See  note  '  to  p.  248. 


(7)  Sulcus  m.  fl-xor 

s  hallucis  longi 

(3)  Lig.  ta'ocalcane 

1111  posterius 

(9)  Suit  us  in.  flexor 

s  hallucis  long! 

(10)  Lig.  calcaneona 

iculare  plantare 

Fig.  481. — The  Superficial  Internal  Ligaments  of  the  Ankle-Joint  and  of  the  Astrag- 
alocalcaneal  articulation,  and  the  relation  of  the  dlstal  epiphysial  dlsc  of  the 
Tibia  to  the  Ankle-Joint.  (The  Right  Tarsus,  with  the  Adjoining  Portions  of  the 
Tibia  and  Fibula  and  of  the  First  Metatarsal  Bone;  seen  from  the  Inner  Side.) 


Articulationes  pedis — The  articulations  of  the  foot. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   LOWER   LIMB 


243 


(Internal  malleolar  surface 
Superior  articular  surface  |  Facies  malleolaris  medialis 
ofjthe  astragalus  Middle  or  tibial  surface 

^      Facies 


Trochlea  tali 


Dorsal  naviculocunei 
form  ligaments 

Ligg.  navicularicunei 
formia  dorsalia 


Neck  of  the  astragalus 
Collum  tali 
Astragalonavicular  ligament 
Lig.  talonaviculare  (dorsale)X, 
Head  of  the  astragalus 
Caput  tali 


Internal  or  first  cuneiform  bone  (i) 
Tuberosity  of  the  cuboid  bone 
Tuberositas  ossis  cuboidei 

Tuberosity  of  the  navicular  bone 
Tuberositas  ossis  navicularis 
Superficial  portion  of  the  inferior  calcaneo 
cuboid  ligament  (long  plantar  ligament) 
Lig-  calcaneocuboideum  plantare 


The  fibula 

Fibula 


Internal  malleolus 
/Malleolus  medialis 

Deltoid  ligament,  or  internal  lateral 
/        ligament  of  the  ankle-joint 
Lig.  deltoideum 
Anterior  astragalotibial    portion   of 
/       the  internal  lateral,  or  deltoid, 
ligament  of  the  ankle-joint 
Lig.  talotibiale  anterius 
Superior  articular  surface  of  the 
astragalus  -Trochlea  tali 
Posterior  astragalotibial  portion  of 
the  internal  lateral,  or  deltoid, 
ligament  of  the  ankle-joint  (?) 
Outer  tubercle  of  the  posterior 
process  of  the  astragalus  (3) 
-Groove  of  the  tendon  of  the  flexor 
longus  hallucis  muscle  (4) 
Inner  tubercle  of  the  posterior 
process  of  the  astragalus  (5) 
Astragalocalcaneal 
articulation 

Irticulatio  talocalcanea 


-  Calcaneum,  or  os 
calcis 

Sinus  tarsi,  or  canal 

for  the  interosseous 

astragalocalcaneal 

ligament 

Sinus  tarsi 

Internal  astragalocal- 
caneal ligament 
Lig.  talocalcaneum  mediale 
Sustentaculum  tali 
Sustentaculum  tali 
Fibrocartilaginous  middle  portion  of  the  internal  cal- 
caneonavicular ligament1 — Fibrocartilago  navicularis 
Deltoid  ligament,  or  internal  lateral  ligament  of  the  ankle  joint 
Lig.  deltoideum 
Inferior  portion  of  the  internal  calcaneonavicular  ligament 
Lii;    calcaneonaviculare  plantare 


(2)  Lig.  talotibiale  posterius 


(i)  Tuberculum  laterale         (4)  Sulcus  m.  flexoris  hallucis  longi  (5)  Tuberculum  mediale 

1  See  note  '  to  p.  248. 


Fig.  482. — The  Deep  Internal  Ligaments  of  the  Ankle-Joint  and  of  the  Astragalo- 
calcaneal Articulation.  (The  Right  Tarsus,  with  the  Adjoining  Portions  of  the 
Tibia  and  Fibula  and  of  the  First  Metatarsal  Bone  ;  seen  from  the  Inner  Side.) 

The  deltoid  ligament  (internal  lateral  ligament  of  the  ankle-joint)  has  been  cut  across  the  middle,  and 
the  divided  ends  have  been  turned  up  and  down.  The  capsular  ligaments  of  the  ankle-joint  and 
of  the  astragalocalcaneal  articulation  have  been  removed,  except  for  the  deeper  special  bands. 


Articulationes  pedis — The  articulations  of  the  foot. 


3i- 


244 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   LOWER    LIMB 
Shaft  of  the  fibu.a  Shaft  of  the  tibia 


Interosseous  membrane,  or  ligament,  of  the  leg 

Mcmbrana  inlerossea  cruris 


Anterior  inferior  tibiofibular  ligament 
Lig.  malleoli  lateralis  anterius 
Epiphysial  disc— Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 
External  malleolus  -Malleolus  lateralis^ 
Calcaneum,  or  os  calcis 

Anterior  band,  or  anterior  astragalofibu- 

lar  portion,  of  the  external  lateral 

ligament  of  the  ankle-joint  (i) 

Middle  band,  or  calcaneofibular  portion,  of 

external  late.al  ligament  of  ankle-joint  u)~ 

"Anterior  astragalocalcaneal  ligament 
*  Lig.  talocalcaneum  anterius 

Dorsal  or  superior  calcaneocuboid 
ligament 

Lig.  calcaneocuboideum  dorsale  — 

Dorsal  cubocuneifonn  ligament 
Lig.  cuneocuboideum  dorsale   --*^ 
External  or  third  cuneiform  bone  (3) 
Cuboid  bone — Os  cuboideum 


Dorsal  tarsometatarsal  ligament 
Lig.  tarsometatarsea  dorsalia 


Dorsal  proximal  intermetatarsal  ligaments 
Ligg.  basium  dorsalia 


(1)  Lig   ta'ofibulare  anterius 

(2)  Lig.  calcaneofibulare 


Epiphysial  disc 

"Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 


Internal  malleolus 
Malleolus  medialis 
.__-  Capsular  ligament 
(Anterior  ligament) 
Tibionavicular  portion  of  the  internal 
"lateral,  or  deltoid,   ligament  of  the 

ankle-joint  -l-i»    tibionaviculare 
Neck  of  the  astragalus — Collum  tali 
Interosseous  astragalocalcaneal  liga- 
ment     Lig.  talocalcaneum  interosseum 
Astragalonavicular  ligament  (4) 

.Dorsal  naviculocuboid  ligament  (5) 
Dorsal  naviculocuneiform  ligaments 
:-?-:=  Ligg.  navicularicuneiformia  dorsalia 
...  Dorsal  intercuneiform  ligament  (0) 
Middle  or  second  cuneiform  bone  (7) 
Internal  or  first  cuneiform  bone  (8) 
Dorsal  tarsometatarsal  liga- 
ments— Ligg.  tarsometa- 
|  j|  pi  m  tarsea  dorsalia 

''WiiSSWl         Epiphysial  disc 
^!Hb        Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 

m 


(3)  Oscuneiforme  III. 

(4)  Lig.  talonaviculare  (dorsale) 


Fig.  483. — Articulatio  Talocruralis,  the  Ankle-Joint  ;  Syndesmosis  Tibiofibularis,  the 
Inferior  Tibiofibular  Articulation.  The  Relations  of  the  Distal  Epiphysial  Discs 
of  the  Tibia  and  Fibula  to  the  Ankle-Joint.  Articulationes  Intertarse.e  et  Tarso- 
metatarse.e,  the  Intertarsal  and  Tarsometatarsal  Articulations;  Articulationes 
Intermetatarse^e,  the  Intermetatarsal  Articulations.  Ligamenta  Tarsi  Dorsalia 
et  Tarsometatarsea  Dorsalia  et  Ligamenta  Basium  Dorsalia;  the  Dorsal  Ligaments 
of  the  Tarsus,  the  Dorsal  Tarsometatarsal  Ligaments,  and  the  Dorsal  Proximal 
Intermetatarsal  Ligaments.  (The  Right  Tarsus  with  the  Adjoining  Portions  of 
the  Tibia  and  Fibula  and  of  the  Metatarsus  ;  Dorso-external  Aspect.) 

The  joints  are  unopened  except  for  the  astra^alocah  aneal,  astrasjalonavicular,  and  naviculocuneiform 
articulations,  which  have  been  partly  opened. 


Articulationes  pedis  —  The  articulations  of  the  foot. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   LOWER   LIMB 


245 


The  fibula 

Interosseous  membrane,  or 

ligament,  of  the  leg 

Membrana  interossea 

cruris 


Anterior  inferior  tibiofibular 

ligament 
Lig.  malleoli  lateralis  anterius 

Anterior  band,  or  anterior 

astragalofibular  portion,  of  the 

external  lateral  ligament  of 

the  ankle-joint  ( 

External  malleolus 
Malleolus  lateralis 
External  astragalooalcaneal 
ligament  (2) 
Middle  band,  or  calcaneofibular 

portion,  of  the  external 

lateral  ligament 
of  the  ankle-joint  ( j) 

Tuberosity  of 

the  os  calcis  f3S 


Tibionavicular  portion  of  the  internal  lateral,  or  deltoid, 
ligament  of  the  ankle-joint — Lig  tibionaviculare 
Neck  of  the  astragalus — Collum  tali 

Interosseous  astragalocalcarieal  ligament  (4) 
/         External  or  superior  calcaneonavicular  ligament 
.  Pars  calcaneonavicular  Lig.  hifurcati 
/'  /     Dorsal  or  superior  calcaneocuboid  ligament- 

/  /  Pars  calcaneocuboidea  Lig.  bifurcati 

/'    /'       Astragalonavicular  ligament  (5) 
/   /'     ,-•        Dorsal  naviculocuboid  ligament  (<">) 

Dorsal  naviculocuneiform  ligaments 

Ligg.  navicularicuneiformia  dnrsalia 

External  or  third  cuneiform  bone  (7) 
, '"'  .  Middle  or  second  cuneiform  bone  (8) 
Dorsal  tarsometatarsal  ligaments 
'^"fli^v         Ligg.  tarsometatarsea  dorsalia 

•  <  V- 


'Anterior  astragalooalcaneal  ligament    ' 
*Lig.  talocalcaneum  anterius 
Superficial  portion  of  the  inferior  calcaneocuboid 
ligament  (long  plantar  ligament) 
Lig.  planta.re  Ionium 
Dorsal  or  superior  calcaneocuboid  ligament1 
Lig.  calcaneocuboideum  dorsale 


Dorsal  proximal  intermetatarsal  ligaments 
Ligg.  basium  dorsalia 
Dorsal  tarsometatarsal  ligaments— Ligg.  tarsometatarsea  dorsalia 

Dorsal  cubocuneiform  ligament — Lig.  cuneocuboideum  dorsale 
Cuboid  bone 
Os  cuboideum 


(1)  Lig.  talo6bulare 

(2)  Lig.  talocalcanel 


(3)  Lig.  calcaneofibulare 

(4)  Lig.  talocalcaneum  interosseum 


(5)  Lig.  talonaviculare  (dorsale) 

(6)  Lig.  cuboideonaviculare  dorsale 


(7)  Os  cuneiforme  III. 
(S)  Os  cuneiforme  II. 


1  The  strongest  part  of  this  ligament  is  situate  external,  ; 
re  appropriately  named  the  external cakaneocuftoid  ligamenl 
-  In  the  English  nomenclature  these  are  regarded  as  two  dis 


1 laterale 

nd  not  superior,  to  the  calcaneocuboid  articulation  ;  it  would  therefore  be 

-Ik. 
:inct  ligaments,  not,  as  by  Toldt,  as  two  parts  of  a  single  ligament.— Tr. 

Fig.  484. — Articulationes  Talocruralis  et  Talocalcanea,  the  Ankle-Joint  and  the  Astrag- 
alooalcaneal Articulation  ;  Ligamentum  Malleoli  Lateralis  Anterius,  Anterior 
Inferior  Tibiofibular  Ligament.  The  Anterior  and  Middle  Bands  of  the  External 
Lateral  Ligament  of  the  Ankle-Joint  (Ligamentum  Talofibulare  Anterius  et  Liga- 
mentum Calcaneofibulare)  :  Ligamenta  Talocalcanea,  Laterale.  "Anterius,  et  Inter- 
osseum: the  External,  -Anterior,  and  Interosseous  Astragalocalcaneal  Ligaments. — 
Articulationes  Intertarse.e  et  Tarsometatarsea,  the  Intertarsal  and  Tarsometatarsal 
Articulations;  Articulationes  Intermetatarse.e,  the  Intermetatarsal  Articulations: 
Ligamenta  Tarsi  Dorsalia,  Ligamenta  Tarsometatarsea  Dorsalia,  et  Ligamenta  Basium 
Dorsalia,  the  Deeper  Dorsal  Tarsal  and  Tarsometatarsal  Ligaments,  and  the  Dorsal 
Proximal  Intermetatarsal  Ligaments.  (The  Right  Tarsus,  with  the  Adjoining  Portions 
of  the  Tibia  and  Fibula  and  of  the  Metatarsal  Bones  ;  Dorso-external  Aspect.) 

The  anterior  ligament  of  the  ankle-joint  and  the  lateral  portion  of  the  capsule  of  the  astragalocalcaneal 
articulation  have  been  removed. 


Articulationes  pedis     The  articulations  of  the  foot. 


24  K 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE    LOWER    LIMB 


Inner  tubercle  of  the  posterior 
process  of  the  astragalus 
Tuben  alum  mediale   -., 

□ issus  posterioris  tali 

Sustentaculum  tali 
Sustentaculum  tali 

Tendon  of  the  tibialis  posticus  muscle 

Groove  of  the  tendon  of  the  flexor 

longus  hallucis  muscle 
Sulcus  m.  flexoris  hallucis  longi 
Groove  of  the  tendon  of  the  flexor 

longus  digitorum  pedis  muscle 
Sulcus  m.  flexoris  digitorum  longi 

Inferior  portion  of  the  internal 
calcaneonavicular  ligament  ( i ) 
Deep  portion  of  the  interior  calcaneocu- 
boid ligament  (short  plantar  ligament)  (.) 
Plantar  naviculocuboid  ligament  ( 1 1 

Tendon  of  the  tibialis  posticus  muscle 

Plantar  cubocuneiform  ligament  (4)" 

External  or  third  cuneiform  bone  (5) 

Tendon  of  the  tibialis  anticus  muscle  ■ 

Plantar  cubocuneiform  ligament  (6)- 

Internal  or  first  cuneiform  bone  (71" 

Plantar  tarsometatarsal  ligaments  I  . 
Ligg.  tarsometatarsea  plantaria       I 


Digital  processes  of  the 
plantar  fascia 
Inferior  metatarsophalangeal 
ligaments1 
Ligg.  accessoria  plantaria     -V 
Inner  sesamoid  bone 
Os  sesamoideum  mediale  v-.i 
Internal  lateral  ligament  of  the 
metatarsophalangeal  articula- 
tion of  the  great  toe  

Lig.  collaterale  mediale 

Transverse  metatarsal  ligament 

(Plantar  distal  intermetatarsal  ... 

ligaments) 

Ligg.  capitulorum  transversa 

Vaginal  ligament^-.--- 
Lig.  vaginale 

Capsule  of  the  interphalangeal 

articulation  of  the  great  toe    - 

Capsula  articulationis  hallucis 

Vaginal  ligament  :.----- 
Lig.  vaginale 

(1)  Lig.  calcaneonavicular  plantare 

(2)  Lig.  calcaneocuboideum  plantare 

(3)  Lig.  cuboideonaviculare  plantare 


Tuberosity  of  the  ob  calcis 

Tuber  calcanci 


Superficial  portion  of  the  inferior 

calcaneocuboid  ligament  (long 

plantar  ligament) 

1  ),.    plantare  longum 


Plantar  tarsometatarsal  ligaments 
Ligg.  tarsometatarsea  plantaria 

.--Tendon  of  the  peroneus  longus  muscle 
Tuberosity  of  the  fifth  metatarsal 

bone  181 

Distal  radiations  of  the  long  plantar 

ligament,  divided  and  turned  forwards 

Plantar  proximal  intermetatarsal 

ligaments 

Ligg.  basium  plantaria 


—Digital  processes  of  the 
plantar  fascia 

Transverse  metatarsal  ligament 
(Plantar  distal  intermetatarsal 
:  ligaments) 

Ligg.  capitulorum  transversa 


Inferior  metatarsophalangeal 
:  ligaments' 

Ligg.  accessoria  plantaria 

Capsules  of  the  interphalangeal 

articulations  of  the  little  toe 
'         Capsula  articulationum 
digiti  V. 


(4)  Lig.  cuneocuboideum  plantai 

(5)  Os  cuneiforme  III. 

(6)  Lig.  cuneocuboideum  plantai 

(7)  Os  cuneiforme  I. 

(8)  Tuberositas  ossis  metatarsal!: 


id  plate  (Quain),  or  glenoid  plate  (Macalister).— Tr. 

Fig.  485. — The  Superficial  Ligaments  of  the  Plantar  Surface  of  the  Right  Foot  and  the  Relations 
of  the  Tendons  of  the  Tibialis  Anticus  and  Posticus  and  of  the  Peroneus  Longus  Muscles 
to  these  Ligaments.  Ligamenta  Tarsi  et  Tarsometatarsea,  the  Tarsal  and  the  Tarsometa- 
tarsal Ligaments:  Ligamenta  Basium  Plantaria,  Ligamenta  Capitulorum  Transversa,  et  Ligamenta 
Accessoria  Plantaria  ;  the  Plantar  Proximal  Intermetatarsal  Ligaments,  the  Transverse  Meta- 
tarsal Ligament,  and  the  Inferior  Metatarsophalangeal  Ligaments  (see  note  above);  the  Relations 
of  these  Ligaments  to  the  Digital  Processes  of  the  Plantar  Fascia. 


Articulationes  pedis — The  articulations  of  the   foot. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS    OF   THE   LOWER   LIMB 


247 


Inner  tubercle  of  the  posterior 
process  of  the  astragalus 

Tuberculum  mediale 
processus  posterioris  tali 
Sustentaculum  tali 
Sustentaculum  tali 
Groove  of  the  tendon  of  the  flexor  longus  hallucis 
Sulcus  m    tlexoris  hallucis  longi  — 

Groove  of  the  tendon  of  the  flexor  longus  digitorum 
pedis — Sulcus  m.  rlexons  digitorum  longi 
Middle  fibrocartilaginous  portion  of  the  internal 
calcaneonavicular  ligament 
(Groove  of  the  tendoi.  of  the  tibialis  posticus  muscle) 
Inferior  portion  of  the  internal 

calcaneonavicular  ligament 
Lig.  calcaneonaviculare  plantare 
Tuberosity  of  the  navicular  bone 
Tuberositas  ussis  navicularis 
Plantar  naviculocuboid  ligament 
Ligg.  cuboideonavicularia  plantaria 
Plantar  naviculocuneiform  ligaments 

Ligg.  navicularicuneiforrni.i  plantaria 

Plantar  cubocuneiform  ligament--'' 

Lig.  cuneocuboideum  plantare 

External  or  third  cuneiform  bone--"" 

Oscuneiforme  III.  ...-• 

Internal  or  first  cuneiform  bone 

Os  cuneiformc  1. 

Capsule  of  the  first  tarsometatarsal""" 
articulation  (2)  >,-- 

Plantar  tarsometatarsal  [ 
ligaments 
Ligg.  tarsometatarsea   | 
plantaria 


Inferior  metatarsophalangeal  ^  .. 
ligaments1 
Ligg.  accessoria  plantaria 


Sesamoid  bones   ,. 
Ossa  sesamoidea 

Capsule  of  the  metatarsophalangeal 
articulation  of  the  great  toe       »: 
Capsula  articulationis 
metatarsophalangeal  I. 

Capsule  of  the  interphalangeal 
articulation  of  the  great  toe    - 
Capsula  articulationis  hallucis 


(1)  Fibrocartilago  navicularis  (see  note  •  t< 
p.     1-1  (Sulcus  musculi  tibialis  pcsterioris) 

(2)  Capsula  articulationis  tarsometatarsea:  I 


Calcaneum,  or  os  calcis 


Superficial  portion  of  the  inferioi 
.    calcaneocuboid  ligament  (long 
plantar  ligament) 
Lig.  plantare  longum 


Deep  portion  of  the  inferior 
calcaneocuboid  ligament 
(short  plantar  ligament) 
-    Lig.  calcaneocuboideum 
plantare 
.Tuberosity  of  the  cuboid  bone 
Tuberositas  ossis  cuboidei 

1  Plantar  tarsometatarsal  ligaments 
Ligg.  tarsometatarsea  plantaria 


Plantar  proximal  intermetatarsal 

ligament 

Lig.  basium  plantare 

.Plantar  tarsometatarsal  ligaments 

Ligg.  tarsometatarsea  plantaria 

Plantar  proximal  intermetatarsal 

ligament 

Lig.  basium  plantare 


Lateral  ligaments  of  the  meta- 
tarsophalangeal articulation 
of  the  little  toe 
Ligg.  collateralia  articulationis 
metatarsophalangeal  I. 


Lateral  ligaments  of  the  inter- 
phalangeal articulations 
"  of  the  little  toe 

Ligg.  collateralia 
articulationum  digiti  V. 


Capsules  of  the  interphalangeal 

.-  articulations  of  the  middle  toe 

Capsular  articulationum 

digiti  III. 


See  note  to  p.  246. 


Fig.  486. — The  Deep  Ligaments  of  the  Sole  of  the  Foot  and  the  Sesamoid  Bones  of 
the  Metatarsophalangeal  Articulation  of  the  Great  Toe. 

In  the  preparation  shown  in  Fig.  485  the  tendons  of  the  muscles  were  removed,  also  the  long  plantar 
ligament  except  for  its  posterior  extremity,  and  the  transverse  metatarsal  ligament  and  the 
digital  processes  of  the  plantar  fascia  were  cut  away.  Some  of  the  metatarsophalangeal  and 
interphalangeal  articulations  have  been  opened  ;  others  have  been  left  intac  t. 


Articulationes  pedis — The  articulations  of  the  foot. 


248 


THE      IRTICULATIONS    OF     llll     LOWER   LIMB 


(j)   Lig.  calcan 

(2)  Head  of  the  astragalus 

(3)  Body  of  the  astragalus 


Capsules  of  the  interphalangeal 

articulations  of  the  second  toe 

( 'apsul.r  articulationurn 

digiti  II. 

Capsule  of  the  interphalangeal  - 

articulation  of  the  great  toe 

( '.qiMil.i  articulationis  hallucis 


Capsule  of  the  metatarsophalangeal 

articulation  of  the  great  toe 

Capsula  articulationis 

metatarsophalangeal'  I 

•Dorsal  distal  intermetatarsal  ligament 
*Lig.  capitulorum  dorsale 


Dorsal  tarsometatarsal  ligaments 

Ligg.  tarsometatarsal  dorsalia 

Dorsal  Intercuneiform  ligament 

Lig.  intercuneiforme  dorsale 

Middle  or  second  cuneiform  bone 

Oscuneiforme  II. 

Internal  or  first  cuneiform  hone 

1  Is  1  mi.iforme  I. 
Dorsal  naviculocuneiform  ligaments 

Posterior  articular  surface  of  the 
navicular  bone 

Fades  at 

Edge  of  the  divided  tibionavicular 
portion  of  the  internal  lateral,  or 
deltoid,  ligament  of  the  ankle-joint 
Internal  or  inferior  calcaneonavicular  ligament  (1 J 

Middle  fibrocartilaginous  portion  of  the  internal. -_\._  \ 
calcaneonavicular  ligament'  —  Fihrnrarrilaom 

Facet  of  the  astragalus  for  articulation 

with  the  fibrocartilaginous  portion  of  the 

internal  calcaneonavicular  ligament ' 


Facets  of  the 

astragalus  for 

articulation  with 

the  os  calcis 

Facies  articularis 
calcanea 


Internal  astragalocalcaneal  ligament ' 
Lig.  talocalcaneum  mediale 


Lateral  ligaments  of  the 

interphalangeal  articulations 

of  the  fourth  toe 

Ligg,  collateral  1.1 

articulationurn  digiti  IV 


Capsule  of  the  third  metatarso 

phalangeal  articulation 

Capsula  articulationis 

metatarsophalangeal  III. 

Lateral  ligaments  of  the 

fourth  metatarsophalangeal 

articulation 

Ligg.  collateralia 

articulationis 

metatarsophalangeal  IV. 


Dorsal  proximal 

intermetatarsal  ligaments 

Ligg.  basium  dorsalia 


Dorsal  tarsometatarsal  ligament 
""Lig.  tarsometatarseum  dorsale 
External  or  third  cuneiform  bone 
Os  cuneiforme  III. 
Dorsal  tarsometatarsal  ligaments 
Ligg.  tarsometatarsea  dorsalia 


Dorsal  naviculocuboid  ligament 
Lig  cuboideonaviculare  dorsale 
Dorsal  calcaneocuboid  ligament 

Li*,  clcaneocuboideum  dorsale 

Dorsal  or  superior  calcaneocuboid 
ligament? 

Pars  calcaneocuboidea  Lig.  bifurcaii 

External  or  superior  calcaneo- 
navicular ligament2 

Pars  calcaneonavicularis  Lig.  bifurcati 

Anterior  articular  facet 

Facies  articularis  anterior 
Middle  articular  facet 
Facies  articularis  media 

Posterior  articular  facet 
Facies  articularis  posterior 


Calcaneum,  or  os  calcis 


applied  by  the 


1  Fibrocartilago  navicularis :  This  term,  though  a  most  suitable  one.  is  not  employed  by  English  anatomists.  It  is 
author  to  the  middle  fibrocartilaginous  portion  of  the  internal  calcaneonavicular  ligament,  the  superior  surface  of  which  : 
a  special  facet  on  the  head  of  the  astragalus,  between  the  internal  of  the  three  facets  for  the  os  calcis  (posteriorly)  and  the  facet  for  the 
navicular  bone  (anteriorly).  The  internal  articular  'acet  of  the  os  calcis,  the  facet  on  the  superior  surface  of  l\\^Jtbrocartila^n  navicularis, 
and  the  posterior  articular  facet  of  the  navicular  hone,  thus  form  a  continuous  articular  surface  for  the  head  of  the  astragalus.  1  he  inferior 
surface  of  the  cartilage  naviculars,  likewise  cartilaginous  in  texture,  forms,  as  shown  in  Fig.  487,  the  groove  for  the  tendon  of  the 
tibialis  posticus  muscle. — Tk. 

2  See  note  '  to  p.  245. 

Fig.  487.— The  Articular  Surfaces  of  the  Astragalocalcaneonavicular  Articulation,  the  Deep  Ligaments 
of  the  Dorsum  of  the  Foot,  the  Metatarsophalangeal  and  Interphalangeal  Articulations  of  the 
Toes.    (The  Right  Foot  seen  from  the  Dorsal  Side.) 

The  capsule  of  the  astragalocalcaneal  articulation  was  removed,  with  the  exception  of  the  internal  astragalocalcaneal 
ligament  ;  the  capsule  of  the  astragalonavicular  articulation  was  also  removed  with  the  exception  of  its  internal  and 
plantar  walls  ;  and,  after  removing  the  interosseous  astragalocalcaneal  ligament,  the  astragalus  was  rotated  inwards 
(on  the  internal  astragalocalcaneal  ligament  as  a  hinge),  until  its  inferior  surface  looked  directly  upwards. 


Articulationes  pedis — The  articulations  of  the  foot. 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF    THE   LOWER   LIMB 


249 


Calcaneum.  or  os  calcis 


Astragalocalcaneal  articulation 

Articulatio  talocalcanea 


Interosseous  astragalocalcaneal  ligaments 
Lig.  talocalcaneum  interosseum 

|  External  or  superior  calcaneo- 
Lig.  navicular  ligament1  (i) 

bifurcatum  j  Dorsal  or  superior  calcaneo- 
V.         cuboid  ligament1  (2) 

The  navicular  bone 
The  cuboid  bone— Os  cuboideum 
The  three  cuneiform  bones 
Interosseous  cubocuneiform  ligament 
Lig.  cuneocuboideum  interosseum 

Interosseous  intercuneiform  ligament  

Lig.  intercuneiforme  interosseum 


Dorsal  proximal  intermetatarsal  ligaments 
Lig.  basium  dorsalia 


Metatarsophalangeal  articulation . 

Articulatio  metatarsophalangea 


Interphalangeal  synchondrosis  (var.) 

Synchondrosis  interphalangea  (var.) 


Interphalangeal  articulations  of  the  fourth  toe 
Articulationes  digiti  IV. 


Interosseous  astragalocalcaneal  ligament 
Lig.  talocalcaneum  interosseum 

Sustentaculum  tali 
Sustentaculum  tali 


Deltoid  ligament  or  internal  lateral 
ligament  of  the  ankle-joint 
Lig.  deltoideum 
The  astragalus 


Astragalonavicular"\      Transverse  tarsal 
articulation  (3)  I  articulation- 

Calcaneocuboid     j  Articulatio  tarsi  trans- 
articulation  (4) J        versa  ;Choparti) 

Naviculocuneiform  articulation 

Articulatio  cuneonavicularis 

Tarsometatarsal  articulation" 

Articulatio  tarsometatarsea  (Lisfranci) 


Epiphysial  disc 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 


Epiphysial  disc 

Synchondrosis  epipnyseos 


Epiphysial  disc 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 


(})  Articulatio  talonavicularis 
(4)  A<-iiculatio  calcaneocuboidea 


m  also  a,  the  w 
,s)  that  the  foot 
through  the  tar 


vfio*arsal  01 

is  divided  in 
ometatarsa] 


mid-tarsal  joint.     It  is  tr 

Chopart's  amputation. 
irtkulations  that  the  foot  i 


ugh  this  joint  (the  t 
livided  in  Lisfranc'-- 


1  parts  of  which  i 
nputation. 


,  entirely  separate 


Fig.  488.— Articulationes  Intertarse/e  et  Tarsometatarsea,  the  Intertarsal  and  Tarsometatarsal 
articulation's,  showing  chopart's  (  m  ediotarsal)  line,  and  llsfranc's  or  hey's  tarsometatarsal 
Line:  Ligamenta  Tarsi  Interossea  et  Ligamenta  Cuneometatarsea  Interossea,  the  Interosseous 
Ligaments  of  the  Tarsus,  and  the  Interosseous  Metatarsocuneiform  Ligaments.  Articulationes 
Intermetatarse^e,  the  Intermetatarsal  Articulations.  Articulationes  Metatarsophalange/E, 
the  Metatarsophalangeal  Articulations.  Articulationes  Digitorum  Pedis,  the  Interphalangeal 
Articulations  of  the  Toes.  The  Relations  of  the  Epiphysial  Discs  of  the  Metatarsal  Bones  and 
of  the  Phalanges  of  the  Toes  to  the  Respective  Articulations.  (Horizontal  Section  through  the 
Articulations  of  the  Right  Foot  of  a  Youth  aged  Seventeen  Years.  Superior  Surface  of  the 
Lower  Segment.) 


Articulationes  pedis — The  articulations  of  the  foot. 


32 


250 


THE   ARTICULATIONS   OF   THE   LOWER   LIMB 


Pad  of  fat 


Epiphysial  disc 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseos 

Anterior  ligament  of  the  ankle-joint 
/  Pars  fibrosa  capsula:  articulationis  talocruralis 

Pad  of  fat 
/  Astragalocalcaneonavicular  articulation 
Articulatio  talocalcaneonaviculars 
Navicular  bone 
;Os  naviculare 

Middle  or  second  cuneiform  bone 
.  Os  cuneiforme  II. 

,  Tarsometatarsal  articulation 
'  Articulatio  tarsometatarsea 


Second  metatarsal  bone 
Us  metatarsal  II. 


Epiphysial  disc 

Synchondrosis  epiphyseo3 


Astragalocalcaneal 

articulation 

Articulatio  talocalcanea 

'Anterior  astragalocalcaneal  ligament 
Lig.  talocalcaneum  anterius 
Interosseous  astragalocalcaneal  liga- 
ment— Lig.  talocalcaneum  interosseum 

Deep  portion  of  the  inferior  calcaneocuboid 
ligament  (short  plantar  ligament) 
Lig.  calcaneocuboideum  plantare 

Cuboid  bone — Os  cuboideum 
Interosseous  cubocuneiform  ligament 
Lig.  cuneocuboideum  interosseum 


Second  metatarso- 
phalangeal 
articulation  ( i ) 


Interphalangeal 
articulations  of 
!  External  sesamoid  bone  (3)    the  second  toe  U) 
First  metatarsal  bone— Os  metatarsale  I. 


(1)  Articulatio  metatarsophalangea  II. 


(2)  Lig. 


i  Insertion  of  the  tendon  of  the  peroneus  longus  muscle 

Insertion  of  the  tendon  of  the  tibialis  posticus  muscle 
External  or  third  cuneiform  bone--Os  cuneiforme  III. 


plantare  (3)  Os  sesamoideum  la 

See  note  to  p.  246. 


Fig.  489. — The  Articulations  of  the  Right  Foot  of  a  Youth  aged  Seventeen  Years, 
seen  in  Sagittal  Section,  and  showing  the  Relations  of  these  Articulations  to 
the  Epiphysial  Discs. 

The  section  passes  through  the  distal  extremity  of  the  tibia,  the  astragalus,  the  os  calcis,  the  middle 
cuneiform  bone,  the  second  metatarsal  bone,  and  the  phalanges  of  the  second  toe. 


Articulationes  pedis — The  articulations  of  the  foot. 


251 


INDEX 

TO    THE    ARTHROLOGY 


Certain  names  in  this  Index 
English  nomenclature  used  in  ti 
Latin  names  used  by  the  author  i 


lave  an  asterisk  (*)  prefixed  ;  these,  as  more  fully  explained  in  the  Translator's  Preface,  being  terms  that  form  part  of  the 
s  work,  but  which  are  not  commonly  employed  by  English  anatomists.  To  other  names  a  dagger  (t)  is  prefixed  ;  these  are 
l  the  original  work,  but  not  included  m  the  official  nomenclature  of  the  "  Anatomische  Gesellsi  haft." 


A. 

Acetabulum,  the,  225,  227 

transverse  ligament  of  the,  16S,  223,  225,  227 
tAmphiarthroses  mtercarpeae,  169 
Amphiarthrosis,  [69 
Ankle-joint,  the,  239,  241,  243,  245 

Annulus  fibrosus  (fibrocartilaginis  intervertebralis),  173,  174 
Aponeurosis  (see  also  "  Fascia  ") : 

intercostal,  anterior  or  external,  186 

posterior  or  internal,  176,  1S3,  1S4, 
1S7 
lumbar,  see  "Fascia,  lumbar" 
plantar,  246 
plantaris,  246 
Arthrodia,  168 

Articular  facet  of  the  clavicle,  sternal,  198 
surface  of  the  carpus,  radial,  213 
Articulatio  vel  articulationes : 

acromioclavicularis,  201,  202 
atlanto-epistrophica,  190- 192 
atlauto-occipitalis,  167,  190-193 
calcaueocuboidea,  249 
capitulorum  (costarum),  1S2-184,  185 
carpometacarpea,  167,  212-215 

pollicis,  167,  212-214 
cochlearis,  166 
composita,  169 
costotransversarias,  182 
costovertebrales,  1S2-184 
coxae,  168,  222-227 
cubiti,  169,  204-20S 
cuneonavicularis,  244,  249 
digitorum  (mauus),  Ib6,  210,  21 1,  214,  215 

pedis,  249,  250 
ellipsoidea,  167 
et  hgamenta  capitis,  190-196 

cinguli  extremitatis  inferioris,  216- 

'219 
cinguli     extremitatis     supenons, 
198,  199 
genu,  22S-237 
hallucis,  246-248 
humeri,  168,  200-203 
numeroradialis,  169 
humero-ulnaris,  208 
intercarpea,  169,  212-215 
interchondrales,  186,  188 
intermetacarpeae,  169,  212-214 
intennetatarseas,  244,  245,  249 
intertarseae,  244,  245,  249 
intervertebrales,  173-175,  185 
mandibularis,  194-196 
manus,  169,  210-214 

metacarpophalangeal,  166,  167,  210,  211,  214,  215 
metacarpophalangea  pollicis,  210,  214 
metatarsophalangeae,  249,  250 
ossis  pisiformis,  212 
pedis,  239,  250 
pollicis,  210,  2ii,  214 
radiocarpea,  169,  212-215 
radio-ulnaris  distalis,  209-214 

proximalis,  169,  209 


Articulatio  vel  articulationes : 

sacro-iliaca,  216,  217,  219 
sellaris,  167,  169 
simplex,  166-168 
sphaeroidea,  168 

sternoclavicularis,  170,  185-187,  19S 
sternocostales,  186-188 
talocalcanea,  239,  241,  244,  245,  249,  250 
'  talocalcaneonavicularis,  250 ;  articular  surfaces 
of,  248 
talocruralis,  239,  241,  243-245 
talonavicularis.  244,  249 
tarsi  transversa  (Choparti),  249 
tarsometatarseas,  244,  245,  249,  250 
tibiofibularis,  228,  229,  231,  233,  23S 
trochoidea,  169 
Articulation  or  articulations  (see  also  "Joint  "): 
acromio-clavicular,  201,  202 
and  ligaments  of  the  head,  190-196 

of  the  pelvic  girdle,  216-219 
of  the  shoulder-girdle,  195-199 
astragalocalcaneal,  239,  241,  244,  245,  249,  250 
astragalocalcaneonavicular,  250  ;  articular  sur- 
faces of,  248 
astragalonavicular,  244,  249 
atlanto-axial,  190-192 
calcaneocuboid,  249 
carpal,  transverse,  169,  212-215 
carpometacarpal,  167,  212-215 

of  the  thumb,  116,  212-214 
chondrosternal,  1S6-188 
continuous,  164,  165 
costoceutral,  182-185 
costotransverse,  182 
discontinuous,  166-169 
of  the  fingers,  166,  210,  211,  214,  215 
of  the  foot,  239,  250 
of  the  great  toe,  246- 24S 
of  the  hand,  169,  210-214 
of  the  hip,  16S,  222-227 
humeroradial,  169 
humero-ulnar,  208 
intercarpal,  169,  212-215 
interchondral,  186,  [88 
intermetacarpal,  169,  212-114 
intermetatarsal,  244,  245,  249 
interphalangeal,  of  the  fingers,    166,  210,  211, 
214.  215 
of  the  thumb,  210,  211,  214 
of  the  toes,  249,  250 
intertarsal,  244,  245,  249 
intervertebral,  173-175,  185 
of  the  knee,  228-237 
of  the  lower  extremity,  216-250 
mediotarsal  (Chopart's),  249 
metacarpophalangeal,    166,    167,   210,  211,  214, 
215 
of  the  thumb,  210,  214 
metatarsophalangeal,  249,  250 
naviculocuneiform.  244,  249 
occipito-atlantal,  167,  190-193 
pisipyramidal,  212 

32—2 


252 


INDEX 


Articulation  oi  arl  iculal  ions  : 

radiocarpal,  169,  212-215 

radio-ulnar,  distal,    <<  «i-.'i  | 

proximal,  169,  209 
sacrococcygeal,  1S0,  216,  217 
sacro-iliac,  216,  217,  219 
of  the  shoulder,  [68,  200-203 
sternoclavicular,  170,  185-187,  198 
tarsometatarsal,  244,  245,  249,  250 
temporomandibular,  194-196 
lemporomaxillary,  194-19.S 
of  the  thumb,  210,  21 1,  214 
tibiofibular,  interior,  238-241,  244,  245 

superior,  228,  229,  231,  233,  238 
of  the  trunk,  171-187 
of  the  upper  extremity,  19S-215 


B. 

Bicipital  groove,  synovial  sheath  of  the,  201,  202 
Bigelow,  Y  ligament  of,  222,  224,  226,  227 
Bones,  sesamoid,  of  the  foot,  246,  247,  250 
of  the  hand,  210,  211,  214 
of  the  knee,  232,  and  note,  p.  211 
Bursa  beneath  the  internal  lateral  ligament  of  the  knee- 
joint,  236 
beneath  the  patellar  ligament,  231 
beneath  the  suprapatellar  tendon,  228,  230,  231,  234, 

235 
between  the  tendon  of  the  semimembranosus  muscle 

and  the  knee-joint,  232 
between  the  tendon  of  the  semimembranosus  muscle 
and  the  tendon  of  the  inner  head  of  the  gastroc- 
nemius muscle,  232 
iliopectineal,  227 
of  the  odontoid  process,  192 
of  the  subscapularis  muscle,  202,  203 
subacromial,  202,  203 
subdeltoid,  202,  203 
of  the  tendon  of  the  popliteus  muscle,  232,  233,  235, 

237 
tBursa  apicis  dentis  (epistrophei),  192 
iliopectinea,  227 
infrapatellaris  profunda,  231 
t  ligamenti  collateralis  tibialis,  236 

musculi  gastrocnemii  medialis,  232 
poplitci,  232,  233,  235,  237 
semimembranosi,  232 
subscapularis,  202,  203 
subdeltoidea,  202,  203 
suprapatellaris,  22S,  230,  231,  234,  235 


Canal  of  the  carpus,  211,  213 
neural,  177 

obturator,  217,  222,  224,  226 
Canalis  carpi,  211,  213 

obturatorius,  217,  222,  224,  226 
vertebralis,  177 
Capsula  vd  capsular : 

articularis,  166-168,  170 

pars  fibrosa,  16S 

synovialis,  16S 
articulationis  acromioclavicularis,  201 

atlauto-epistrophicae,  1S1,  190 
atlanto-occipitalis,  167,  181,  190,  193 
capituli,  1 85 

carpometacarpece  pollicis,  210-213 
costotransversariae,  185 
coxa;,  168,  222,  223,  226,  227 
pars  fibrosa,  224 

synovialis,  224 
cubiti,  204-207 

pars  fibrosa,  208 

synovialis,  208 
genu,  228,  236-233,  236,  237 

pars  synovialis,  234,  235 
hallucis,  246-248 


Capsula  vel  capsula-  : 

articulationis  humeri,  199,  200,  203 

pars  fibrosa,  201 

synovialis,  201,  203 
mandibularis,  194,  [96 
inamis,  214 
ossis  pisiformis,  212 
radiocarpese,  213 
radio-ulnaris  distalis,  209  212 
sternoclavicularis,  [98 
talocalcaneae,  239.241 
talocruralis,  240  242 

pars  fibrosa,  250 
talonavicularis,  242 
articulationum  digitorum  (manus),  166,  210,  211 
pedis,  246-248 
iutervertebralium,  17^,  175,  181,  184, 

185 
metacarpophalangearutn,    166,  167, 

210,  21 1 
metatarsophalangearum,  247,  248 
tarsometatarsearuin.  247 
Capsule  or  capsules  (see  also  "  Ligament,  capsular"): 
of  the  acromioclavicular  joint,  201 
of  the  articulations  of  the  great  toe,  246-248 
of  the  astragalonavicular  articulation,  242 
atlauto-axial,  181,  190 

of  the  carpometacarpal  joint  of  the  thumb,  210-213 
of  the  costocentral  articulations,  1S5 
of  the  costotransverse  articulations,  185 
of  the  hip  joint,  fibrous  portion,  16S 

synovial  portion,  168 
of  the  interphalangeal  articulations  of  the  fingers, 

166,  210,  211 
of  the   interphalangeal  articulations  of  the  toes, 

246-248 
of  the  inferior  radio-ulnar  articulation,  209-212 
of  the  joints  of  the  articular  processes  of  the  verte- 
brae, 173,  175,  181,  184,  185 
of  the  metacarpophalangeal  articulations,  166,  167, 

210/211 
of  the  metatarsophalangeal  articulations,  247,  248 
occipito-atlantal,  167,  i8r,  190,  193 
of  the  pisipyramidal  articulation,  212 
of  the  radiocarpal  articulation,  213 
of  the  sternoclavicular  joint,  19S 
of  the  tarsometatarsal  articulations,  247 
of  the  transverse  carpal  articulation,  214 
of  the  wrist-joint,  213 
Cartilage,  articular,  168 

hyaline,  of  the  vertebral  bodies,  174 
Cartilago  articularis,  168 
Cavitas  glenoidalis  scapulae,  201,  203 
Cavity,  sigmoid,  of  the  radius,  212 

great,  of  the  ulna,  208,  209 
synovial,  170 
Cavum  articulare,  170 
Chorda  obliqua,  209 

Communication  between  the  radiocarpal  and  che  pisipyra- 
midal articulation,  212,  213 
Communication  between  the  wrist-joint  and  the  pisipyra- 
midal articulation,  212,  213 
Condylarthrosis,  167 
Condyles  of  the  femur,  237 
Condyli  femoris,  237 
Continuous  articulation,  164,  165 
Cooper's  ligament,  221,  224 
Cotyloid  notch,  223-225 


Diarthrosis,  166-169 
Discontinuous  articulation,  166-169 
Disc  or  discs,  epiphysial : 

of  the  femur,  distal,  230 

proximal,  223 

of  the  fibula,  distal,  239,  240,  244 
proximal,  231 

of  the  humerus,  proximal,  201 

of  the  metatarsal  bones,  249,  250 

of  the  os  calcis,  240 


INDEX 


253 


Disc  or  discs,  epiphysial : 

of  the  phalanges  of  the  fingers,  215 

of  the  middle  finger,  215 
of  the  Loes,  249 
of  the  radius,  distal,  215 

of  the  third  metacarpal  bone  (distal  extremity),  215 
of  the  tibia,  distal,  239,  240,  242,  244.  250 
proximal,  230,  231 
Disc,  interpubic,  217,  220,  221 
Discs,  intervertebral,  172-174.  177.  '7s.  [82,  [83,  1.S5 

of    the    sacrococcygeal   articulation, 
216,  217,  1S0 
Discus  articularis,  170 

articulationis  acromioclavicularis,  201 
mandibularis,  196 
radio-ulnaris  distalis,  212-214 
sternoclavicularis,  160,  188,  198 
Dura  mater  encephali,  165,  190,  192 
spinalis,  179 


Elbow-joint,  169,  204-208 
Enarthrosis,  168 


E. 


F. 


Facies  articularis  acromii,  201 

calcanea  (tali)  anterior,  248 
media,  248 
posterior,  24S 
(calcanei)  anterior,  248 
media,  248 
posterior,  24S 
capituli  costae,  1S2 
carpea  (radii),  213 
(dentis  epistrophei)  anterior,  192 
posterior,  192 
fossae  mandibularis,  196 
patellae,  229,  234,  235 
posterior  (ossis  navicularis  pedis),  248 
sternalis  (clavicuke),  198 
auricularis  (ossis  ilium),  219 
lunata  (acetabuli),  168,  224,  225,  227 
patellaris  (femoris),  229,  234,  237 
Falciform  process  of  the  great  sacrosciatic  ligament,  217 
Falx  inguinalis,  220 
tFascia  lumbalis,  176 

lumbar,  176,  216,  21S 
lumbodorsalis,  176,  218 
obturator,  221 

perineal,  deep,  220,  221,  and  note,  p.  221 
plantar,  246 
triangular,  220 
Fibrocartilage,  interarticular,  170 

of     the       acromioclavicular 

joint,  201 
of   the    inferior    radio-ulnar 

articulation,  212-214 
of  the  sternoclavicular  joint, 

170,  188,  198 
of    the     temporomandibular 
articulation,  196 
triangular,  212-214 
Fibrocartilages,  semilunar,  229,  233,  235-237 

posterior  or  ascending  band  of 

the  external,  233,  235-237 
transverse  ligament  of  the,  229, 

237 

Fibrocartilaginous  middle  portion  of  the  internal  calcaneo- 
navicular ligament,  242,  243,  247,  248,  and  note,  p.  248 

Fibrocartilago  basalis,  196 

Fibrocartilagines    intervertebrales,    172-174,    177,    178,    182, 
(83,  (85 

Fibrocartilago   navicularis,    242,   243,    247,    248,    and    note, 
p.  248 

Filum  terminale,  179 

Fissure  of  the  interpubic  disc,  220 

Fold  of  the  synovial  membrane  of  the  wrist -joint,  213 

Foramen  ischiadicum  majus,  176,  216-218 
minus,  176,  216-21S 


Foramen,  sacrosciatic,  great,  176,  216-218 
small,  176,  2i6-2iS 
Fossa,  glenoid,  of  the  scapula,  201,  203 

of  the  interarticular  ligament,  223 
Fovea  articularis  superior  (atlanlis),  167^  190 
capitis  femoris,  223 
dentis,  190 
Fovea?  costales  (corporum  vertebrarum),  183 
transversales,  175,  178,  1S5 


G. 


Ginglymus,  cochleoid,  166 

screw,  166 
Gliding  joints,  169 

intercarpal,  169 
Gomphosis,  165 
•Groove,  preauricular,  216 


Harmonia,  164 
Hip-joint,  16S,  222-227 


H. 


Incisura  clavicularis  (sterni),  198 

scapulas,  199,  200 

semilunaris  (ulnae),  208,  209 

ulnaris  (radii),  212 
Interlacing  tendons  in  front  of  the  pubic  symphysis,  see 

"Ligament,  pubic,  anterior  " 
Interpubic  disc,  217,  220,  221 
Intervertebral  discs,  see  "  Discs,  intervertebral" 


Joint  or  joints,  see  also  "  Articulation  "  : 

ball-and-socket,  16S 

compound,  169 

condyloid,  167 

elbow,  169,  204-208 

hinge,  166,  169 

knee,  228-237 

mediotarsal,  249 

pivot,  169 

saddle,  167,  169 

simple,  166-16S 

trochoid,  169 
Juncturas  ossium  extremitatis  inferioris,  216-250 
superioris,  19S-215 
truuci,  171-187 


Knee-joint,  22S-237 


K. 


L. 


Labrum  glenoidale,  168 

articulationis  coxae,  223-225,  227 
humeri,  201,  203 
Lamina  fibrocartilaginea  interpubica,  217,  220,  221 
Ligament  or  ligaments: 

acromioclavicular,  superior,  199,  201 

alar,  234,  235 

of  the  ankle-joint : 

anterior,  242,  244,  250 
astragalofibular,  anterior,  244,  245 
posterior,  239,  24r 
astragalouavicular,  242-245 
astragalotibial,  anterior,  243 

posterior,  240,  241,  2 
calcaneofibular,  239-241,  244,  245 
calcaneotibial,  239-242 
capsular,  240,  242,  250 
deltoid,  239-245,  248,  249 
lateral,  external,  239-241,  244,  245 
internal,  239-245,  248,  249 
posterior,  240 

tibionavicular,  242,  244,  245,  248 
annular,  of  radius,  169,  204,  205,  207-209 


254 


INDEX 


Ligament  or  ligaments : 

astragalocalcaneal,  "anterior,  244,  245,  250 
capsular,  239-241 
external,  245 

internal,  243,  248 
interosseous,   239,    244,   245, 

249,  250 
posterior,  240,  242 
of  the  atlas,  cruciform,  191,  192 
transverse,  190-192 
of  the  base  of  the  skull,  196 
of  Bigelow,  222,  224,  226,  227 
calcaneocuboid,  dorsal.  244,  245,  24S 

inferior,  242,  243,  245-247,  250 
plantar,  242,  243,  245-247,  250 
superior,  244,  245,  248 
calcaneonavicular,  internal  : 

inferior  portion,  242,  243,  246,  248 

middle    portion,    242,   243,   247,    24S,   and 

note  ]>.  248 
superior  portion,  242 
capsular,  166-168,  170  (see  also  "Capsule  or  cap- 
sules") 
of  the  elbow-joint,  204-208 
of  the  hip-joint,  fibrous  portion,  224 

synovial  portion,  224 
of  the  shoulder-joint,  199,  200,  203 
of  the  temporomandibular  articulation, 

194,  196 
of  the  temporomaxillary  articulation, 
194,  196 
of  the  carpus,  annular,  anterior,  211-213 
palmar,  212 
radiate,  212 
carpometacarpal,  210-214 

anterior,  211,  212 
dorsal,  210,  213 
interosseous,  214 
palmar,  211,  212 
posterior,  210,  213 
central,  of  the  spinal  cord,  179 
coccygeal,  lateral,  179,  180 
conoid,  199,  202 
Cooper's,  221,  224 
coraco-acromial,  170,  199,  200,  202 
coracoclavicular,  199,  202 
coracohumeral,  199,  200 
coracoscapular,  170,  199,  200,  202 
costoclavicular,  186,  188,  19S 
costocentral,  anterior,  176,  178,  1S2,  1S3 
interarticular,  182,  183,  1S5 
stellate,  176,  178,  182,  183 
costotransverse,  anterior  superior,  176,  183 
middle,  1S2 
posterior,  1S2,  184,  185 
posterior  superior,  184 
cotyloid,  223-225,  227 
crucial,  229,  233,  235-237 

of  the  knee,  229,  233,  235-237 
cruciform,  of  the  atlas,  191,  192 
cubocuneiform,  dorsal,  244,  245,  248 
interosseous,  249,  250 
plantar,  246,  247 
of  the  elbow-joint,  anterior,  204,  205 
capsular,  204-20S 
external  lateral,  204,  205,  207 
internal  lateral,  204-206 
posterior,  206,  207 
glenoid,  168 

of  the  shoulder-joint,  201,  203 
of  the  hip-joint : 

capsular,  168,  222,  223,  226,  227 

cotyloid,  223-225,  227 

iliofemoral,  222,  224,  226,  227 

interarticular,  169,  223-225,  227 

ischiocapsular,  222,  226,  227 

pubofemoral,  222,  224,  226,  227 

round,  169,  223-225,  227 

teres,  169,  223-225,  227 

transverse,  of  acetabulum,  168,  223,  225,  227 


Ligament  or  ligaments : 

of  the  hip-joint : 

Y,  of  Bigelow,  222,  224,  226,  227 
zona  orbicularis,  223,  224,  226,  227 
iliofemoral,  222,  224,  226,  227 
iliolumbar,  176,  216,  218,  224 
interarticular,  of  the  hip-joint,  169,  223-225,  227 
interclavicular,  157,  158,  198 
intercuneiform,  dorsal,  244,  248 

interosseous,  249 
intermetacarpal,  distal,  anterior,  211 
palmar,  211 
proximal,  anterior,  211,  212 
dorsal,  210,  213 
interosseous,  214 
palmar,  211,  212 
posterior,  210,  213 
intermetatarsal,  distal,  dorsal,  248 
olantar,  246 
proximal,  dorsal,  244,  245,  248, 
249 
plantar,  246,  247 
interosseous,  of  the  forearm,  209 

of  the  leg,  228,  229,  231-235,  238-241 
interspinous,  163,  174,  177,  181 
intertransverse,  184 
ischiocapsular,  222,  226,  227 
of  the  knee-joint,  228-237 
alar,  234,  235 

capsular,  228,  230-233,  236,  237 
crucial,     anterior    or    external    229,    233, 

235-237 
internal   or   posterior,    229,     233, 

235-237 
lateral,  external,  228,  229,  231-235 
posterior,  231,  232 

arcuate  portion 
of  the,  232 
direct  portion  of 
the,  231,  232 
short,  231,  232 
internal,  22S-230,  232,  233,  235,  236 
mucous,  234,  235 
patellar,  22S-231,  236 

lateral,  external,  2?.?,  231 
internal,  228,  230 
posterior,  232,  235 
semilunar  fibrocartilages : 

external,  229,  233,  235-237 

posterior   or  ascending 
band    of   the,    233, 
235-237 
internal,  229,  233,  235-237 
transverse  ligament  of  the,  229, 
237 
Wrisberg's,  233,  235-237 
lateral,  of  the  finger-joints,  166,  210,  211,  214 

of  the  metacarpophalangeal  articulation 

of  the  thumb,  210 
of  the  metacarpophalangeal  articulations, 

166,  167,  210,  214 
of  the  metatarsophalangeal  articulations, 

266-268 
of  the  toe-joints,  247,  248 
metacarpal,  transverse,  211 
metacarpophalangeal,  anterior,  211,  215 

glenoid,  211,  215 
palmar,  211,  215 
metatarsal,  transverse,  246 
metatarsocuneiform,  interosseous,  249 
metatarsophalangeal,  246.  247 

inferior,  250,  and  note,  p.  246 
mucous,  234,  235 
naviculocuboid,  dorsal,  244,  245,  248 

plantar,  246,  247 
naviculocuneiform,  dorsal,  242-245,  24S 

plantar,  247 
oblique  radio-ulnar,  209 
obturator,  117,  218,  222,  224,  226 


INDEX 


255 


Ligament  or  ligaments : 

occipito-atlantal,  anterior,  176,  181,  192,  193 

posterior,  181,  192,  193 
occipito-axial.  posterior  or  long,  177,  190-192 
odontoid,  alar,  191,  192 

check,  191,  102 
lateral,  191,  192 
middle,  191,  192 
suspensory,  191,  192 
orbicular,  of  the  radius,  169,  204,  205,  207-209 
patellar,  228-231,  236 

lateral,  external,  228,  231 
internal,  228,  231 
of   the   pelvis,    transverse,   220,    221,   and    note, 

p.  221 
pisimetacarpal,  211,  212 
pisi-uncinate,  211,  212 
plantar,  long,  242,  243,  245,  246,  247 

short,  247,  250 
pterygospinous,  195,  [96 
pubic,  anterior,  note,  p.  220 

of  Astley  Cooper,  221,  224 
inferior,  217,  218,  220,  221 
posterior,  note,  p.  221 
subpubic,  217,  218,  220,  221 
superior,  220,  221 
puoofemoral,  222,  224,  226,  227 
rhomboid,  1S6,  [88,  19S 
round,  of  the  hip- joint,  169,  223-225,  227 
sacrococcygeal,  anterior,  1S0,  216 

interarticular,  177,  179,  180 
lateral,  177,  179,  180 
posterior,  deep,  177,  179,  180 
superficial,  180,  218 
SRcro-iliac,  anterior,  216,  217,  219,  244 
interosseous,  note,  p.  218 
long,  218 
oblique,  21S 
posterior,  218,  219 
sacrosciatic,  anterior,  176,  180,  216-219 
great,  176,  216-219 
posterior,  176,  216,  219 
small,  176,  1S0,  216-219 
sphenomandibidar,  195 
sphenomaxillary,  195 
of  the  spine,  1 7  j-  1  S[ 
tpinoglenoid,  200 
sternoclavicular,  1S6,  1S7,  198 
stylohyoid,  194,  195 
stylomandibular,  195 
submaxillar}-,  195 
subflava,  173-175,  192 
suprascapular,  170,  199,  200,  202 
supraspinous,  173,  174.  177,  1S1,  1S4,  218 
tarsometatarsal,  dorsal,  242,  244,  245,  248 
interosseous,  249 
plantar,  246,  247 
of  the  tarsus,  dorsal,  244,  245 

interosseous,  249 
plantar,  246 
temporomandibular,  194 
temporomaxillary,  194 
tibiofibular,  anterior  inferior,  238,  244,  245 

superior,  228,   229,  231,  234, 
.      .      237-  238 
posterior  inferior,  240,  241 
transverse,    of   the    acetabulum,     [68,    223,    225, 
227 
of  the  atlas,  190-192 
of  the  transverse  carpal  articulation,  210-214 
anterior,  212 
dorsal,  210,  213 
interosseous,  213,  214 
palmar.  2T2 
posterior,  210,  213 
trapezoid,  202 
iriangular,   of  the  urethra,   220,  221,   and   note, 

p.  221 
vaginal,  of  the  toes,  246 
of  the  vertebral  column,  172-181 


Ligament  or  ligaments : 

of  the  vertebral  column,  anterior  common,  173, 

174,  176,  178,  181-183, 

216 

posterior  common,  173, 

174,  177,  179,  190,  192 

of  the  wrist  joint,  anterior,  211,  212 

annular,  211-213 
dorsal,  210 

lateral,  external,  210,  213,  214 
internal,  210-212,  214 
palmar,  211,  212 
posterior,  210 
Ligamentum  vel  ligamenta  : 

accessoria  plantaria,  246,  247,  250 

volaria,  211,  215 
acromioclaviculare,  199,  201 
alaria,  191,  192 

annulare  radii,  169,  204,  205,  207-209 
apicis  dentis,  191,  192 
arcuatum  pubis,  217,  218,  220,  221 
basium  (ossium  metacarpalium)  dorsalia,  210, 
213 
(ossium  metacarpalium)  interossea,  214 
volaria,  121,  212 
(ossium   metatarsaliuni)  dorsalia,  244, 

245,  248,  249 
(ossium  metatarsaliuni)  plantaria,  246, 
247 
bifurcatum,  245,  24S,  249 
ealcaneocuboideum  dorsale,  244,  245,  248 

plantare,     242,    243,     246, 
247,  250 
calcaneofibulare,  239-241,  244,  245 
calcaneonaviculare  dorsale,  242 

plantare,  242,  243,  246-24S 
calcaneotibial,  239-242 

capituii  costse  interarticulare,  182,  183,  185 
radiatum,  176,  178,  182,  183 
fibute,  228,  229,  231,  234,  237,  238 
capitulorum    (ossium    metacarpalium)    trans- 
versa, 21 1 
(ossium  metatarsaliuni)  dorsale, 
248 

trail  s- 
versa,  246 
carpi  radiatum,  212 

Iransversum,  211-213 
carpometacarpea  dorsalia,  210,  213 
interossea,  214 
volaria,  21 1,  212 
coccygeum  laterale,  179,  180 
collaterale  carpi  radiale,  210,  213,  214 
ulnare,  210-212,  214 
fibulare,  228,  229,  231-235 
radiale,  204,  205,  207 
tibiale,  228-230,  232,  233,  235,  236 
ulnare,  204-206 
collateraliaarticulationum  digitorum(manus), 
166,  210,  211,  214 
articulationum    digitorum    pedis, 

247,  248 
articulation  is      metacarpo- 
phalangeal- pollicis,  210 
articulationum  metacarpophalan 

gearum,  166.  167,  210,  214 
articulationum  metatarsophal;  11 
gearum,  246-248 
colli  costae,  1S2 
columnas  vertebralis,  172-181 
couoideum,  199,  202 
coraco-acromiale,  170,  199,  200,  202 
coracoclaviculare,  202 
coracohumerale,  199,  200 
costoclaviculare,  186,  1S8,  198 
costotransversarium  anterius,  176,  1S3 

posterius,  18^ 
costoxiphoidea,  186 
cruciatum  anterius,  229,  233,  235-237 
atlantis,  191,  192 


INDEX 


Ligamentum  vel  ligamenta: 

,  up  iatum  posterius,  229,  233,  235-237 
cruciata  (genu),  229,  233 
cuboideonaviculare  dorsale,  244,  245,  248 

plantare,  246,  247 
cuneocuboideum  dorsale,  244,24s    148 
interosseuni,  249,  250 
plautare,  246,  247 
cuneometatarsea  mterossea,  249 
deltoideum,  242,  243,  249 
flava,  173-175,  l92 
iliofeinorale,  222,  224,  226,  227 
iliolumbale,  176,  216,  218,  224 
intercarpea  dorsalia,  210,  213 

interossea,  213,  214 
volaria,  212 
interclaviculare,  1.S7,  [88,  198 
intercostalia  externa,  186 

interna,  176,  183,  184,  187 
f  intercuneiformia  dorsalia,  244,  248 

interossea,  249 
interspinal,  163,  174,  177,  181 
intertransversaria,  184 
ischiocapsulare,  222,  226,  227 
longitudinale    anterius,     173,     174,    176,    178, 
181-1S3,  216 
posterius,  173,  174,  177,  179;  '9°. 
192 
lumbocostale,  176,  216,  218 
malleoli  lateralis  anterius,  238,  244,  245 
posterius,  240,  241 
r  menisci  lateralis  (Roberti),  253,  235-237 

navicularicuneiformia  dorsalia,  242-245,  24S 

plantaria,  247 
nuchae,  177,  181 
patellae,  228-231,  236 
pisohamatuin,  211,  212 
pisometacarpeum,  211,  212 
plautare  longum,  245-247 
popliteum  areuatum,  232 

obliquum,  232,  235 
pterygospinosum,  195,  196 
pubieum  superius,  220,  221 
pubocapsulare,  222,  224,  226,  227 
radiocarpeum  dorsale,  210 

volare,  21 1,  212 
saeroeoccygeum  anterius,  1S0.  216 

articvdare,  177,  179,  180 
laterale,  177,  179,  1S0 
posterius     profundum,     177, 
179,  180 
superficial  e,    180, 
1S1 
sacro-iliaca  anteriora,  216,  217,  219,  224 

interossea,  218,  219 
sacro-iliacum  posterius  breve,  219 

longum,  218,  219 
sacrospinosum,  176,  1S0,  216-219 
sacrotuberosum,  176,  216-219 
sphenomandibulare,  195 
sternoclaviculare,  186,  187,  198 
sternocostal  interarticulare,  [88 
sternocostalia  radiata,  186 
stylohyoideum,  194,  195 
stylomandibulare,  194-196 
supraspinale,  173,  174,  177,  181,  1S4,  21S 
talocalcaneum  anterius,  244,  245,  250 

interosseum,   239,  244,  245,  249, 

250 
laterale,  245 
mediale,  243,  248 
posterius,  240,  242 
talofibulare  anterius,  244,  245 
posterius,  239,  241 
talonavicular  (dorsale),  242-245 
tarsi  dorsalia.  244,  245 
interossea,  249 
plantaria,  246 
tarsometatarsea  dorsalia,  242,  244,  245,  248 
interossea,  249 


Ligamentum  vel  ligamenta  : 

tarsometatarsea  plantaria,  246,  247 
temporomandibular,  194 
teres  femoris,  169,  223-225,  227 
tibionaviculare,  242,  244,  245,  248 
transversum  acetabuli,  [68,  223,  225,  22'' 
atlantis,  190-192 
genu,  229,  237 
pelvis,  220,  221 
scapula  inferius,  200 

superius,    170,    199,    200, 
202 
trapezoideum,  202 
tuberculi  costx-,  182,  184,  185 
vaginalia  (digitorum  pedis),  246 
Line,  Chopart's,  249 
Hey's,  249 
Lisfranc's,  249 
mediotarsal,  249 

M. 

tMembrana  atlauto-epistrophica,  192 

atlanto-occipitalis  anterior,  176,  181,  192,  193 

posterior,  181,  192,  193 
interossea  antibrachii,  209 

cruris,  238 
obturatoria,  117,  218,  222,  224,  226 
sterni,  186,  187 
tectoria,  177,  190-192 
Membrane,  intercostal,  see  "  Aponeurosis" 
interosseous,  of  tbe  forearm,  209 

of  tbe  leg,   228,  229,  231-235,  238- 
241 
obturator,  117,  218,  222,  224,  226 
synovial,  of  tbe  hip-joint,  223-225,  227;  its  reflec- 
tion on  the  neck  of  tne  femur,  224 
of  the  knee-joint,  234,  235 
Meniscus  lateralis,  229,  233,  235-237 
medialis,  229,  233,  235-237 
Musculus  articularis  genu,  228,  230,  231,  235 

N. 

Notch,  clavicular,  of  the  sternum,  19S 

cotyloid,  223-225 

suprascapular,  199,  200 
Nucleus  pulposus  of  the  intervertebral  discs,  173,  174 


Obturator  canal,  217,  222,  224,  226 
fascia,  221 

ligament,  117,  21S,  222,  224,  226 
membrane,  117,  218,  222,  224,  226 

Ossa  sesamoidea  manus,  210,  211,  214 
pedis,  246,  247,  250 

Os  sesamoideum  articulatiouis  genu  (var.),  232 


Pad  of  fat  of  the  fossa  acetabuli,  223 
Periosteum,  dental,  165 

Plate,  fibrous,  246,  247.  250,  and  notes,  pp.  211  and  246 
glenoid,  246.  247,  250,  and  notes,  pp.  211  and  246 
sesamoid,  246,  247,  250,  and  notes,  pp.  211  and  246 
Plicae  alares,  234.  235 
Plica  syuovialis  (articulatiouis  radiocarpea;),  213 

patellaris,  234,  235 
Pouch  ofsvnovial  membrane,  circular,  oftheproximal  radio- 
ulnar articulation,  204,  207, 
and  note,  p.  204 
vertical,    of  the  distal   radio- 
ulnar articulation,  214 
Process,  falciform,  of  the  great  sacrosciatic  ligament,  217 
Processus  falciformis,  217 

Prominence  of  the  pubic  symphysis,  posterior,  221 
Promontorium,  177,  216,  217,  219 
Promontory  of  the  sacrum,  177,  216,  217,  219 
Pubic  symphysis,  21S,  220,  221 


INDEX 


256a 


saccif  tiii.  of  the  distal  radio-ulnar  articulation,  214 
of  the  proximal  radio-ulnar  articulation, 
204,  207.  and  note,  p.  204 
-us  sacciformis  (articulationis  radio-ulnaris  distalis), 

214 

(articulationis     radio-ulnaris    proxi- 
malis),  204,  207 
Retinaculum  Iiganienti  arcuati,  231,  232 
patella  laterale,  228,  231 
mediale,  228, 


Sai  ral  promontory,  117.  216,  217,  219 
Ses  imoid  bones,  sic  "  Bones,  sesamoid  " 
of  the  foot,  246,  247.  251  ■ 
of  the  hand,  210,  21  1.  21  |.  and  note,  p.  211 
r-j  ciint,  168,  200-203 
Subsiance,  sutural,  [64 
Sulcus  paraglenoidalis  (prseauricularis),  216 

irticular,  ol  the  acetabulum,  16S,  224,  225,  227 
of  the  acromion.  201 
oftheastragalusfortheoscalcis,  anterior, 

248 
ol  the  astragalus  for  the  os  calcis,  middle, 

248 
of  the  astragalus  for  the  os  calcis,  pos- 
terior, 248 
of  the  atlas,  superior,  167 
ol  tli«.-  centra  for  the  ribs,  [83 
of  the  heads  of  the  ribs,  [82 
of  the  navicular  bone,  posterior,  24S 
of  the  odontoid  process,  anterior,  192 
posterior,   [92 
of  the  OS  calcis.  anterior,  248 
middle,  24b 
posterior,  24: 
oi  tHe  patella,  229,  234,  235 
of  the  transverse  processes   for  the  ribs 
175.  178,  i*5 
ol  the  astragalus,  superior  articular : 
external  malleolar  portion,  t66 
internal  malleolar  portion.  166,      ; 
tibial  portion.  166,  241,  243 
auricular,  of  the-  ilium,  219 
patellar,  of  the  femur,  229,  234,  237 
Sutura,  164 

serrata,  1(14 
squamosa.  164 
Sutural  substance.  164 
Suture,  -,  arieties  of,  164 
Symplix  -is.  105 

1  issium  pubis,  218,  2?<<.  221 
sacroci  iccygea,  [81  >  216,  217 
Synarthrosis.   [6 
Synchondrosis,  165 

of  the  base  of  the  skull,  196 


S3  nchondrosis  vel  synchondroses: 

epiphysial,  see  "Iiisc.  epiphysial" 
epiphyseos  capitis  femoris,  223 

humeri,  201 
capituli   ossis   metacarpalis  III.. 

215 
distalis  femoris,  230 

fibula'.  2  19,    '  ]'  1.  24  1 

radii.  213 

111  I.e.    239,   240,   242,   244, 

proximalis  fibulae,    !  a 

tibiae,  230,  231 
tuberis  calcanei,  240 
epiphysium  ossium  metatarsalium,  249,  250 
phalangum  digiti   II.   (mantis), 
215 
digitorum  pedis,  2  )m 
et  ligamenla  baseos  cranii,  196 
+  interphalangea  pedis  (var.),  249 

petro-occipitalis,  193.  [96 
spheno-oecipitalis,  165,  192,  196 
splienopetrosa,  196 
Sternalis,  inferior.  iSS 
f  superior,  188 

Syndesmosis,  170 

tibiofibularis,  238-241,  244,  245 
S\  novial  membrane  of  the  shoulder-joint,  202,  203 
sheath  of  the  bicipital  groove,  21 

of  the  tendon  of  the  popliteus  muscle.  232. 
233,  235,  237  :  its  communication  with 
the  knee-joint  and  the  superior  tibio- 
fibular articulation,  233 

T. 

T<  ndon  of  the  long  heal  of  the  biceps  muscle,  20 
203 
tTorus  pubicus,  221 
Triangular  fibrocartilage,  212-214 

ligament   of  the   urethra,    220,    221.    and    note, 
p.  221 
Trochlea  tali,  166,  239,  241 

facies  malleolaris  lateralis.  r66 
medialis,  [66 
superior.  [66,  241,  243 
Trochlear  surface  of  the  astragalus,  [66,  2V1,  24] 

V. 

Yaeina  mucosa  intertubercularis,  201,  202 


Wrist-joint,  169,  212-215 


W. 


Zona  orbicularis,  223.  224,  226.  227 


UjlL 


COLUMBIA    UNIVERSITY    LIBRARIES 

This  book  is  due  on  the  date  indicated  below,  or  at  the 
expiration  of  a  definite  period  after  the  date  of  borrowing,  as 
provided  by  the  library  rules  or  by  special  arrangement  with 
the  Librarian  in  charge. 

DATE  BORROWED 

DATE  DUE 

DATE   BORROWED 

DATE   DUE 

OCT   2  0 

1953 

m 

j 

C28(B46)M25 

COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 


1010231200 


CT3 


*«  1  6  1938  *MSExvws 


1  . 
DEC  16  38  ' 


QWfcS 


v.  1-2. 


